New research progress on the ultrastructure of tectonically deformed coals

The structure of tectonically deformed coals shows some characteristics and regulations on the ultra-scale when influenced by different factors such as temperature, pressure and directional stress. Deformations of the macromolecular structure may induce changes in the nano-scale pore structure, which are very important for gas adsorption and pervasion. The geological impact of different mechanisms of deformation on different types of ultrastructure of tectonically deformed coals is not only of significance as a topic for scientific research, but also in studying environments of metamorphism-deformation at differing metamorphic stages. This research is also very important in studying the accumulation and occurrence conditions of coalbed methane gas, mechanisms of coal and gas outbursts, predictions of coalbed methane resources and dangers of coal and gas outbursts. This paper analyzes current research, within China and other countries, in the ultrastructure of tectonically deformed coals. The research includes (1) structural models of tectonically deformed coals; (2) the relationship between ultrastructure and stress; (3) the structure of tectonically deformed coals and its strain environment. These results are also based on our own experiments including vitirnite reflectance (R_o,max), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR (CP/MAS + TOSS)). We discuss the important effects of the structure of tectonically deformed coals and their physical properties, and then point out some problems concerning the research progress of tectonically deformed coals.     

煤大分子结构研究的进展

评述了关于煤大分子结构和煤大分子堆垛结构研究的最新进展，提出了煤大分子结构“复杂多变”和“有序”的观点。建议将煤大分子结构划分为碳原子骨架（基本结构单元）、交联网络和边缘基因三个级次。     

Behavior and mechanism of the adsorption/desorption of tectonically deformed coals

The physical and chemical texture of tectonically deformed coals produced by various formational mechanisms are different from those of primary coals, thus resulting in major differences among the physical properties of the reservoirs of these coals. We have studied the adsorption/desorption behavior of tectonically deformed coals by the use of isothermal adsorption/desorption experiments under equilibrium moisture condition. Experiments of isothermal adsorption/desorption of methane or multi-component gases have indicated that, the adsorption curves of coals with a low degree of tectonic deformation conform to the type of isothermal adsorption curve described by the Langmuir equation; the methane adsorption curves of coals with strong tectonic deformation cannot be described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption/desorption process of methane and multi-component gases in the deformed coals is not consistent with primary coals, which form an effect of hysteresis in different kinds of tectonically deformed coals. With the change of pore structure of tectonically deformed coals at reservoir condition, the added adsorbed CH₄ in the experiments is desorbed on the pore surface of coals during the pressure reduction process. Thus, the result shows that the adsorption volume in the process of desorbing is greater than that in adsorbing. Because of the deformation, structural change, and transformation of the adsorption potential field of coals, it is essential to form a new kind of isothermal adsorption curve and the hysteresis effect of the desorption process. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB202201 and 2009CB219601) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772135, 40642013 and 40172058)     

贵州黔北地区构造煤与原生结构煤孔隙特征及分形

为了研究煤体在构造作用影响下孔隙结构与分形特征,本文采用低温氮气吸附法、压汞实验等方法,并结合分形理论对三甲煤矿突出孔洞内外煤样孔隙分布进行定量分析。通过MIP与N2GA联合分析,软硬煤临界孔径分别为59nm和86nm。硬煤孔容主要分布在100nm以下的孔隙中,构造煤各孔容分布差异不大,其中中孔和大孔孔容明显高于硬煤,并且构造煤比表面积比硬煤增大4倍多,孔容多出24.5%。根据分形理论分析发现,构造煤渗流孔和吸附孔分形维数分别为3.03和3.77均高于原生煤3.01与3.72;构造煤热力学分形维数高达2.916,构造煤具有更加复杂的孔隙结构和更加粗糙的孔隙表面。     

单颗粒煤孔隙结构的扫描电镜研究及分形重构

运用扫描电子显微镜对所选三种煤样微观孔隙结构的观察研究,总结出不同煤种内部孔隙的分类及孔隙的分布情况,进一步研究不同孔隙结构对燃烧的影响。提出了一种新的重构方法,利用Matlab软件对烟煤SEM图像进行分析处理,运用分形理论总结得到孔隙结构的分形特征,然后自编程序对其二维结构进行重构,最后得到重构图像及各参数与真实图像及各参数有很好的相似度。重构结果表明,该方法与真实实验具有很好的吻合,其为研究单颗粒煤及其它多孔材料内部孔隙结构提供了一种方法。     

