Firing patterns of motor units in normal rats

Skeletal muscles consist of motor units which may differ considerably in contractile properties and types of usage. Some units participate mainly in relatively rare, quick movements and contract rapidly and are easily fatigued (type FF); others contribute to the maintenance of posture and hence contract slowly and are fatigue-resistant (type S), while others are both fast and fatigue-resistant (type FR). Our understanding of motor control mechanisms and the dependence of contractile properties on usage would be enhanced if more quantitative information were available concerning the firing patterns of individual motor units during normal motor behaviour. Therefore, we have made continuous recordings for extended periods from single motor units in the fast extensor digitorum longus (edl) and the slow soleus (sol) muscle of freely moving adult rats. By counting the total number of discharges for each unit, and by determining the distributions of interspike intervals and the duration of the individual impulse trains, we have obtained information about firing rate, amount of use, modulation of muscle force and tonic and phasic behaviour for 16 motor units. We now report that these units fall into three classes apparently corresponding to type FF and FR in the edl muscle and type S in the soleus muscle.     

Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor

The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary molecular machine that rotates the helical filaments that propel many species of swimming bacteria. The rotor is a set of rings up to 45 nm in diameter in the cytoplasmic membrane; the stator contains about ten torque-generating units anchored to the cell wall at the perimeter of the rotor. The free-energy source for the motor is an inward-directed electrochemical gradient of ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, the protonmotive force or sodium-motive force for H+-driven and Na+-driven motors, respectively. Here we demonstrate a stepping motion of a Na+-driven chimaeric flagellar motor in Escherichia coli at low sodium-motive force and with controlled expression of a small number of torque-generating units. We observe 26 steps per revolution, which is consistent with the periodicity of the ring of FliG protein, the proposed site of torque generation on the rotor. Backwards steps despite the absence of the flagellar switching protein CheY indicate a small change in free energy per step, similar to that of a single ion transit.     

连续回转电液伺服马达Pol-Ind摩擦模型辨识

针对影响连续回转电液伺服马达系统低速性能的摩擦干扰问题,提出一种新型的Pol-Ind摩擦模型.利用连续回转电液伺服马达实验台采集马达的进出口油液压差和角速度值,采用改进粒子群优化算法对所建立的摩擦模型进行参数辨识,获得了精确的摩擦力矩数学模型.通过仿真实验与LuGre摩擦模型进行比较,结果表明应用Pol-Ind摩擦模型的系统具有更小的稳态误差和相位误差,说明Pol-Ind摩擦模型更适合于连续回转马达电液伺服系统,为系统摩擦干扰控制补偿器设计奠定了基础.     

连续回转电液伺服马达组合密封特性研究

为改善连续回转电液伺服马达组合密封性能,建立了O型圈,当其压缩率为10%时,组合密封安装沟槽角度分别为90°,120°,150°和180°的结构模型,运用ABAQUS软件对连续回转电液伺服马达组合密封结构进行仿真分析,通过对比4个角度下组合密封的泄漏量和黏性摩擦力,得到了最优组合密封结构.研究结果表明:当沟槽角度为150°时,密封效果最优.分析了当O型圈压缩率分别为7%,8%,9%和10%时的组合密封密封性能,结果表明:当压缩率为9%时,组合密封效果最优.     

Self-correcting wavelet neural network control of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor

In allusion to the problem of friction,leakage,vibration and noise existing in continuous rotary motor electro-hydraulic servo system,highly nonlinearity and uncertainties affecting the system performance,based on the transfer function of electro-hydraulic servo system,a kind of Pol-Ind friction model is proposed.The parameters of Pol-Ind friction model are identified and the accurate mathematical model of friction torque is obtained by experiment.The self-correcting wavelet neural network(WNN) controller is proposed,and Adam optimization algorithm is used to perform gradient optimization on scale factor and displacement factor in wavelet basis function,so as to improve the speed and precision of parameter optimization.Through comparative simulation analysis,it is clearly that the self-correcting WNN controller can effectively improve the frequency response and tracking accuracy of continuous rotary motor electro-hydraulic servo system.     

