Drosophila miR2 induces pseudo-polysomes and inhibits translation initiation

MicroRNAs (miRs) inhibit protein synthesis by mechanisms that are as yet unresolved. We developed a cell-free system from Drosophila melanogaster embryos that faithfully recapitulates miR2-mediated translational control by means of the 3' untranslated region of the D. melanogaster reaper messenger RNA. Here we show that miR2 inhibits translation initiation without affecting mRNA stability. Surprisingly, miR2 induces the formation of dense (heavier than 80S) miRNPs ('pseudo-polysomes') even when polyribosome formation and 60S ribosomal subunit joining are blocked. An mRNA bearing an ApppG instead of an m7GpppG cap structure escapes the miR2-mediated translational block. These results directly show the inhibition of m7GpppG cap-mediated translation initiation as the mechanism of miR2 function, and uncover pseudo-polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein assemblies that may help to explain earlier findings.     

2D self-assembly of 1,3,2-dioxaborine derivatives on HOPG

Two-dimensional (2D) self-assembly of two 1,3,2-dioxaborine derivatives was investigated by STM. The molecules consist of π system and steric end groups. A droplet of toluene solution containing the molecules was deposited onto HOPG for preparing the assemblies. STM images showed that the mo- lecular structures affect the assembly structure. The dipole-dipole interaction and steric repulsion played important roles in the formation of the self-assembled monolayers.     

Synthesis of chain-like MoS2 nanoparticles in W/O reverse microemulsion and application in photocatalysis

Chain-like MoS2assemblies consisting of hexagonal MoS2nanoparticles(20-60 nm) have been successfully synthesized in a Triton X-100/cyclohexane/hexanol/water W/O reverse microemulsion in the presence of(NH 4)2MoS 4 as the molybdenum source and NH2OH·HCl as the reducing agent.The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra.The influence of synthetic parameters such as acidity,water/oil ratio(0),aging time and annealing temperature on the formation of MoS2assemblies was investigated.TEM analysis showed that these synthetic factors played important roles in controlling the size of MoS2nanoparticles and the length of the chain-like MoS2assemblies.XRD analysis indicated that the well-crystallized MoS2nanoparticles could be obtained by annealing the precursors at 700 C for2h under a flow of N2atmosphere.In addition,the as-prepared chain-like MoS2nanoparticles exhibited excellent photocatalytic H2activity in Ru(bpy) 3 2+-MoS2-H2A three-component molecular systems under visible light irradiation.     

基于石墨烯的多维度材料构筑及性能研究进展

 石墨烯是碳原子以六角形密堆积形成的二维原子晶体,具有独特的物理化学性质,在电子器件、能源环境和生物医学等领域有着广阔的应用前景。石墨烯的可控制备和组装是其实现实际应用的前提条件。近年来,相继开发出一系列石墨烯自组装与结构调控的技术方法,得到了多种结构特异、组成丰富和性能独特的石墨烯基多维度结构。本文从水溶性的氧化石墨烯出发,综述从零维到三维一系列不同维度和尺度石墨烯的自组装行为和材料构筑策略。对石墨烯的不同组装结构进行系统分类,提出其多维度组装体系的概念。石墨烯的多维度组装体系,在微纳米尺度上包括零维度的石墨烯基纳米颗粒和一维的石墨烯纳米线,在宏观尺度上包括二维石墨烯薄膜和三维的宏观体结构,最后对相关研究领域的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,结合计算化学的相关结果,预测了一系列未开发的石墨烯自组装结构。     

Plasmonic coupling in single flower-like gold nanoparticle assemblies

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) arises when light interacts with metallic nanoparticles (NPs). When nanoparticles (NPs) assemble together, the plasmon coupling effect between the NPs often leads to new features in the LSPR of the assembled structure. Understanding the plasmon coupling in the complex assemblies will greatly benefit the development of new plasmonic devices. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of a 3D structure using two different sized Au NPs as building blocks. This 3D structure was achieved by manipulating the binding efficiency of ligands linking the NPs, and proper choice of the NP size. The assembled structure is flower-like structure, with one 130 nm Au NP in the center, and several 40 nm Au NPs attaching as “petals”. Single particle dark-field scattering measurements of the individual assemblies were performed, together with electrodynamics simulations. The experimental and theoretical studies show that, the plasmonic coupling lead to broadening of the LSPR and additional peaks, depending on the number and 3D arrangement of the 40 nm NPs around the center 130 nm NP.     