煤与页岩低温氮吸附孔隙结构特征与分形特征对比——以阳泉地区山西组15#煤与页岩为例

以山西组高煤级煤与页岩样品为例,通过低温氮气吸附实验研究了样品的孔隙结构特征,并基于FHH分形模型计算了样品的分维值,对页岩与煤层的孔隙分形特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:页岩样品以微孔为主,同时含有一定量的过渡孔,主要的储集空间由微孔和过渡孔提供。高煤级煤样品以过渡孔为主,主要的储集空间由过渡孔提供。在测试孔径范围内,页岩样品的比表面积远大于高煤级煤。页岩的孔隙形态上以四周开放的平行板孔和裂缝型孔为主,具有部分细颈瓶孔,高煤级煤的孔隙形态以封闭型孔为主,反映页岩储层微观渗流能力更强,可能是页岩中游离气比例高于煤层的原因之一。页岩与高煤级煤均具有显著的分形特征,页岩样品分维值高于高煤级煤,说明页岩孔隙的空间结构比高煤级煤更为复杂,非均质性更强;同时二者均具有双重分形特征,页岩渗流孔分维值低于吸附孔,反映页岩吸附孔孔隙结构更为复杂。与页岩相比,高煤级煤渗流孔和吸附孔的分维值均小于页岩,孔径分布集中于过渡孔,有利于煤层气快速到达产气高峰;而页岩孔径分布则集中于微孔和过渡孔,吸附气含量更高,并且过渡孔的孔隙结构以平行板孔为主,孔隙结构特征较微孔简单。     

煤的光学各向异性在构造分析中的应用

介绍了煤的光学各向异性的成因及其用于构造分析的原理。运用该原理首次对渭北煤田东部矿区煤镜质组反射率进行了研究，从煤层光学各向异性的产生机理分析，证明了本区变形历史中曾经受了强烈的侧向挤压。区内煤层变形的主要动力是来自ＮＷ－ＳＥ方向的挤压作用     

核磁共振研究致密砂岩孔隙结构的方法及应用

基于核磁共振的原理,推导T_2弛豫时间与孔隙半径的关系,由孔喉比将孔隙半径转换为喉道半径,结合压汞喉道半径分布,利用插值和最小二乘法,将岩心100%饱和水的核磁共振T_2谱转换为孔喉半径分布,并将核磁孔喉分布曲线应用到油田开发评价中。以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密储层为例,结合岩心驱替试验,利用转化的核磁孔喉分布对研究区块储层的孔隙结构、可动流体和可动油分布以及可动流体喉道半径下限进行研究。结果表明:研究区块孔隙结构复杂,发育微米级和纳米-亚微米级孔喉,孔喉半径均值在0.095~1.263μm,0.001~0.01μm的孔喉内束缚流体分布较多,可动流体主要分布在喉道半径大于0.01μm的孔隙内,水驱主要动用喉道半径大于0.1μm的孔隙内的油,研究区可动流体喉道半径截止值平均为0.013μm。     

"构造控灾"理论与"绿色矿区"建设

构造介质、构造形态、构造界面、构造应力相互影响,相互制约,协同作用,为人类地下采矿活动营造了一个特殊的环境——构造环境。在不同的构造环境下,同样强度的地下采矿活动所引起的煤矿区地面沉陷、断陷、开裂的致灾程度有明显差异。与地下开采有关的煤矿区地表环境灾害,虽然源于采动,但其形成与发展,本质上受控于该区域构造环境的内在结构和动态因素。构造环境是决定煤矿区地质环境承载能力的重要因素之一。在开采之前,根据煤矿区构造环境,结合煤矿区土地利用类型对地表移动变形及地下水位变化的敏感度,科学评价煤矿区地质环境的承载能力,为合理规划开采区域或开采强度提供科学依据,是建设"绿色矿区"的基础性工作。     

Fractal classification and natural classification of coal pore structure based on migration of coal bed methane

According to the data of 146 coal samples measured by mercury penetration, coal pores are classified into two levels of <65 nm diffusion pore and >65 nm seeping pore by fractal method based on the characteristics of diffusion, seepage of coal bed methane(CBM) and on the research results of specific pore volume and pore structure. The diffusion pores are further divided into three categories: <8 nm micropore, 8-20 nm transitional pore, and 20-65 nm mini-pore based on the relationship between increment of specific surface area and diameter of pores, while seepage pores are further divided into three categories: 65-325 nm mesopore, 325-1000 nm transitional pore, and >1000 nm macropore based on the abrupt change in the increment of specific pore volume.     