Fluid simulation of internal leakage for continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor

The internal leakage has important influence on low speed performance of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic motors, and research on internal leakage is of important significance to improve the motor low speed performance .UG software is adopted to establish a flow field inside a motor , which ignores the gap between the blade and the blade groove , and a motor fluid model in different working conditions is established .Using ICEM-CFD to generate high-quality O-Net mesh for meeting the computing requirements , the flow field inside the motor is simulated using fluid simulation software CFX.Applying reasonable boundary conditions and then solving it , pressure field distribution and the variation rule of internal leakage with different pressure difference in the flow field are obtained when the clearance value of the motor key components is 0.01mm.At the same time the motor ’ s leakage experiment has also been done to verify the validity of the simulation results , which lays a foundation for the study of motor internal leakage effect on the low speed performance .     

Numerical simulation and experimental study on the leakage of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor

In order to study the influence of inlet and outlet pressure difference and triangular buffer groove on the internal leakage of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor,the flow field model of motor with and without triangular groove is established respectively.The mesh model is divided.The pressure distribution of the internal flow field under different pressure difference is analyzed by Fluent.Then,the gap leakage under different pressure difference is calculated,and the leakage curve is obtained.Finally,continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor experimental system is built to conduct the internal leakage test,and the leakage under different pressure difference is measured and compared with the simulation results.The results show that the occurrence of leakage in the motor can be reduced by setting the triangular buffer groove on the flow plate,the simulation and experimental results are consistent.It can be concluded that the larger the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the motor,the larger the gap leakage.The research lays foundation for the application of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servo motor.     

Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli have a high duty ratio

Rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor is driven by an ensemble of torque-generating units containing the proteins MotA and MotB. Here, by inducing expression of MotA in motA- cells under conditions of low viscous load, we show that the limiting speed of the motor is independent of the number of units: at vanishing load, one unit turns the motor as rapidly as many. This result indicates that each unit may remain attached to the rotor for most of its mechanochemical cycle, that is, that it has a high duty ratio. Thus, torque generators behave more like kinesin, the protein that moves vesicles along microtubules, than myosin, the protein that powers muscle. However, their translation rates, stepping frequencies and power outputs are much higher, being greater than 30 microm s(-1), 12 kHz and 1.5 x 10(5) pN nm s(-1), respectively.     

Myosin head movements are synchronous with the elementary force-generating process in muscle.

Motor proteins such as myosin, dynein and kinesin use the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to produce force or motion, but despite recent progress their molecular mechanism is unknown. The best characterized system is the myosin motor which moves actin filaments in muscle. When an active muscle fibre is rapidly shortened the force first decreases, then partially recovers over the next few milliseconds. This elementary force-generating process is thought to be due to a structural 'working stroke' in the myosin head domain, although structural studies have not provided definitive support for this. X-ray diffraction has shown that shortening steps produce a large decrease in the intensity of the 14.5 nm reflection arising from the axial repeat of the myosin heads along the filaments. This was interpreted as a structural change at the end of the working stroke, but the techniques then available did not allow temporal resolution of the elementary force-generating process itself. Using improved measurement techniques, we show here that myosin heads move by about 10 nm with the same time course as the elementary force-generating process.     

Fibre type composition of single motor units during synapse elimination in neonatal rat soleus muscle

Skeletal motor neurones innervate the specialized 'types' of fibres comprising most mammalian muscles in a characteristic fashion: each motor neurone forms a 'motor unit' by innervating a set of fibres all of the same type. Because the type expression of adult muscle fibres is plastic and apparently controlled by their innervation, each motor neurone is thought to impose a common type differentiation on all the fibres in its motor unit. However, the situation in developing muscles cannot be this simple. Muscle fibres in neonates receive synaptic input from several motor neurones and achieve the adult, single innervation only after a period of 'synapse elimination. Despite this polyneuronal innervation, differentiated fibre types are present in neonatal muscles. This means either that the motor neurones polyneuronally innervate fibres in a random fashion and type expression is not determined by innervation or that the polyneuronal innervation is ordered in such a way that each fibre could receive unambiguous instructions for type differentiation. We have investigated these possibilities here by determining the fibre type composition of motor units in neonatal rat soleus muscle. We find that even during the time of polyneuronal innervation each motor neurone confines its innervation to largely one of two fibre types present in the muscle. Therefore, some mechanism during early development segregates the synapses of two groups of soleus motor neurones onto two separate populations of soleus muscle fibres.     

