DMSO诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞的凋亡

烟草BY-2悬浮细胞经不同浓度的DMSO处理后发现,2％DMSO处理可导致细胞核染色质凝集或核结构解体,琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示基因组DNA降解成明显的梯状条带,从而表现出典型的细胞凋亡特征．对微丝骨架的进一步观察发现,2％DMSO处理引起细胞内微丝骨架分布异常,造成微丝骨架不同程度地断裂．这些结果为进一步研究微丝骨架在植物细胞凋亡中的功能奠定了基础．     

活体烟草BY-2悬浮细胞微丝骨架的标记

微丝骨架是细胞骨架的重要成员,在细胞的多项生理活动中发挥着重要作用.本论文利用荧光标记鬼笔环肽技术和GFP融合蛋白技术,对活体烟草BY-2悬浮细胞中微丝骨架的标记方法进行了探索,结果表明,10nmol/L的Alexa488-Phalloidin为细胞微丝骨架标记的最佳浓度,利用PCR等技术构建pPZP-NtFABD2-GFP植物表达载体后,转化烟草BY-2悬浮细胞,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,NtFABD2-GFP融合蛋白能够清晰地显示活体烟草悬浮细胞内的微丝骨架.这些结果为进一步深入研究微丝骨架在活体植物细胞中的功能奠定了基础.     

MACF1对成骨细胞微丝骨架和细胞力学性能的调节作用

为探索细胞骨架关键交联分子微管微丝交联因子1(microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1,MACF1)对成骨细胞微丝骨架和细胞力学性能的调节作用,以MACF1低表达的小鼠成骨细胞及其对照细胞为研究对象,通过细胞免疫荧光染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,观察成骨细胞微丝骨架;运用微丝图像分析系统对微丝特性进行定量分析;采用原子力显微镜检测细胞弹性模量。结果发现,与对照组相比,MACF1低表达显著改变了小鼠成骨细胞的微丝分布角度,增加了成骨细胞的微丝长度与数量,显著减小了成骨细胞的刚度。研究结果为深入认识MACF1在成骨细胞中的功能奠定了实验基础,并为由成骨细胞功能改变引起的骨质疏松等骨骼疾病防治研究提供了新靶标。     

科技要闻

阐述BUI1蛋白的生理和生化功能近日,中国科学院上海生物科学院何祖华研究组成功克隆了BENT UPPERMOST INTERNODE1(BUI1)基因并阐述了BUI1蛋白的生理和生化功能。BUI1编码一个植物特异的ClassⅡformin蛋白,调控细胞微丝骨架(actin cytoskeleton)的装配和动态变化,微丝骨架是细胞形态和多种生理过程的基     

细胞骨架在植物细胞周期进程中的动态变化及其调控?

细胞周期,即细胞生长与分裂的周期,是生命得以世代繁衍而生生不息的基础.真核细胞有丝分裂周期进程调控的分子机制高度保守.其间,微管和微丝骨架进行有规律的动态变化,顺次组成各种细胞生长和分裂装置,主动参与细胞周期进程的调节.然而,高等植物细胞周期不同时相分别有着与动物细胞不完全相同的、独特的细胞骨架列阵.而这些列阵的产生和维持直接依赖于众多细胞骨架结合蛋白以及上游信号分子的调控.本文重点综述了植物细胞周期进程中微管和微丝骨架的动态变化规律以及参与植物细胞骨架动态和有丝分裂装置组装调控的细胞骨架结合蛋白的最新研究进展,同时对细胞骨架在植物细胞周期进程中研究进行总结和展望.     

小鼠肺癌细胞诱导分化后的力学特性比较

通过鬼笔环肽染色技术观察比较了小鼠肺癌细胞经诱导分化后的微丝变化,利用免疫印迹技术测定了小鼠肺癌细胞经诱导分化后α-SMA蛋白含量的变化,利用CTFM法测定了小鼠肺癌细胞在诱导分化后的牵引力变化.结果发现,小鼠肺癌细胞在诱导分化后,细胞的形态及微丝骨架均发生了变化,同时,α-SMA蛋白含量明显增多并且变得集中;细胞投影面积显著增大,约增37%;细胞牵引力也显著增强,均方根值大约增加了一倍.这说明细胞骨架、细胞的形态、α-SMA蛋白和细胞牵引力均与细胞的癌变过程有密切关系.     