川东南盆缘复杂构造区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构及分形特征

川东南盆缘复杂构造区龙马溪组页岩总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量高、热演化成熟度高,但构造条件复杂,其微观孔隙结构特征及分形特征相关研究较少且与四川盆内页岩存在差异,亟需进一步深入研究。为更好地表征页岩孔隙结构非均质性及其对页岩气富集的影响,综合运用核磁共振、高压压汞及扫描电镜等技术,定量表征复杂构造区页岩微观孔隙结构特征。基于分形理论,利用高压压汞、核磁共振方法获得不同尺度孔隙的分形维数,并探讨分形维数与孔喉结构参数、TOC含量、矿物组分含量的关系及其地质意义。结果表明：川东南盆缘复杂构造区页岩主要发育有机孔、粒间孔和微裂缝。孔隙结构具有多重分形特征,不同尺度孔喉分形维数存在差异,大孔喉复杂程度高于小孔喉,孔隙总分形维数为2.470 2～2.819 1,均值为2.625 6,反映复杂构造区页岩发育更为复杂的孔隙结构,为页岩气提供大量吸附点位,对页岩气聚集具有积极作用。TOC含量和石英含量等因素的共同影响,造成研究区页岩的强非均质性和复杂的孔隙结构特征。与四川盆内页岩相比,研究区页岩孔径分布较广、分形维数偏低。综合分析页岩孔隙结构及分形特征可为昭通示范...     

Investigation of nanocrystalline structure in selected carbonaceous materials

The structural parameters of nine Indian coals were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The study revealed that the coals contain crystalline carbon of turbostratic structure with amorphous carbon. The stacking height (L_c) and interlayer spacing (d₀₀₂) of the crystallite structure of the coals ranged from 1.986 to 2.373 nm and from 0.334 to 0.340 nm, respectively. The degree of graphitization was calculated to range from 42% to 99%, thereby confirming the ordering of the carbon layers with the increase in coal rank. An exponential correlation was observed among the aromaticity (f_a), the lateral size (L_a), and the rank (I₂₀/I₂₆), suggesting that the coal crystallites are nanocrystalline in nature. A very strong correlation was observed between the structural parameters (f_a, d₀₀₂, L_c, the H/C ratio, and I₂₀/I₂₆), the volatile matter content, and the elemental carbon content, indicating the structures of coals are controlled by the degree of contact metamorphism. The Raman spectra exhibited two prominent bands: the graphitic band (G) and the first-order characteristic defect band (D). The deconvolution resulted in five peaks: G, D1, D2, D3, and D4. The intense D1 band, which appeared at ~1350 cm?1, corresponds to a lattice vibration mode with A_1g symmetry. The D2 mode, which appeared at ~1610 cm?1, arises from the structural disorder as a shoulder on the G band.     

煤储层孔隙结构与甲烷吸附能量变化的非均质性特征

煤储层具有复杂的孔隙结构,在吸附甲烷气体过程中伴随能量变化。为研究煤储层孔隙和甲烷吸附过程中能量变化的非均质特性,使用分形维数分析煤孔隙的非均质性,运用吸附势和表面自由能理论分析等温吸附过程中的能量变化非均质性。结果表明：PY-1、PB-1、PB-2样品主要发育微孔,PY-2样品主要发育大孔,不同样品的孔隙分布差异明显;微孔是吸附甲烷的主要场所,但并非是影响甲烷吸附量的决定因素。煤的孔隙结构和本身性质影响了煤吸附甲烷的非均质性选择,镜质组含量越高,孔隙结构越复杂,孔隙分形维数越大,非均质性越强;甲烷吸附量越高,吸附势和表面自由能变化越大。     

煤的结构模型及其电极化特征的研究

研究了采自四川鱼田堡、南桐和青年等三个煤太和的煤样的大分子结构，建立起了煤的结构模型。在此基础上对煤在外电场的极化特征进行了实验研究和理论分析，结果表明，转向极化和空间极化是引起通过煤样中的电流发生衰减的本质原因，且空间极化是煤极化的主要形式。     

