基于铁基载氧体串行流化床煤化学链燃烧的滞流化现象

以高纯的Fe2O3为载氧体在1 kW串行流化床反应器上进行了煤化学链燃烧连续实验研究.结果表明:实验前期,载氧体展现出了良好的反应性能,煤气化产物转换率较高,额外氧耗率仅为1.0%～2.4%;实验后期,载氧体颗粒表面的严重烧结导致其孔容和比表面积急剧降低,载氧体的活性降低,各项指标衰减;载氧体氧化过程强放热引起颗粒团聚并结块,导致空气反应器出现滞流化现象,实验无法正常继续,因而有必要对该高纯的铁基载氧体加入惰性材料(SiO2,Al2O3等),以提高其抗烧结能力.     

球磨液对机械化学半干法改性飞灰脱汞性能的影响

采用全方位行星式球磨机对燃煤飞灰进行机械化学半干法改性,分别探究球磨辅助液对改性飞灰脱汞性能的影响及反应前后飞灰中的汞形态,并结合飞灰改性前后的理化特性对其脱汞机理进行分析。研究结果表明：球磨液的加入可使飞灰粒度变小,比表面积增大,孔隙结构更发育,含氧官能团更丰富,有利于Hg0的脱除;添加不同球磨液时,脱汞效率从高到低为乙酸、乙醇、水,这是由于乙酸可使飞灰表面的COOH/C(O)—O—C官能团含量从11.25%增加至23.56%,从而促进Hg0的氧化脱除;添加改性剂S后,可使飞灰表面负载S单质,非氧化态的硫含有较多未配对电子,使Hg0更易以HgS的形式被氧化吸附,进而提升飞灰的脱汞性能;在飞灰对汞的脱除中,以氧化脱除为主,其占比大于80%,吸附脱除占比较小。     

基于铁基载氧体的甲烷化学链燃烧数值模拟

基于Gibbs自由能最小化原理,建立了以Fe2O3为载氧体的甲烷化学链燃烧模型,研究了流化床燃料反应器内反应物摩尔比、温度以及操作压力对反应产物分布和载氧体反应活性的影响,并揭示了其反应机理.结果表明:当Fe2O3与CH4反应物摩尔比保持在12左右,反应器温度控制在850～900℃范围时,出口处CO2的摩尔分数达到最大...     

烟气组分及飞灰对汞形态转化的影响

模拟研究O2、SO2和HCl三种烟气气体与飞灰存在状态对汞形态转化的影响,并探讨温度对其转化的作用.结果表明:在不同气氛中,反应温度升高有利于汞的氧化,但N2--SO2的烟气体系则相反;O2、SO2和HCl单独存在于烟气中时,对汞的氧化起到不同程度的促进作用,其中HCl的效果最好;烟气中含有O2和HCl将使汞的氧化率明显提高;当SO2与HCl同时存在于烟气中时,SO2会通过与HCl反应抑制汞的氧化过程.飞灰为氧化反应提供反应介质和催化剂,促进烟气中汞的形态转化.     

基于铁基载氧体的燃煤加压化学链燃烧循环反应特性

在煤加压化学链燃烧试验装置上,以巴西CVRD铁矿石为载氧体,徐州煤为燃料,进行了煤加压化学链燃烧还原/氧化循环反应试验研究.试验结果表明:随还原/氧化循环次数增加,载氧体反应能力有所增加,载氧体及碳的转化率基本保持稳定;提高反应压力,CO2的捕获效率增加,载氧体还原程度加深,载氧体以及燃料的转化率增加.对载氧体进行表征分析结果表明,随循环次数增加,载氧体颗粒比表面积及孔容积逐渐增加.高压下载氧体颗粒的平均孔径减少,且没有明显发现Fe基载氧体与煤灰相互作用形成复杂的化合物导致载氧体不可逆失活.SEM分析表明,随着循环反应进行,载氧体表面变为疏松多孔状结构,没有发现载氧体颗粒的团聚、烧结现象.试验结果表明该铁矿石载氧体可以应用于煤加压化学链燃烧.     