烟草表皮细胞薄层培养中第一次无丝分裂时的核及核外微丝骨架变化的观察

通过Hoechst33258和TRITC－Phalloidin对烟草茎表皮薄层培养细胞的非固定染色观察，发现细胞无丝分裂过程中核及其外围微丝鞘发生了很大变化．染色质在分裂时形成卷曲拉裂状，此时核外微丝鞘完全消失．直至染色质分开后，两组染色质由伸张状态回缩时，微丝鞘才重新聚合排列，并最后形成两个子核的微丝鞘．     

包含微丝的细胞流固耦合模型及其力学响应

为研究微丝对细胞变形的影响,利用Abaqus建立包含微丝结构的细胞流固耦合模型:其中细胞膜、细胞核和微丝为固体,细胞质为液体。考虑对称性,以细胞模型的一半建立有限元计算模型,采用显式求解器进行模拟计算。仿真结果显示,在细胞压缩变形的情况下,细胞整体刚度随着压缩位移增加而增加,即表示在压缩相同的位移,所需要施加在细胞的荷载更大;对比无微丝的细胞,微丝的存在使细胞刚度大大增加,细胞抵抗外界荷载的能力得到增强;同时微丝排列方向会对细胞的抵抗能力造成一定的影响。     

基于激光共聚焦显微镜的细胞骨架结构分析

肌动蛋白微丝是细胞骨架的主要组成部分,已有研究表明细胞的黏附状态会通过影响微丝结构来调控分化和凋亡等生物学行为.目前观察微丝结构的主要方法是利用激光共聚焦显微镜进行荧光成像,但通常只针对微丝的二维结构进行分析,很少有研究关注微丝的三维结构信息.本文针对这个问题,提出一种基于激光共聚焦显微镜技术的细胞微丝三维重建方法.此方法利用三维高斯函数拟合共聚焦显微镜的点扩散函数,并将函数的x-y方向与z方向解耦,得到z轴光强的高斯分布形式.随后通过图像处理方法得到细胞中主要纤维的几何参数,再对纤维图进行拟合计算、密度聚类、椭球拟合等操作,提取微丝纤维的三维空间信息.本文还利用微模式化方法构建了面积为1256μm~2的圆形以及枝条形微模式化基底,将骨髓间充质干细胞培养于两种基底上,并通过荧光染色方法获得微丝结构的荧光图像,进而应用所建立的方法对细胞微丝图像进行三维重建和分析.分析结果显示,两种形状细胞中微丝取向、交联点数目、体积和长细比等参数的空间分布有显著差异,表明细胞中的力学状态受到铺展形状的影响.本研究旨在建立一种提取细胞微丝三维结构参数的方法,从而可为揭示细胞内部力学转导机制提供研究基础.     

工艺参数对玻璃包覆铁基合金微丝尺寸、结构和力学性能的影响

以玻璃包覆Fe_(69)Co_(10)Si_8B_(13)合金微丝为研究对象,研究了拉丝速率及冷却条件对微丝尺寸、结构及力学性能的影响;分析了不同冷却条件下微丝的拉伸断裂机制. 结果表明:当拉丝速率由5m·min~(-1)增加到400m·min~(-1)时,微丝及芯丝直径分别由95.2μm和26.9μm减小到14.5μm和7.2μm;拉丝速率由50m·min~(-1)增加到400m·min~(-1)时,芯丝抗拉强度由1305MPa增大到5842MPa;冷却距离小于20mm时,微丝尺寸和抗拉强度均随冷却距离的增大而显著减小;冷却距离大于20mm时,冷却距离对微丝尺寸和抗拉强度的影响很小;采用水冷方式且拉丝速率大于5m·min~(-1)时所获得的微丝均为非晶态结构,而采用空冷方式制备的非晶态微丝的拉丝速率应大于或等于20m·min~(-1);芯丝的断裂方式为伴随不均匀塑性流变的脆性断裂,且脆性断裂倾向随冷却距离的增加而增大.     