蜀南地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及分形特征

南方上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩是中国页岩气主力开发层位,页岩微观孔隙结构特征的研究对于页岩含气性和开发储量的评价有重要意义。采用场发射扫描电镜和低温氮气吸附实验方法对蜀南地区长宁区块五峰-龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构进行了定性评价和定量表征。实验结果表明,蜀南地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩以有机质孔隙为主,局部可见粒间孔和粒内孔发育。氮气吸附回滞环属于H4型,对应纳米级孔隙类型为狭缝型;五峰-龙马溪组页岩平均比表面积17.35 m~2/g,平均孔体积16.70 mm~3/g,平均孔径9.82 nm;页岩纳米级孔隙表面具有分形特征,分形维数平均值为2.681;有机碳含量的增加使得纳米级孔隙数量增多,页岩分形维数增大,孔隙表面粗糙程度增大,页岩比表面积增大,页岩吸附能力增强。     

青东煤矿7#煤层构造煤分布规律及其控制因素

为研究构造煤对煤与瓦斯突出的控制作用,通过解译钻孔测井曲线,结合现场揭露情况,对7#煤各钻孔构造煤厚度进行了判识,并利用软件Surfer8绘制了7#煤构造煤厚度等值线图,在此基础上对7#煤构造煤分布特征及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：7#煤构造煤普遍发育,东部构造区较为发育,且构造煤厚度变化较大;中部构造区,构造煤厚度分布稳定;在西部构造煤在向斜核部较发育,两翼相对变小。井田构造分布受褶曲构造和断裂构造的影响。     

鄂尔多斯东缘煤储层渗透性主控因素分析与高渗区预测

在煤层气储层渗透性影响因素的分析基础上,通过煤层地应力、热演化程度、埋藏深度与渗透率的相关性分析,探讨渗透率的发育机理,认为煤储层渗透率是煤阶与地应力联合作用的结果,地应力控制煤储层割理开启程度和方向,改变储层的孔隙结构;煤岩热演化通过改变岩石力学性质来控制割理发育,二者共同控制煤储层割理的大小,进而影响煤储层渗透率的发育,而埋藏深度与渗透率相关性不强.选取煤层渗透率主控因素进行研究,以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘二叠系煤层气储层为例,利用多元回归分析的方法建立了“煤阶与地应力”渗透性二元预测模型,对研究区渗透率的发育情况进行了预测.研究表明,地应力控制了渗透率的分布,而煤岩热演化程度对渗透率分布起到一定的调节作用,煤层气储层高渗区主要分布在研究区斜坡带地应力松弛部位,而在应力相对集中深部煤储层为低渗区.     

煤岩孔隙结构特征及其对储层损害的影响

煤岩特殊的孔隙结构及甲烷赋存和产出方式决定了其损害机理与常规储层存在明显差异。在此以六盘水地区亦资孔盆地二叠系煤岩气藏为对象,应用压汞和扫描电镜等手段,研究煤岩储层孔隙类型和孔隙结构特征,结合煤岩学、敏感性及工作液损害评价实验,探讨了煤岩气层损害机理。研究表明,煤岩中常见植物组织孔和气孔,裂缝发育,属双重孔隙介质,表现出很强的应力敏感性。工作液易通过天然裂缝系统侵入煤层中,导致裂缝内的固相沉积、水相圈闭和高分子处理剂吸附滞留损害。     

多期次构造运动对不同物源成分砂岩控制作用

通过普通岩石薄片和孔隙铸体薄片观察、扫描电镜、阴极发光和X衍射分析及压汞实验等手段,对川东北地区须家河组致密砂岩储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用、物性特征及孔隙类型和孔隙演化等方面进行分析,进而研究多期次构造运动对不同物源成分砂岩的控制作用.结果 表明,印支晚期,研究区盆缘造山活动的强弱控制了须家河组物源供给和物源区母岩类型...     

超临界CO2对无烟煤孔隙结构影响的实验研究

通过实验室自主研发的超临界CO_2高压加压装置,对临涣矿区的无烟煤进行处理,获得对比煤样。采用压汞法测试了超临界CO_2处理前后煤孔隙的变化情况,获得了处理前后无烟煤孔隙结构的关键参数;同时对进退汞曲线进行分析,进而研究了孔径分布的变化规律。研究结果表明:超临界CO_2处理后的无烟煤在微孔阶段(3~10 nm)多峰现象明显减少,孔隙分布更加连续,大孔阶段(≥1 000 nm)的进汞量明显高于处理前的曲线,大孔和可见孔数量增多。无烟煤的孔隙度和总孔容在处理后增幅达到0.2336%和6.4%;超临界CO_2在一定程度上促进了无烟煤的渗流孔的发育,抑制了吸附孔的发育。