偏轴钻具组合防斜效果的实验室评价

运用底部钻具组合运动状态模拟实验装置,在实验室内评价了偏轴钻具组合的防斜效果。根据钻头与地层相互作用模型,提出了以井斜趋势角为指标的综合评价方法,利用模拟实验数据对直径为311mm井眼中4种偏轴钻具组合的防斜效果进行了评价。结果表明,井斜趋势角可以作为综合评价钻具组合防斜效果的指标;使用扶正器可以提高偏轴钻具组合的防斜效果。     

通用下部钻具三维小挠度静力分析方法

为了更好地应用各种新钻具 ,建立了适用于对普通下部钻具、导向钻具、带偏心弯接头和柔性接头的下部钻具进行三维小挠度静力学分析的数学模型 ,包括 ( 1 )微分方程 ;( 2 )钻头、稳定器、弯角、变截面、切点和井壁的边界条件 ;( 3)钻头的侧向力和钻头转角 .给出了该模型的加权余量解 .用该方法编写的软件应用效果良好 .     

机场刚性道面接缝传荷能力的评价

基于ABAQUS有限元软件,按照"贡献面积"刚度分配原则,通过在相邻混凝土板侧面的对应结点设置弹簧单元,建立了考虑接缝传荷能力的机场刚性道面3维有限元分析模型.以重型落锤式弯沉仪(HWD)弯沉测试为基础,针对不同地基强度上的典型道面结构,考虑基层对接缝传荷能力的影响,应用有限元模型,分析了HWD承载板、单轴双轮起落架、双轴双轮起落架和三轴双轮起落架等荷载形式作用在接缝一侧板边中部时道面结构的板边应力和挠度,建立了HWD承载板测试得到的挠度传荷系数与接缝刚度之间的相关关系,以及与不同荷载形式作用的应力折减系数之间的相关关系,成果可用于评价机场刚性道面的接缝传荷能力,以及道面板边应力分析.     

基坑开挖变形的颗粒流数值模拟

采用基于散体介质特性建立的颗粒流细观力学数值方法,通过二次开发对重力式搅拌桩围护基坑的开挖过程和宏细观力学响应进行了研究.结合具体工程,基于相似理论建立了基坑的数值模型,通过双轴试验确定了土的细观力学参数,将土体细观结构特征和宏观力学响应联系起来,重点分析了开挖过程中基坑外土体沉降、基坑内土体隆起及围护桩水平位移等变化规律,模拟结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性,初步验证了用颗粒流方法模拟基坑开挖的可行性,也为从微细观角度研究围护结构和土相互作用机理提供了新的途径.     

Gallium-Catalyzed Silicon Oxide Nanowire Growth

Silicon oxide nanowires tend to assemble into various complex morphologies through a metalcatalyzed vapor-liquid-solid （VLS） growth process. This article summarizes our recent efforts in the controlled growth of silicon oxide nanowire assemblies by using molten gallium as the catalyst and silicon wafer, SiO powder, or silane （Sill4） as the silicon sources. Silicon oxide nanowire assemblies with morphologies of carrotlike, cometlike, gourdlike, spindlelike, badmintonlike, sandwichlike, etc. were obtained. Although the morphologies of the nanowire assemblies are temperatureand silicon source-dependent, they share similar structural and compositional features： all the assemblies contain a microscale spherical liquid Ga ball and a highly aligned, closely packed amorphous silicon oxide nanowire bunch. The Ga-catalyzed silicon oxide nanowire growth reveals several interesting new nanowire growth phenomena that expand our knowledge of the conventional VLS nanowire growth mechanism.     

含钆可燃毒物计算方法研究

本文讨论以钆为可燃毒物反应堆芯的计算方法。给出了２００ＭＷ供热堆钆可燃毒物的设计。用ＴＰＦＡＰ程序和ＷＩＳ－ＳＮ２Ｄ程序对许多基准作了计算。其结果与基准程序的结果、实测临界性和功率分布的结果进行对比。表明本方法与一些基准程序的精度相当。认为本方法可以用于含钆可燃毒物的堆芯设计。     

Recent advances in multistep solution nanosynthesis of nanostructured three-dimensional complexes of semiconductive materials

Constructing simply nanostructured zero-,one-,and two-dimensional crystallites into threedimensional multifunctional assemblies and systems at low-cost is essential and highly challenging in materials science and engineering.Compared to the simply nanostructured components,a three-dimensional(3D) complex made with a precisely controlled spatial organization of all structural nanocomponents can enable us to concert functionalities from all the nanocomponents.Methodologically,so doing in nm-scales via a solution chemistry route may be much easier and less expensive than via other mechanisms.Hence,we discuss herein some recent advances in multistep solution syntheses of nanostructured 3D complexes of semiconductors with a focus mainly on their synthetic strategies and detailed mechanisms.     