Diacylglycerol in large alpha-actinin/actin complexes and in the cytoskeleton of activated platelets

The interaction of the cytoskeleton with plasma membranes may be mediated by vinculin, alpha-actinin and other proteins; alpha-actinin can interact specifically with model membranes only if they contain diacylglycerol and palmitic acid. On stimulation of platelets by thrombin, which leads to a reorganization of the cytoskeleton, diacylglycerol is produced rapidly, simultaneously with the disappearance of phosphatidylinositol. One important function of the diacylglycerol produced in platelets may be the activation of the Ca2+-and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. We show here that, in the presence of diacylglycerol and palmitic acid, a supramolecular complex between alpha-actinin and actin is formed in vitro. In the electron microscope, this complex displays substructures similar to those of microfilament bundles in vivo. Furthermore, such alpha-actinin/lipid complexes can also be formed in situ during the stimulation of blood platelet aggregation. Thus, alpha-actinin may be one of the proteins directly involved in structures connecting the cytoskeleton to cell membranes.     

Phosphorylation of non-muscle caldesmon by p34cdc2 kinase during mitosis

One of the profound changes in cellular morphology which occurs during mitosis is a massive alteration in the organization of the microfilament cytoskeleton. This change, together with other mitotic events including nuclear membrane breakdown, chromosome condensation and formation of mitotic spindles, is induced by a molecular complex called maturation promoting factor. This consists of at least two subunits, a polypeptide of relative molecular mass 45,000-62,000 (Mr 45-62K) known as cyclin, and a 34K catalytic subunit which has serine/threonine kinase activity and is known as cdc2 kinase. Non-muscle caldesmon, an 83K actin- and calmodulin-binding protein, is dissociated from microfilaments during mitosis, apparently as a consequence of mitosis-specific phosphorylation. We now report that cdc2 kinase phosphorylates caldesmon in vitro principally at the same sites as those phosphorylated in vivo during mitosis, and that phosphorylation reduces the binding affinity of caldesmon for both actin and calmodulin. Because caldesmon inhibits actomyosin ATPase, our results suggest that cdc2 kinase directly causes microfilament reorganization during mitosis.     

alpha-Actinin-containing branched microvilli isolated from an ascites adenocarcinoma

Microvilli, slender projections approximately 0.1 micrometer in diameter which occur on the surfaces of many cell types, are bounded by plasma membrane except at the site of attachment to the cell body and contain microfilament bundle cores. The presence of both microfilaments and plasma membrane suggests the use of microbilli for investigations of membrane cytoskeleton interactions. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-alpha-actinin have suggested that alpha-actinin is concentrated at the tips of intestinal brush border microvilli and might link actin microfilaments and the plasma membrane. However, this idea was disputed by later immunofluorescence and electrophoresis studies. To investigate the components and organization of microvilli from a less highly differentiated cell type, we have used an ascites sub-line (MAT-Cl) of a rat mammary tumour, the 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma, whose microvilli are high branched. Becaused such unusual structures may provide an understanding of cell-surface assemblies important in determining cell morphology, we have developed a procedure for isolating the branched microvilli and have shown that they contain significant quantities of alpha-actinin.     

Dynamics and roles of phragmoplast microfilaments in cell plate formation during cytokinesis of tobacco BY-2 cells

The phragmoplast is a special apparatus that functions in establishing a cell plate in dividing plant cells. It is known that microfilaments （MFs） are involved in constituting phragmoplast structure, but the dynamic distribution and role of phragmoplast MFs are far from being understood. In this study, the precise structure and dynamics of MFs during the initiation and the late lateral expansion of the phragmoplast were observed by using a tobacco BY-2 cell line stably expressing the microfilament reporter construct GFP-fABD2. Three-dimensional imaging showed that the phragmoplast MFs were initiated by two populations of MFs emerging between the reconstituting daughter nuclei at anaphase, which migrated to the mid-zone and gave rise to two layers of microfilament arrays. FM4-64 stained vesicles accumulated and fused with the cell plate between the two populations of MFs. The two layers of microfilament arrays of phragmoplast with ends overlapped always surrounded the centrifugally expanding cell plate. Partial disruption of MFs at metaphase by low concentration of latrunculin B resulted in the inhibition of the cell plate consolidation and the blockage of cell plate lateral expansion, whereas high concentration of latrunculin B restrained the progression of the cell cycle. Treating the cell after the initiation of phragmoplast led to the cease of the expansion of the cell plate. Our observations provide new insights into the precise structure and dynamics of phragmoplast MFs during cytokinesis and suggest that dynamic phragmoplast MFs are important in cell plate formation.     

