生物能量在生命体中传递的新理论及应用

生物能量在生物体当中的传递是生命科学中的一个基本问题，它相关于ATP水解放出的能量沿着蛋白质分子的传递。这种传递与蛋白质的动力学相关。根据ATP分子分布和水解的特性以及蛋白质结构的特点，在Davyclov理论的基础上提出了一个新的生物能量传递的理论。在这个理论当中，Amide振动的集体激发状态用一个两量子准相干态表示，系统的哈密顿量不但包含了Amide振动引起的相邻氨基酸残基的位移，而且包含了相邻Amide之间的共振相互作用所引起的氨基酸残基的相对位置的改变。由这个理论得出的传递生物能量的孤子的寿命可得10^-10秒，在这个时间之内孤子能传递过上千个氨基酸残基，因此它能在生物过程中起着重要的作用。这个理论与E．col．的Ramma谱的实验结果和我们做出的胶原蛋白的红外吸收谱等实验结果相一致，因此它可能是生物体中生物能量传递的一个可利用的和正确的理论。     

肖特基接触单层有机太阳能电池的短路电流的数值研究

运用数值方法,系统研究了肖特基接触单层有机太阳能电池的阴极功函数、载流子迁移率和温度对短路电流的影响,得到了短路电流随阴极功函数、载流子迁移率和温度变化的定量关系,这为以后的有机太阳能电池实验研究提供理论基础.     

纳米生物学研究中的新技术

大量的生物结构，从核酸，蛋白质，病毒到细胞器，其线度在1—100纳米之间，生物结构虽然很小，但异常复杂，又格外活跃，表现出很多特定的生物学功能，纳米生物学就是在纳米水平阐明生物分子作用规律的一门新兴学科，通过对生物大分子超微结构的解析和操纵，获得单个分子在生命活动中的详尽信息，从而在单分子水平上探寻影响人类健康的恶性疾病的发病机理，并最终能够利用对单分子进行微尺度操纵的技术进行治疗。纳米生物学是一个非常有意义，但又神秘莫测的领域，但广阔的应用前景已经昭示了这一交叉学科强劲的生命力。本文将着重介绍原子力显微镜和光镊在纳米生物学研究中的重要应用。     

CdZnTe半导体探测器X射线能谱响应特性分析

CdZnTe是一种性能优异的高能射线探测材料,在空间科学、核安全以及核医学等众多领域有广泛的应用前景.本文选取了3枚不同等级的CdZnTe探测器,在详细阐述了CdZnTe探测器工作原理的基础上,对比分析了他们的能谱响应曲线和载流子输运特性的关系.重点分析了CdZnTe探测器能量分辨率、电荷收集效率和峰谷比等关键指标参数与CdZnTe晶体中电子和空穴的迁移率和寿命积以及载流子的去俘获效应的相关关联,分析表明载流子的迁移率和寿命积是影响探测器电荷收集效率决定因素,而当电荷收集效率〈90%时,电荷收集不完全对探测器的能量分辨率有较大影响,而载流子在陷阱中的去俘获时间对探测器信号的本底噪音和极化效应有较大影响.建立了一个通过简单平面探测器能谱响应曲线反映CdZnTe晶体载流子输运特性的方法,为CdZnTe探测器和晶体质量的评价和筛选提供了基础.     

时变能量网络建模与分析

不同类型的能源系统通过能量转换设备(感应电动机、离心泵等)相互耦合,研究能源系统的动态特性及其仿真方法对综合能源系统优化设计及性能分析具有重要的实际意义.为对时变能量网络进行建模和分析,本文从能量本质的角度出发,通过深入探讨能量传递及转换机理,分别建立时变传递线(管)路和能量转换设备的能量网络等值模型.在时变能量网络模型的基础上,提出通过构建时变能量网络方程(包括状态方程和输出方程)对综合能源系统的动态特性进行建模仿真的分析方法,最后通过具体算例对本文所提分析方法的有效性及实用性进行验证.本文的研究内容为时变能量网络的建模、分析、优化及规划奠定了基础.     

多场耦合下基于传递熵的电路板级焊点疲劳寿命模型

针对实际服役条件下电路板级焊点失效引起的电子设备故障问题,基于单一时间因子传递熵方法,建立了振动与温度耦合条件下的焊点非经验疲劳寿命模型.首先,通过分析焊点裂纹萌生前后的能量变化,构建了能够表征焊点结构损伤的平均能量测度指标.其次,根据该指标在焊点微裂纹出现前呈现出的单调性特点,建立了用以评估焊点疲劳寿命的公式.最后,设计振动与温度耦合条件下的焊点加速寿命试验,基于实时获取的焊点结构动态响应信号,验证该模型的准确性与适用性.试验结果显示,该模型能够有效识别焊点的损伤状态,疲劳寿命预测结果误差在1 5%以内.     