失谐叶盘结构减振问题研究综述

叶盘结构是航空发动机、燃气轮机的重要零部件,在工程实际中应用广泛。失谐普遍存在于叶盘结构中,并且会破坏叶盘系统原有的振动特性,是导致叶盘高周疲劳失效的原因之一,因此研究如何降低叶盘结构振动是非常有必要的。在梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,介绍了叶盘结构失谐振动的机理,归纳了失谐叶盘系统减振的主要技术方法,如人为主动失谐、碰撞阻尼、摩擦阻尼、优化叶片安装排序减振等,提出了今后的一些研究方向。     

Non-symmetric hybrids of noble metal-semiconductor: Interplay of nanoparticles and nanostructures in formation dynamics and plasmonic applications

Noble metal-semiconductor hybrids have been employed as fundamental structures in modern technologies. In these hybrids, their cooperative multiple functions attract much attention in recent years because of the interplay of nanoparticles and nanostructures. In this review, we summarize the interplay of nanoparticles and nanostructures in specific kinds of noble metal-semiconductor hybrids, termed as non-symmetric hybrids of noble metal-semiconductor. It particularly refers to metal nanoparticles (or semiconducting quantum dots) at 1-dimensinal (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) semiconductor (or metal) nanostructures, in contrast to the core/shell and heterodimer nanostructures. First, we discuss the formation dynamics, especially in chemical growth and assembly as well as physical coating and deposition, of non-symmetric noble metal-semiconductor hybrids with nanoparticles on nanostructures. Second, we introduce the plasmon-related applications of these hybrids in heterogeneous catalysis, optoelectronic or photovoltaic devices, all-optical devices, and surface detection or modulation. This review not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the formation mechanisms of the non-symmetric metal-semiconductor hybrid nanostructures, but also may inspire new ideas of novel functional devices and applications based on these systems.     

组合式双螺杆挤出机中三维等温流动的数值研究

采用有限元软件POLYFLOW,对聚合物熔体在ZSK60组合式啮合同向双螺杆挤出机3种不同构型的组合螺杆中的三维等温流动进行了数值模拟. 分析并比较了组合螺杆的熔体输送特性、速度场和剪切速率场分布规律. 根据拟稳态假设以及双螺杆转动过程的周期性,计算了双螺杆转动180°的流场,在此基础上,采用粒子示踪分析(PTA)方法,对组合螺杆中物料的流动形态和动态混合过程进行了可视化模拟. 模拟结果与前人的实验研究结论一致. 采用数值模拟可以对聚合物熔体在组合螺杆中的复杂流动形态作更为深入的剖析.     

Pathway complexity in supramolecular polymerization

Self-assembly provides an attractive route to functional organic materials, with properties and hence performance depending sensitively on the organization of the molecular building blocks. Molecular organization is a direct consequence of the pathways involved in the supramolecular assembly process, which is more amenable to detailed study when using one-dimensional systems. In the case of protein fibrils, formation and growth have been attributed to complex aggregation pathways that go beyond traditional concepts of homogeneous and secondary nucleation events. The self-assembly of synthetic supramolecular polymers has also been studied and even modulated, but our quantitative understanding of the processes involved remains limited. Here we report time-resolved observations of the formation of supramolecular polymers from π-conjugated oligomers. Our kinetic experiments show the presence of a kinetically favoured metastable assembly that forms quickly but then transforms into the thermodynamically favoured form. Quantitative insight into the kinetic experiments was obtained from kinetic model calculations, which revealed two parallel and competing pathways leading to assemblies with opposite helicity. These insights prompt us to use a chiral tartaric acid as an auxiliary to change the thermodynamic preference of the assembly process. We find that we can force aggregation completely down the kinetically favoured pathway so that, on removal of the auxiliary, we obtain only metastable assemblies.     