The effects of microfilament and microtubule inhibitors and periodic electrical impulses on phloem transport in pea seedling

In phloem transport, whether protoplasmic activity participates in assisting sap flow in sieve element-companion cell complcx hils long been in debate. The prcsent investigation assumcd microfilament (MF) and microtubule (MT), the two constituents of the protoplasmic cytoskeleton, as motive force, and employed germinating pea seedling suspended in moist chamber as experinental material: thc seed being the source; the elongating root, the sink.¹⁴C-labeled sucrose was added to the seed as indicator. The amount of sap transported from source to sink was measured by the increase in root elongation. The transport phloem was within the cylinder of the peclcd root in thc middle. The exposed cylinder was treated with MF inhibitor (cytochalasin B), or microtubule inhibitor (amiphosmethyl). Results showed that the sap influx into the elongating root. and the¹⁴C activity as well, was reduced by abut one half in treatrrrent with cytochaliisin B, and much less by amiphos-methyl treatment. Similar effect was shown in clcctrical impulse Ireatnimt, which scems to disrupt the MF and MT configuration.     

热疗后Hela细胞微丝和形态改变关系的研究

目的:用Hela细胞作模型,研究热疗后肿瘤细胞的微丝变化与其形态学上改变的关系。方法:用不同温度(37℃、40℃、43℃和45℃)经不同时间(1h和2h)水浴处理培养的Hela细胞后,倒置显微镜下观察其形态变化,并用考马斯亮蓝R250显示其微丝。结果:37℃和40℃处理后Hela细胞形态和微丝分布均正常;43℃、2h处理后开始有一定程度的形态改变,微丝分布较散乱,变短;45℃处理后有明显形态变化,微丝大多完全解聚成球状,分布极为紊乱。结论:高温引起的Hela细胞微丝的解聚可导致细胞的形态改变,两者之间有着极为密切的联系。     

Roles for microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletons in animal cell cytokinesis

Microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletons play key roles in the whole process of cytokinesis. Although a number of hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate the mechanism of cytokinesis by microtubule and actin flament cytoskeletons, many reports are conflicting. In our study,combining the cytoskeletons drug treatments with the time-lapse video technology, we retested the key roles of microtubule and actin filament in cytokinesis. The results showed that depolymerization of microtubules by Nocodazole after the initiation of furrowing would not inhibit the furrow ingression, but obviously decrease the stiffness of daughter cells. Depolymerizing actin filaments by Cytochalasin B before metaphase would inhibit the initiation of furrowing but not chromosome segregation, resulting in the formation of binucleate cells; however, depolymerizing actin fillaments during anaphase would prevent furrowing and lead to the regress of established furrow, also resulting in the formation of binucleate cells. Further, depolymerizing microtubules and actin filaments simultaneously after metaphase would cause the quick regress of the furrow and the formation of binudeate cells. From these results we propose that a successful cytokinesis requires functions and coordination of both the microtubule and actin filament cytoskeletons.Microtubule cytoskeleton may function in the positioning and initiation of cleavage furrow, and the actin filament cytoskeleton may play key roles in the initiation and ingression of the furrow.     

植物在渗透胁迫下信号转导的级联机制

研究植物在渗透胁迫下信号转导的级联机制,对于有效调控植物在逆境中的生长发育,提高其抗逆性和生存能力具有重要的指导意义．根据近年来国内外的研究成果和报道,综述了植物细胞在渗透胁迫下感受到信号后,相继产生许多信号分子,这些信号分子通过细胞壁-质膜-细胞骨架连续体,引起细胞骨架蛋白变构而传递信息,并与细胞膜蛋白、第二信使系统以及调节因子构成了信号传递网,最终有条不紊地引起特定的基因表达和应答．