地下水水质评价的FA优化灰色关联投影寻踪模型

为解决水质评价中的不相容性和模糊性等问题,在综合考虑从优隶属度和灰色关联的基础上,改进了灰色关联投影法(Grey Relation Projection Method,GRPM),将改进后的方法与投影寻踪(Projection Pursuit,PP)法相结合,提出了用于地下水水质综合评价的灰色关联投影寻踪模型.该模型把地下水水质综合评价作为一个灰色多目标决策问题,运用投影寻踪技术,构建了可以反映地下水水质状况的投影目标函数,引入萤火虫算法(Firefly Algorithm,FA)对投影目标函数进行优化,寻求灰色关联投影值的最佳投影方向,求得标准样本和评价样本的灰色关联投影值,实现了地下水水质综合评价.随机选取北京市2013年枯水期水样10例,运用该模型进行了水质综合评价,将其结果与综合评分法(F值法)结果进行比较,验证了该模型的有效性和可行性.实例应用表明,该模型评价结果可客观反映地下水水质状况,可为对比分析同一级别水质样本,分析水质变化趋势提供依据,使评价结果更趋于实际.     

基于变权重的水质综合评价体系

提出一套全新的水质综合评价体系——变权重水质综合评价体系。该变权重水质综合评价体系包括基于百分制的单因子评价方法、基于水质数据的动态因子权重确定方法以及两者结合形成的综合水质评价法。采用该评价体系对江苏中部某湖泊自动化水质监测站的水质监测数据进行单因子评价、因子权重计算以及综合评价,并对评价结果进行相关性分析。结果表明,变权重综合水质评价体系既可以突出某因子剧烈变化对评价结果的直接影响,又能全面反映综合水质状况,适用于评价高频率水质监测数据样本。     

基于变异系数权重的水质评价属性识别模型

运用水质评价标准的指标数值变异系数确定其权重，提出了新的用于水质综合评价的属性识别模型。采用松花江哈尔滨江段的水质监测资料说明该方法的操作过程以及评价结果的可靠性。评价结果表明，松花江哈尔滨江段的水质已达Ⅲ级，符合实际的水质状况。该结果与层次分析法所得的结果相同，从而验证了该模型用于水质综合评价是可行的。     

水源水质评价方法的应用分析

综合各种水质评价法的优缺点,选取改进的水质指数评价法、模糊数学综合评价法和灰色系统评价法,对2008年我国南方某市3个水源地水质监测结果进行了水质评价.最后对各种方法得到的评价结果进行了分析,并探讨了评价思路、适用范围等.     

基于BP神经网络模型的水质评价方法探讨

运用人工神经网络理论和方法,建立了水质评价的BP神经网络模型,并对长治市10眼水井的地下水水质进行了评价,并与综合指数法、模糊综合评判法的评价结果进行了比较。结果表明,用BP神经网络模型评价水资源水质是可行的,为水资源水质评价提供了一个新的方法。     

基于改进贝叶斯模型的四川省主要河流水质评价

提出了改进的地面水水质评价贝叶斯模型(Bayes),将抽样误差正态分布原理用于估计Bayes公式中的似然概率.改进的贝叶斯模型应用于四川省8条主要河流12个代表站点的多年水质监测数据的评价,并分别对1971-1988年和1990-2004年的四川省主要河流12个代表监测站点的水质评价结果进行分析.评价结果表明改进的贝叶斯模型较为全面、客观地反映了四川省主要河流的多年水质状况特征和污染状况,为河流水质评价提供了一条新途径.     

离岸网箱养殖海域水质评价

海水水质评价是掌握水环境状况和进行海域水质管理的基础,同时研究水质评价理论模式有着极其重要的现实意义。通过对舟山市东极离岸网箱养殖区的海水水质状况的评价及结果的比较,来了解灰色聚类综合水质级数法、糊贴近度法和物元分析法的特点和评价模式及其在海水水质评价的使用方法与规范和其在水质评价中具体运用。     

基于主成分分析法的梁子湖水质评价分析

依据梁子湖区2012年7月、10月和12月的水质监测数据,分析不同时期水质的主要污染因子和水质空间分布特征.选取氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和溶解氧(DO)等5个水质指标,利用SPSS软件和主成分分析法,分别得到丰水期、平水期、枯水期梁子湖区水质主要影响因子及综合水质评价函数;基于Arc GIS软件,采用普通克里金插值和半变异函数模型,分别得到丰水期、枯水期和平水期的水质等级分布图,并对不同时期梁子湖水质进行空间变异特征分析.分析得到,不同时期梁子湖水质主要影响因子和污染特点有所差异,主要以富营养污染为主,梁子湖的水质污染存在明显的区域性,湖区中心的水质较好,入湖口附近水质较差;不同时期梁子湖水质状况为,枯水期优于平水期,平水期优于丰水期.实验结果表明,基于SPSS软件,利用主成分分析方法对水质监测数据进行综合水质评价是一种较好的统计分析方法;基于Arc GIS软件,使用普通克里金插值方法对于显示水质的空间分布和水质变化具有较好的效果.     

基于模糊标识指数的水功能区水质评价方法

为了对水功能区水质进行合理评价和推进区域水环境治理工作,提出了基于模糊标识指数的水功能区水质评价方法.首先,针对模糊综合评价法中隶属函数判定区间不准确的问题,提出了一种改进的6级隶属函数,以保证水质类别判定区间与《地表水环境质量标准》相吻合.然后,建立了模糊标识指数,用来标识水质达标状况、水质类别和主要污染因子等重要水质信息.最后,以滦河14个水功能区监测点为研究对象,对2011年滦河水功能区水质状况进行了实例研究.结果表明,所提出的水质评价方法不仅提高了模糊综合评价的精度,而且评价结果传达的信息比传统模型结果的信息更丰富,为水功能区水环境研究、管理措施的科学制定奠定了基础.     

基于熵权的综合指数法在深圳水库的水质评价

应用基于熵权的综合指数法对深圳水库2001～2007年的水质进行综合评价,评价结果表明,2002年的水库水质属于劣Ⅳ类水,随着深圳相关管理部门的有效管理,水质状况逐年改善,到2007年水库的水质已达到Ⅱ类水标准.该方法在水质评价中,计算较为简便,评价结果能够客观反映水体质量状况,是水体环境质量评价的一种简单可行的方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the