润扬大桥悬索桥小波包能量谱与温度的季节相关性研究

对润扬大桥悬索桥236天的小波包能量谱与温度实测数据进行了季节相关性研究．分析结果表明,润扬大桥悬索桥的小波包能量谱与温度具有明显的季节相关性,其特征频带能量比的日平均值随着温度的季节变化在一年中可以发生平均约200％的变化．在此基础上采用6次多项式模型对小波包能量谱与温度进行了统计建模,并采用均值控制图法对特征频带能量比的异常变化进行了统计模式识别．分析结果表明,运用本文方法可以有效地消除温度的季节变化对悬索桥实测小波包能量谱的影响,较好地识别出结构损伤引起的特征频带能量比10％的异常变化,并且与实测模态频率相比,小波包能量谱更适合于大跨桥梁结构的在线实时损伤预警．     

随机双折射光纤中色散控制孤子的相互作用

构建了高速色散控制系统中的孤子传输模型, 导出了随机双折射光纤中OTDM孤子的多重相互作用方程, 并用分步Fourier方法对偏振模色散影响下两类系统中孤子相互作用进行了分析. 揭示了同时考虑偏振模色散和色散控制时孤子相互作用的规律和碰撞长度的变化, 证明了色散控制孤子在相互作用过程中对偏振模色散仍表现出坚挺的粒子性.     

构造电力系统暂态能量函数新方法研究

通过归一化发电机转子运动方程, 将故障后电力系统的动态过程比拟为质量为1.0在n维Euclid角度空间中运动的质点, 并提出了旋转一维坐标的概念. 通过投影变换将复杂的多机系统摇摆过程转化为一维坐标上的简单运动来研究, 并在此基础上提出了构造新暂态能量函数的方法. 证明了该能量函数沿故障后轨迹的守恒性, 并发展了电力系统的稳定性判据. 10发电机新英格兰典型电力系统上的分析结果验证了新能量函数理论的正确性.     

对位取代苯乙烯吡啶衍生物分子内电荷转移与双光子吸收效应关系的研究

以对位取代苯乙烯碘化吡啶为体系，进行了“D-π-A”型化合物分子内电荷转移 (ICT) 与双光子吸收效应关系的研究. 在锁模Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器（1064 nm, 40 ps脉宽）抽运下, 通过开孔Z-扫描技术测量双光子吸收截面、双通道能量计测试输入/输出(或透过) 曲线和双光子上转换激射效率、条纹相机记录双光子荧光寿命和双光子上转换激射谱等测试方法，系统研究了双光子机制导致的双光子吸收效应，如光限幅特性、双光子上转换荧光及双光子上转换激射等光物理性能，并结合理论计算研究了激发态分子内电荷转移对双光子吸收截面的影响.     

The role of glycosylation in protein antigenic properties

Glycosylation of proteins is a common event and contributes to protein antigenic properties. Most data have been obtained from model studies on glycoprotens with well-defined structure or synthetic glycopeptides and their respective monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies raised against glycoprotein antigens may be specific for their carbohydrate units which are recognized irrespective of the protein carrier (carbohydrate epitopes), or in the context of the adjacent amino acid residues (glycopeptidic epitopes). Conformation or proper exposure of peptidic epitopes of glycoproteins is also frequently modulated by glycosylation due to intramolecular carbohydrate-protein interactions. The effects of glycosylation are broad: glycosylation may 'inactivate' the peptidic epitope or may be required for its reactivity with the antibody, depending on the structure of the antigenic site and antibody fine specificity. Evidence is increasing that similar effects of glycosylation pertain to T cell-dependent cellular immune responses. Glycosylated peptides can be bound and presented by MHC class I or II molecules and elicit glycopeptide-specific T cell clones. Received 5 July 2001; received after revision 9 October 2001; accepted 11 October 2001     

