葛洲坝水利枢纽工程对宜昌河段水文水力特性的影响

根据葛洲坝水库蓄水前后宜昌水文站水文实测资料,分析了葛洲坝水利枢纽工程对宜昌河段水位-流量关系、断面形状和水位变化规律的影响.结果表明,葛洲坝水库蓄水后,宜昌河段水文水力特征变化符合惯性区理论,洪水波运动形式发生变化,坝前水流流速降低,水流挟沙能力和推移力下降,水库淤积现象加重,下泄水流中的含沙量下降,宜昌河段推移质输入减少,下泄水流对河道的冲刷能力增强,原有的冲淤平衡被打破,河床质变粗,断面形状不断变化,宜昌河段河床下切、水流能量增大、流速增大,同流量情况下的水位较天然河道有所下降.     

三峡工程对葛洲坝枢纽下游近坝段水位与航道影响研究

根据实测地形和水文泥沙资料,分析了葛洲坝枢纽运用后宜昌河段的河床冲淤变化、推移质和床沙的粗化以及枯水位的变化。由数学模型计算和物理模型试验成果,预测了三峡工程施工期及初期运用阶段葛洲坝枢纽近坝段水位下降及对通航的影响。     

三峡蓄水后城陵矶水位变化初步研究

近50年实测水沙资料分析表明,城陵矶水位变化取决于螺山-汉口河段冲淤量．三峡蓄水后,螺山-汉口河段冲淤量又取决于宜昌下泄和宜昌-城陵矶河段冲起的粗沙量（d〉0．085mm）及汉口（扣除汉江）粗沙输沙量．通过估算三峡蓄水后宜昌-城陵矶河段粗沙冲刷量和汉口（扣除汉江）粗沙输沙量,表明螺山-汉口河段最大冲刷约9．5×10^8t,螺山流量为10000-60000m^3／s时,城陵矶水位下降约1．26-0.32m,并且随着螺山流量的增大,城陵矶水位下降幅度减小．     

三峡电站调峰期间下游河道通航条件研究

对三峡电站担负日调节和葛洲坝枢纽反调节的几种设计方案，根据实体模型试验和数值计算研究资料，通过对通航水流条件的分析，论证在两坝间和宜昌河段万吨级船队可通行无阻，葛洲坝枢纽反调节库容足够。     

三峡工程蓄水前后城陵矶至武汉河段水沙输移特性分析

根据三峡工程蓄水前后水沙资料，对洞庭湖出流至长江干流武汉河段水沙输移特性进行了分析．结果表明，洞庭湖出流城陵矶站含沙量和输沙量自建站以来呈单向减小趋势，螺山站含沙量和输沙量在荆江裁弯至葛洲坝工程蓄水以前加大，葛洲坝工程蓄水后螺山、汉口两站输沙量减小22％左右．三峡工程蓄水后2003年6月至2005年12月期间，本河段螺山、汉口站流量小于25000m^3／s时，同流量下含沙量略有减小，流量较大时变化不大；悬移质泥沙颗粒变粗，输出比加大，且粗颗粒泥沙输出比增加相对明显．     

泥沙输移对长江中游水位抬升的影响

通过对长江干流宜昌至汉口河段及与洞庭湖区泥沙输移变化的综合分析,得到了三口分流分沙逐年减少是造成洞庭湖区淤积速率减小和螺山至汉口河段淤积速率增大的主要原因,也是造成长江干流监利至螺山河段水位逐年抬升、洞庭湖区的洪水调节能力大幅度下降的主要原因等结论．按照因势利导的治理原则,荆江及洞庭湖的近期治理策略应是淤积围垸减少河道淤积、疏浚河道、加固干堤．     

基于河段单元尺度长江中游河床形态调整过程及差异性研究

三峡水库对坝下游河道调整的影响已初步显现,利用1987~2014年长江中游原型观测资料,以河段作为研究单元,探讨了三峡水库蓄水后坝下游河床形态调整时空差异性及成因,研究表明:(1)坝下游河床整体为冲刷趋势,且主冲刷带下移约80km,175m蓄水以来宜昌—枝城及下荆江河段冲刷强度减弱,上荆江、城陵矶—湖口河段增强;(2)宜昌—城陵矶河段冲刷集中在枯水河槽,且集中程度增加,低滩和高滩冲刷所占比例减小;(3)城陵矶—汉口河段由试验性蓄水前的"冲槽淤滩"转为试验性蓄水后的"滩槽均冲",汉口—湖口河段蓄水前为"冲槽淤滩",蓄水初期深槽和低滩冲刷,高滩淤积,试验性蓄水期后为深槽冲刷,高、低滩均略有淤积;(4)试验性蓄水后坝下游中枯水历时增长,冲刷集中在枯水河槽,滩地因高水历时减少和航道整治工程等作用,冲刷速率减小或略有淤积;(5)砂卵石河段断面调整以深蚀为主,砂卵石—沙质过渡段深蚀过程中伴随横向展宽,沙质河段整体为深蚀趋势,伴随边心滩冲淤调整,其展宽、束窄均有发生.     

栖息地适合度模型在中华鲟产卵场适合度中的应用

栖息地适合度模型用来计算生态环境条件对某一特定物种栖息的适合程度.葛洲坝和三峡工程对水生生物的栖息地造成了一定影响,中华鲟栖息地严重萎缩.该文应用二维k-ε紊流数学模型和栖息地适合度方程,建立了宜昌河段中华鲟产卵场栖息地适合度评价模型,探讨了主要生态因素对长江中华鲟生存、繁殖的影响.模型用实测的水流及采卵量(CPUEd)数据进行了验证.根据宜昌河段水流条件与中华鲟产卵场适合度的计算分析得出,满足中华鲟产卵需要的水流条件能够给中华鲟提供良好的产卵场,产卵场适合度随水流条件的恶化而下降.     

三峡水库蓄水后荆江三口分流比估算

笔者根据近50年来的实测资料,分析了三口分流比变化的原因．在1955-1990年期间三口分流比递减,主要原因是荆江河段水位下降以及三口口门淤积;而在1990-2004年期间三口分流比基本变化不大,主要原因是荆江河段水位以及三口口门冲淤均变化不大、三峡蓄水以后,长江干流含沙量将会大幅度减少,笔者结合三峡蓄水以来的实测数据预测了蓄水20年后荆江河段的水位变化．在此基础上,计算了三口口门冲刷深度以及分流比的变化．结果表明,荆江河段中、高水位下降幅度有限,三口口门河床高程下降幅度较大,因而三口分流比将不会减少．     

鄱阳湖水位空间差异及其对湿地水文分析的影响

大型湖泊受支流入流及湖底特性、风浪变化等因素的综合影响,其内部不同区域的水位存在空间差异.水利工程设计、湿地水文调控分析中常以单个水文站点的水位代表整个湖泊的水位状况.受五河及长江水量变化规律的综合影响,其枯水水位空间差异较大.在洲滩湿地水文调控分析中,代表水文站的选择尤为重要.目前湿地水文分析中常采用湖口、星子两站作...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the