具有CO2分离的煤气化化学链置换燃烧初步研究

利用Fe2O3,Fe3O4作为载氧体,通过气化、化学链置换燃烧和联合循环等技术,实现燃煤发电的高效和CO2分离.假设煤气完全反应,建立了化学链置换燃烧空气反应器和燃料反应器的质量平衡和能量平衡数学模型,对置换燃烧系统特性进行仿真计算,研究了载氧体还原比率、循环倍率、煤气成分等参数对化学链置换燃烧性能的影响.结果表明:还原比率的升高将增加所需载氧体量,使空气反应器出口空气作功能力下降;循环倍率的提高将使空气反应器空气作功能力下降;而煤气中CH4体积分数升高,热值增加,空气反应器空气作功能力则随之增加.     

β二酮类合钴(Ⅱ)载氧体络合物载氧动力学的研究

研究了载氧体络合物二乙酰丙酮二水合钴(Ⅱ)乙醇溶液的载氧反应过程,实验结果表明,这是一个不可逆的载氧过程,只有其第一步可能是可逆的:〔Co(acac)_2·2H_2O〕_2+O_2(?)〔Co(acac)_2·2H_2O〕_2O_2(?)〔Co(Ⅲ)(acac)_2·H_2O·O_2·Co(Ⅲ)(acac)_2·H_2O]+2H_2O.推导了载氧动力学方程,计算了载氧反应表观速率常数及相应的活化能.     

钴(Ⅱ)离子、汞(Ⅱ)离子与硫氰酸根反应之研究

Co2 离子,Hg2 离子与硫氰酸根SCN-反应,其反应产物为蓝紫色的四硫氰合汞(Ⅱ)酸钴Co[Hg(SCN)4]沉淀,而不是Hg[Co(SCN)4].本文从配合物的稳定常数Kf及设计的3个小实验,对反应产物为蓝紫色沉淀Co[Hg(SCN)4]进行了研究.     

还原氧化石墨烯/Co_3O_4复合物的制备

为改善Co3O4的电化学性能,以180μm鳞片石墨为原料制备膨胀石墨,再以改进Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,然后以水热沉淀法制备还原氧化石墨烯/CoCO3前驱体,最后煅烧生成还原氧化石墨烯/Co3O4复合物(RGO/Co3O4)。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪对所得产物进行分析表征。结果表明,得到的RGO/Co3O4复合物与纯相Co3O4相比呈现纺锤体颗粒状,粒径较小且均匀分布,基本无团聚。该研究通过引入还原氧化石墨烯得到了具有较好形貌结构的RGO/Co3O4复合物。     

具有Ruddlesden-Popper结构的Ca_(1+x)Mn_xO_(1+3x)(x=1,2,3)的合成及层间Ca~(2+)的抽出

采用溶胶凝胶法合成前驱体,然后在氧气气氛下加热合成了具有层状钙钛矿Ruddlesden-Popper结构的化合物Ca1+xMnxO1+3x(x=1,2,3),尝试采用酸溶液对其层间Ca2+离子进行抽出.实验发现HCl处理单层Ca2MnO4,层状结构遭到破坏;而用(NH4)2S2O8与HCl的混合溶液处理则能维持其层状结构,且Ca2+离子抽出率大于60%,其抽出机制为氧化还原和离子交换.用HCl能够抽出双层Ca3Mn2O7的层间Ca2+,并保持较好的结构.     

Dispersion of CoCl2 into γ-Al2O3 studied by positron

Co²⁺/γ-Al₂O₃ samples were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of γ-Al₂O₃ with different concentration solution of CoCl₂ and dried at 40 °C. We measured the positron lifetime spectra of the samples of different Co²⁺ mass fractions (0%–8.24%) heated at different temperatures (100–500°C). All lifetime spectra were resolved into four components, in which the third and the fourth components were related to the surface state of the micropores and the secondary pores of the γ-Al₂O₃. The experimental results showed that the Co²⁺ was mainly located in the micropores and the secondary pores near to the exterior of the support. For low Co²⁺ mass fraction samples, when the heating temperature was above 400 °C, dispersal was almost finished. When the Co²⁺ mass fraction was above 5.59%, Co²⁺ and Cl⁻ were dispersed into the secondary pores in the form of multiple layers.     