The DExH protein NPH-II is a processive and directional motor for unwinding RNA

All aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and processing involve DExH/D proteins, which are a family of enzymes that unwind or manipulate RNA in an ATP-dependent fashion. DExH/D proteins are also essential for the replication of many viruses, and therefore provide targets for the development of therapeutics. All DExH/D proteins characterized to date hydrolyse nucleoside triphosphates and, in most cases, this activity is stimulated by the addition of RNA or DNA. Several members of the family unwind RNA duplexes in an NTP-dependent fashion in vitro; therefore it has been proposed that DExH/D proteins couple NTP hydrolysis to RNA conformational change in complex macromolecular assemblies. Despite the central role of DExH/D proteins, their mechanism of RNA helicase activity remains unknown. Here we show that the DExH protein NPH-II unwinds RNA duplexes in a processive, unidirectional fashion with a step size of roughly one-half helix turn. We show that there is a quantitative connection between ATP utilization and helicase processivity, thereby providing direct evidence that DExH/D proteins can function as molecular motors on RNA.     

An enantiomerically pure hydrogen-bonded assembly

Chiral molecules have asymmetric arrangements of atoms, forming structures that are non-superposable mirror images of each other. Specific mirror images ('enantiomers') may be obtained either from enantiomerically pure precursor compounds, through enantioselective synthesis, or by resolution of so-called racemic mixtures of opposite enantiomers, provided that racemization (the spontaneous interconversion of enantiomers) is sufficiently slow. Non-covalent assemblies can similarly adopt chiral supramolecular structures, and if they are held together by relatively strong interactions, such as metal coordination, methods analogous to those used to obtain chiral molecules yield enantiomerically pure non-covalent products. But the resolution of assemblies formed through weak interactions, such as hydrogen-bonding, remains challenging, reflecting their lower stability and significantly higher susceptibility to racemization. Here we report the design of supramolecular structures from achiral calix[4]arene dimelamines and cyanurates, which form multiple cooperative hydrogen bonds that together provide sufficient stability to allow the isolation of enantiomerically pure assemblies. Our design strategy is based on a non-covalent 'chiral memory' concept, whereby we first use chiral barbiturates to induce the supramolecular chirality in a hydrogen-bonded assembly, and then substitute them by achiral cyanurates. The stability of the resultant chiral assemblies in benzene, a non-polar solvent not competing for hydrogen bonds, is manifested by a half-life to racemization of more than four days at room temperature.     

胡椒基类化合物与苯醌光反应的CIDNP研究

光照的¹H化学诱导动态核极化(CIDNP)技术用于研究胡椒基类化合物与苯醌的光化反应。Photo-CIDNP谱上胡椒基的亚甲基质子(—O—CH₂—O—)在氘乙腈中产生发射极化信号,在氘苯中产生增强吸收信号,证实了在乙腈和苯中分别形成“溶剂分离离子化自由基对(SSIP)”和中性的半醌-苯并间二氧杂环戊烯自由基对(RP)。在氘苯中,产物三苯基原甲酸酯衍生物的次甲基质子的异常增强吸收,表明该产物由中性自由基对(RP)形成。     

Stacking of conical molecules with a fullerene apex into polar columns in crystals and liquid crystals

Polar liquid crystalline materials can be used in optical and electronic applications, and recent interest has turned to formation strategies that exploit the shape of polar molecules and their interactions to direct molecular alignment. For example, banana-shaped molecules align their molecular bent within smectic layers, whereas conical molecules should form polar columnar assemblies. However, the flatness of the conical molecules used until now and their ability to flip have limited the success of this approach to making polar liquid crystalline materials. Here we show that the attachment of five aromatic groups to one pentagon of a C(60) fullerene molecule yields deeply conical molecules that stack into polar columnar assemblies. The stacking is driven by attractive interactions between the spherical fullerene moiety and the hollow cone formed by the five aromatic side groups of a neighbouring molecule in the same column. This packing pattern is maintained when we extend the aromatic groups by attaching flexible aliphatic chains, which yields compounds with thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline properties. In contrast, the previously reported fullerene-containing liquid crystals all exhibit thermotropic properties only, and none of them contains the fullerene moiety as a functional part of its mesogen units. Our design strategy should be applicable to other molecules and yield a range of new polar liquid crystalline materials.