Focus on butterfly eyespot development

The beautiful eyespot patterns on the wings of butterflies help them to evade predators, but they also present biologists with a unique opportunity to investigate the reciprocal interactions of development and evolution.     

一种高性能FFT蝶形运算单元的设计

基于TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺标准单元库,设计了一种高性能快速傅立叶变换蝶形运算单元.蝶形运算是快速傅立叶变换的核心,单元采用时间抽取的快速傅立叶变换基2算法、并行全流水结构,对IEEE 754单精度浮点数构成的复数进行处理,并可在同一个快速傅立叶变换处理器中并行扩展使用.逻辑综合与版图综合后的报告显示单元的核面积为1.96 mm2.仿真结果表明,单元能够稳定运行在200 MHz时钟下,输出数据误差小,使用一个该单元的快速傅立叶变换处理器完成1 024点数据运算需时27.6 μs,其速度、精度及面积完全达到了设计指标.     

射影变换下的蝴蝶定理

研究射影变换下的蝴蝶定理并加以证明．改变射影平面上蝴蝶定理中相应弦所在直线的位置、去掉条件“M为弦PQ中点”、考虑退化的二阶曲线等情形，得到在射影平面上蝴蝶定理的若干推论．在欧氏平面上运用类比法，得出蝴蝶定理在初等几何中的若干推论，并给出简洁证明．     

上海地区常见蝴蝶幼虫识别

对上海地区13种常见蝴蝶的幼虫进行了采集、饲养、鉴定，对每种幼虫的形态特征和主要寄主进行了描述，并附有整体图片，此外，还编写了上海地区常见的13种蝴蝶幼虫的检索表．     

三偏心蝶阀的动水力矩计算

利用理想流体的定常、无旋流动的假定,用有限差分法在直角坐标系中求解拉普拉斯方程,得到蝶板截面上的压力分布,从而计算出蝶板在各个开度下的动水力矩,这种方法对于计算对称或非对称蝶阀的力矩十分可行.另外还设计了求解的程序并给出了动水力矩曲线.     

Chemical communication: butterfly anti-aphrodisiac lures parasitic wasps

To locate their hosts, parasitic wasps can 'eavesdrop' on the intraspecific chemical communications of their insect hosts. Here we describe an example in which the information exploited by the parasitic wasp Trichogramma brassicae is a butterfly anti-aphrodisiac that is passed from male to female Pieris brassicae butterflies during mating, to render them less attractive to conspecific males. When the tiny wasp detects the odour of a mated female butterfly, it rides on her (Fig. 1) to her egg-laying sites and then parasitizes the freshly laid eggs. If this fascinating strategy is widespread in nature, it could severely constrain the evolution of sexual communication between hosts.     

核级蝶阀的模糊故障树分析

为提高核级蝶阀的可靠性,引进模糊故障树的分析方法.建立核级蝶阀失效故障树,得到其最小割集,确定核级蝶阀在设计和运行阶段的薄弱环节,以采取提高可靠性的措施.提出可引用模糊故障树计算方法,对所建故障树进行定量计算,为核级蝶阀的合理维护提供参考依据.以密封圈损坏为例,得到密封圈损坏的概率为[0.005,0.024 9].     

Development,plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns

The developmental and genetic bases for the formation, plasticity and diversity of eyespot patterns in butterflies are examined. Eyespot pattern mutants, regulatory gene expression, and transplants of the eyespot developmental organizer demonstrate that eyespot position, number, size and colour are determined progressively in a developmental pathway largely uncoupled from those regulating other wing-pattern elements and body structures. Species comparisons and selection experiments suggest that the evolution of eyespot patterns can occur rapidly through modulation of different stages of this pathway, and requires only single, or very few, changes in regulatory genes.     

福建与台湾蝴蝶物种多样性比较

本文比较了福建与台湾蝴蝶物种的多样性。研究表明,目前福建记载有蝴蝶种类11科515种,台湾记载有蝴蝶种类5科（含11科种类）408种。其中,福建和台湾共有的蝴蝶种类254种,分别占福建蝴蝶种类的49.32%和台湾蝴蝶种类的62.25%;福建分布而台湾未见的蝴蝶种类261种,占福建蝴蝶种类的50.68%;台湾分布而福建未见的蝴蝶种类155种,占台湾蝴蝶种类的37.99%。福建与台湾蝴蝶种类的分布差异约在40-50%。     

Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry

Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes. Polymorphic supergenes, in which specific combinations of traits are maintained within a single population, were first described for 'pin' and 'thrum' floral types in Primula and Fagopyrum, but classic examples are also found in insect mimicry and snail morphology. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that generate these co-adapted gene sets, as well as the mode of limiting the production of unfit recombinant forms, remains a substantial challenge. Here we show that individual wing-pattern morphs in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly Heliconius numata are associated with different genomic rearrangements at the supergene locus P. These rearrangements tighten the genetic linkage between at least two colour-pattern loci that are known to recombine in closely related species, with complete suppression of recombination being observed in experimental crosses across a 400-kilobase interval containing at least 18 genes. In natural populations, notable patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are observed across the entire P region. The resulting divergent haplotype clades and inversion breakpoints are found in complete association with wing-pattern morphs. Our results indicate that allelic combinations at known wing-patterning loci have become locked together in a polymorphic rearrangement at the P locus, forming a supergene that acts as a simple switch between complex adaptive phenotypes found in sympatry. These findings highlight how genomic rearrangements can have a central role in the coexistence of adaptive phenotypes involving several genes acting in concert, by locally limiting recombination and gene flow.     

基于蝶阀摆动的叶片式流量波动发生器的设计

流量计测量需在一个相对稳定的环境,而实际测量中管路产生的流量波动对流量计的测量结果产生影响.为了研究不同流量波动对管路测量结果的影响,设计了一台叶片式流量波动发生器,通过电机带动蝶阀阀门来回摆动,在管路中形成一个流量波动.该发生器通过改变电机的摆动频率和摆动角度产生不同的流量波动来模仿水流量系统中可能产生的流量波动.实验证明,该波动发生器所产生的流量波动能够沿着管路上下游进行传播,且在改变发生器摆动频率与摆角时所产生的流量波动也会随之改变.