Comparative analysis of the dissolution kinetics of galena in binary solutions of HCl/FeCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> and HCl/H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

A comparative study of the dissolution kinetics of galena ore in binary solutions of FeCl₃/HCl and H₂O₂/HCl has been undertaken. The dissolution kinetics of the galena was found to depend on leachant concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, and particle diameter. The dissolution rate of galena ore increases with the increase of leachant concentration, reaction temperature, and stirring speed, while it decreases with the increase of solid-to-liquid ratio and particle diameter. The activation energy (E _a) of 26.5 kJ/mol was obtained for galena ore dissolution in 0.3 M FeCl₃/8.06 M HCl, and it suggests the surface diffusion model for the leaching reaction, while the E _a value of 40.6 kJ/mol was obtained for its dissolution in 8.06 M H₂O₂/8.06 M HCl, which suggests the surface chemical reaction model for the leaching reaction. Furthermore, the linear relationship between rate constants and the reciprocal of particle radius supports the fact that dissolution is controlled by the surface reaction in the two cases. Finally, the rate of reaction based on the reaction-controlled process has been described by a semiempirical mathematical model. The Arrhenius and reaction constants of 11.023 s⁻¹, 1.25×10⁴ and 3.65×10² s⁻¹, 8.02×10⁶ were calculated for the 0.3 M FeCl₃/8.06 M HCl and 8.06 M H₂O₂/8.06 M HCl binary solutions, respectively.     

Co-substituted ATS-type molecular sieves and films for cyclohexane oxidation

Pure CoAPO-36 crystal grains were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. Porous α-Al₂O₃, stainless steel and K₂Ti₆O₁₃ supported CoAPO-36 films were fabricated using in situ crystallization for the first time. SEM images and XRD measurements demonstrate that a continuous CoAPO-36 film was obtained on the K₂Ti₆O₁₃ substrate. Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra indicate that Co²⁺ has been incorporated into the ATS framework. Both CoAPO-36 crystal grains and the K₂Ti₆O₁₃ supported CoAPO-36 film exhibit satisfactory catalytic activities for the oxidation of cyclohexane.     

复合氧化物Co3O4/Bi2O3对甲苯的光催化作用

采用微乳法制备复合氧化物Co₃O₄/Bi₂O₃纳米粒子， 用TG-DTA， XRD， XPS和FT-IR对其表征， 以甲苯为气相有机污染物研究Co₃O₄/Bi₂O₃的光催化活性. 结果表明， 微乳法制备的Co₃O₄/Bi₂O₃粒子光催化活性优于纯氧化铋； 活性的提高程度与n(Co) ∶n(Bi)有关， 其最佳配比为0.02 ∶1； 光催化活性随焙烧温度升高而增大, 750 ℃焙烧的样品催化活性最好.     

Perovskite-type B-site Bi-doped ceramic membranes for oxygen separation

Novel mixed conducting oxides, B-site Bi-doped perovskites were exploited and synthesized.Cubic perovskite structures were formed for BaBi0.2CoyFe0.8-yO3-δ (y≤0.4) and BaBixCo0.2Fe0.8-xO3-δ(x=0.1-0.5).The materials exhibited considerable high oxygen permeability at high temperature.The oxygen permeation flux of BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-δ membrane reached about 0.77×10-6 mol/cm2.s under an air/helium oxygen partial pressure gradient at 900℃, which was much higher than that of other bismuth-contained mixed conducting membranes.The permeation fluxes of the materials increased with the increase of cobalt content, but no apparent simple relationship was found with the bismuth content.The materials also demonstrated excellent reversibility of oxygen adsorption and desorption.Stable time-related oxygen permeation fluxes were found for BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-δ and BaBi0.3Co0.2Fe0.5O3-δ membranes at 875℃.     

Synthesis and structure determination of ruthenium and osmium complexes with 2,6-bis-(diphenylphosphinomethyl) pyridine

2,6-Bis (diphenylphosphinomethyl) pyridine (PNP) reaction with Na₂OsCl₆ · 6H₂O to give the five coordinated, sixteen-electron complex Os (PNP)Cl₂. In the presence of formaldehyde, the reaction between Na₂OsCl₆· 6H₂O and PNP proceeds rapidly in boiling ethanol to give the coordinately saturated Os(PNP)Cl₂(CO). The IR spectrum of Os(PNP)Cl₂(CO) shows a strong absorption band at 1 970 cm⁻¹ assignable tov _∞ stretch. PNP reacts with RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ and RuCl₂(DMSO)₄ (DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide) to give Ru(PNP)Cl₂ (PPh₃) and Ru(PNP)Cl₂ (DMSO) respectively. The average Ru−Cl, Ru−P and Ru−N bond distance in Ru(PNP)Cl₂(PPh₃) determineby X-ray crystallography are 0.242, 0.236 and 0.216 nm, respectively. Li Zhaoying: born in July 1949, associate professor     