Structure of the C-terminal domain of FliG, a component of the rotor in the bacterial flagellar motor.

Many motile species of bacteria are propelled by flagella, which are rigid helical filaments turned by rotary motors in the cell membrane. The motors are powered by the transmembrane gradient of protons or sodium ions. Although bacterial flagella contain many proteins, only three-MotA, MotB and FliG-participate closely in torque generation. MotA and MotB are ion-conducting membrane proteins that form the stator of the motor. FliG is a component of the rotor, present in about 25 copies per flagellum. It is composed of an amino-terminal domain that functions in flagellar assembly and a carboxy-terminal domain (FliG-C) that functions specifically in motor rotation. Here we report the crystal structure of FliG-C from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. Charged residues that are important for function, and which interact with the stator protein MotA, cluster along a prominent ridge on FliG-C. On the basis of the disposition of these residues, we present a hypothesis for the orientation of FliG-C domains in the flagellar motor, and propose a structural model for the part of the rotor that interacts with the stator.     

回转托架的火焰校正

在分析WA709产品回转托架焊接变形原因的基础上,提出了火焰校正的工艺方法,通过在实践中的应用,效果良好。     

知识发现过程中连续属性离散化方法研究

在综合分析知识发现过程中连续属性离散化方法的基础上，提出了一种基于全局聚类分析来处理连续属性离散化问题的方法。实例验证结果表明该方法对知识发现过程中连续属性离散化的划分更为合理。     

球团矿回转窑内结圈物的特性研究

采用XRD、SEM和EDS等测试方法研究球团矿回转窑内结圈物的基本特性和显微结构及其对结圈形成的影响.结果表明,结圈物主要以赤铁矿为主,含有部分磁铁矿,其主要成分是铁的氧化物,其他少量成分以Al2O3、SiO2为主,还有极少量的CaO、K2O、Na2O等碱金属氧化物,它们主要以玻璃相的形式分布在晶界和气孔中.回转窑结圈的生长主要依靠铁氧化物的固相烧结反应,杂质形成的液相对固相烧结反应起到一定的促进作用.     

群体称呼语连用问题浅析

群体称呼语是个体在面向作为交际主体的群体时所使用的称呼语,群体称呼语的选择有两条基本原则,一是受话群体自身的特征,二是受话群体与说话人的关系。由于受话群体本身的复杂性,加之时代文化和交际心理的影响。群体称呼语经常可以连用。群体称呼语连用的排序遵从的三条基本原则是：即权势原则．礼让原则和主体原则。     

数学解题中的逐次渐进思想

结合具体的例子，对数学教学中逐次渐进的思想和方法作了详细的介绍。     

小麦群体连续选择效应的综合分析

本试验对由信谷核不育基因构成的异效群体内４个性状进行连续两轮歧化选择，并将所得数据进行群体综合分析。结果表明：整个群体的平均表现和变异程度未发明显变化；但群体分布状况有一定改变，尤其是每穗粒数的分布数化较为明显；株高和千粒重的有效因子数估计基本符合小麦遗传实际表现，每穗粒数的有效有效因子数估计略低，说明此性状遗传背景较为简单。     

连续采煤工作面掘进施工工艺探讨

在介绍寺河矿井基本概况、地质情况、连采设备和巷道布置及技术特征的基础上，阐述了连续采煤机及其配套设备的巷道施工工艺过程，针对一些影响生产、效率和安全的关键性问题进行了讨论，对建设高产高效的连采面工艺进行了探讨。     

系统最优化在连续釜式反应器温度控制中的应用

通过一个实际系统的Bellman动态规划,研究其解决问题的算法及思路,将其算法应用于批式反应器的最优温度控制这一连续系统上,比较了其控制参数对最优目标函数的影响,收到了良好的效果。     

复变特征方程求根的系统逼近程序

本文提出了对复变特征方程求根的一种系统逼近程序。根据已知试探值,借助内插多项式逼近给定函数,求出进一步近似值。文中对初始试探值的选择以及逼近程序收敛性的保证作了较全面的论述,并以扁矩形消声管道为实例检验了系统逼近程序的可靠性。文末对逼近程序提出若干在实用上有参考价值的意见。