The role of key residues in structure, function, and stability of cytochrome-c

Cytochrome-c (cyt-c), a multi-functional protein, plays a significant role in the electron transport chain, and thus is indispensable in the energy-production process. Besides being an important component in apoptosis, it detoxifies reactive oxygen species. Two hundred and eighty-five complete amino acid sequences of cyt-c from different species are known. Sequence analysis suggests that the number of amino acid residues in most mitochondrial cyts-c is in the range 104?±?10, and amino acid residues at only few positions are highly conserved throughout evolution. These highly conserved residues are Cys14, Cys17, His18, Gly29, Pro30, Gly41, Asn52, Trp59, Tyr67, Leu68, Pro71, Pro76, Thr78, Met80, and Phe82. These are also known as “key residues”, which contribute significantly to the structure, function, folding, and stability of cyt-c. The three-dimensional structure of cyt-c from ten eukaryotic species have been determined using X-ray diffraction studies. Structure analysis suggests that the tertiary structure of cyt-c is almost preserved along the evolutionary scale. Furthermore, residues of N/C-terminal helices Gly6, Phe10, Leu94, and Tyr97 interact with each other in a specific manner, forming an evolutionary conserved interface. To understand the role of evolutionary conserved residues on structure, stability, and function, numerous studies have been performed in which these residues were substituted with different amino acids. In these studies, structure deals with the effect of mutation on secondary and tertiary structure measured by spectroscopic techniques; stability deals with the effect of mutation on T _m (midpoint of heat denaturation), ?G _D (Gibbs free energy change on denaturation) and folding; and function deals with the effect of mutation on electron transport, apoptosis, cell growth, and protein expression. In this review, we have compiled all these studies at one place. This compilation will be useful to biochemists and biophysicists interested in understanding the importance of conservation of certain residues throughout the evolution in preserving the structure, function, and stability in proteins.     

The catalytic triad of serine peptidases

The catalytic action of serine peptidases depends on the interplay of a nucleophile, a general base and an acid. In the classic trypsin and subtilisin families this catalytic triad is composed of serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues and exhibits similar spatial arrangements, but the order of the residues in the amino acid sequence is different. By now several new families have been discovered, in which the nucleophile-base-acid pattern is generally conserved, but the individual components can vary. The variations illustrate how different groups and different protein structures achieve the same reaction.     

Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the stimulation of amino acid transport by phorbol ester,platelet-derived growth factor and A23187 in Swiss 3T3 cells

Summary Stimulation of amino acid transport induced by phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate, platelet-derived growth factor or A23187 was not observed in cells lacking protein kinase C. On the other hand, stimulation of transport by epidermal growth factor or insulin was not affected. These results suggested that the stimulation of amino acid transport is mediated by at least two separate pathways.This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.     

在非线性系统中的微观粒子的特性和非线性量子力学理论(下)

在非线性系统中由于存在着与粒子状态相关的非线性相互作用，微观粒子的状态和特征相对于线性系统而发生了很大变化。原有的线性型的量子力学理论不能很好地描述这些微观粒子的状态和特征。至此，必然要发展新的理论。本文研究了微观粒子在非线性作用下的运动特性和本性的变化，说明了在线性作用和非线性场中微观粒子的性质是明显不同的，启示我们必须建立微观粒子在非线性场中运动的新理论。接着我们研究了与微观量子效应迥然不同的宏观量子效应与非线性作用的孤立子运动的紧密关系，结合现代孤立子理论和超导与超流理论，我们首先提出了非线性量子力学的基本原理及在此基础上建立了系统、完整的非线性量子力学理论体系，并得到的一些新结论。最后我们还论证了这个理论的正确性和自洽性，它的运用范围以及它的重大意义。     

Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the stimulation of amino acid transport by phorbol ester, platelet-derived growth factor and A23187 in Swiss 3T3 cells

Stimulation of amino acid transport induced by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, platelet-derived growth factor or A23187 was not observed in cells lacking protein kinase C. On the other hand, stimulation of transport by epidermal growth factor or insulin was not affected. These results suggested that the stimulation of amino acid transport is mediated by at least two separate pathways.     

Labile protein-methyl ester: Comparison between chemically and enzymatically synthesized

Summary The rate of hydrolysis of protein-methyl ester, the enzymatic product of S-adenosylmethionine: proteincarboxyl methyltransferase (EC.2.1.1.24) acting on oxidized ribonuclease, was measured at pH 7.1 and 8.6 at 37°C. The half-life of the hydrolysis of the ester is 25 min at pH 7.1, and 4 min at 8.6. The rate of hydrolysis of the enzymatically formed esters at pH 7.0, in 0.1M phosphate buffer, was about 25 times faster than that of esters formed chemically by reaction with methanol in HCl. The lability of the enzymatically synthesized protein-methyl ester suggests that the esterification is specific to sites such that ionization of neighboring amino acid side chains enhances the rate of the hydrolysis.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by Research Grants AM 09603 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, CA 10439 and CA 12226 from the National Cancer Institute, 1-P01-HD-05874 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, GM 20594-03 from National Institute of General Medical Sciences, USA.     

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase fromNicotiana tabacum

Summary The N-terminal sequence of the small subunit of Fraction I protein isolated from tobacco was investigated, using an automatic protein sequencer. The amino acid sequence of the first 21 residues is presented.