SmCoO3 的固相合成及性质

以Sm₂O₃和Co₂O₃为原料,使用高温固相反应法合成SmCoO₃正交钙钛矿化合物,采用X射线衍射、Raman谱、热膨胀仪和高温电导等测试技术对样品进行了结构和性能研究.结构分析表明,Sm₂O₃与Co₂O₃在1353K附近可以进行固态反应,形成单相性很好的SmCoO₃正交钙钛矿相.高温电导测量显示单相SmCoO₃随温度升高由绝缘体向半导体转变,Arrhenius图表明绝缘体—半导体转变点在470K附近.单相SmCoO3的热膨胀系数在873K以上为2.17×10^-5K^-1,和掺杂LaGaO₃相近,但明显大于SDC（Ce_0.85Sm_0.15O₂）的热膨胀系数.     

Antilocalization sensing of interactions between two-dimensional electrons and surface species

We apply antilocalization measurements to experimentally study the interactions and exchange between InAs surface accumulation electrons and local magnetic moments of the rare earth ions Sm3?,Gd3?,Ho3?,and Dy3?,of the transition metal ions Ni2?,Co2?,and Fe3?,and of Fe3O4nanoparticles and Fe3?-phthalocyanine deposited on the surface.The influence of the deposited species on the surface electrons is observed through the changes in the spin–orbit scattering and magnetic spin-flip scattering rates,which carry information about magnetic interactions.Experiments indicate a temperature-dependent magnetic spin-flip scattering for Ho3?,Dy3?,Ni2?,and Co2?.Concerning the spin–orbit scattering rate,we observe an increase,except for the cases of Ni2?,Fe3?,Fe3O4nanoparticles and Fe3?-phthalocyanine.We also observe an increase in SO scattering in another system where we study the interactions of Au nanoparticles and ferromagnetic Co0.6Fe0.4nanopillars and an In0.53Ga0.47As quantum well.Experimental results are analyzed and compared to theoretical models.Our method provides a controlled way to probe the quantum properties of two-dimensional electron systems,either on the surface of InAs or in a quantum well.     

Density functional study on mechanism of CO oxidation with activated water on O/Au （1 1 1 ） surface

With density functional theory, the mechanism of water-enhanced CO oxidation on oxygen pre-covered Au （111） surface is theoretically studied. First, water is activated by the pre-covered oxygen atom and dissociates to OHads group. Then, OHads reacts with COads to form chemisorbed HOCOads, Finally, with the aid of water, HOCOads dissociates to CO2. The whole process can be described as 1/2H2Oads ＋ H2Oads ＋ 1/2Oads＋ COads→H3Osds ＋ CO2, gas. One CO2 is formed with only 1/2 pre-covered oxygen atom. That is why more CO2 is observed when water is present on oxygen pre-covered Au （111） surface. Activation energy of each elementary step is low enough to allow the reaction to proceed at low temperature.     

New structure model of oxygen-evolving center and mechanism for oxygen evolution in photosynthesis

So far, many important questions and problems concerning the structure and mechanism of photosynthetic oxygen evolution are still unsolved. On the basis of recent achievements in this field, a new structure model is proposed whereby two H2O molecules bind asymmetrically to two manganese ions (Mn1Ⅱ and Mn4Ⅲ) at the open end of "C" shaped cluster and keep rather large distance. Two histidine residues coordinate to the other two manganese ions in higher oxidation state (Mn2Ⅳ and Mn3Ⅳ ) through their nitrogen atoms of the imidazole. Cl bound as terminal ligand to Mn4Ⅲl is connected to Ca, and the latter is needed to maintain the special configuration of two Mn2O2 units by bridged-oxo and bridged-carboxylate ligands. The whole structure of oxygen evolution center is asymmetry. A new mechanism for oxygen evolution invokes predictions of asymmetric oxidation of two H2O molecules, dynamic structural changes of oxygen e-volving center and indirect proton transport, etc. Only in S2 state, could Mn1Ⅳ = O. intermediate with high oxidation potential be formed. The S2→S3 process occurs with significant structural changes, as well as intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. The S3 state corresponds to intermediate of Mn1Ⅳ-O… H… O-Mn4Ⅳ . During S3→ [S4] →S0, the O-O bond is formed only in S4 state. The change of nucleophilic interaction between Cl and manganese ions different oxidation states has consequence for the significant structural changes in H2O oxidation process.