Initiating, growing and cracking of hydrogen blisters

The growing process of a hydrogen blister in a wheel steel was observed in situ with an optical microscope, and the fracture surfaces formed from broken blisters on a wheel steel and bulk metallic glass were investigated. The initiating, growing, cracking and breaking of hydrogen blisters are as follows. Supersaturated vacancies can increase greatly during charging and gather together into a vacancy cluster （small cavity）. Hydrogen atoms become hydrogen molecules in the vacancy cluster and hydrogen molecules can stabilize the vacancy cluster. The small cavity becomes the nucleus of hydrogen blister. The blister will grow with entering of vacancies and hydrogen atoms. With increasing hydrogen pressure, plastic deformation occurs first, the hydrogen blister near the surface extrudes, and then cracks initiate along the wall of the blister with further increasing hydrogen pressure. A cracked blister can grow further through propagating of cracks until it breaks.     

Li原子修饰一维六角硼烯链团簇的结构及储氢性能研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究Li原子修饰一维六角硼烯链团簇的结构及其储氢性能。结果表明,氢分子能在Li原子修饰一维六角硼烯链团簇表面吸附,每个Li原子周围可以有效吸附两个H2,几何结构和电子性质的稳定性及合适的吸氢条件表明Li原子修饰一维六角硼烯链团簇材料在常温常压条件下可以作为有效储氢媒介。     

团簇CrPS4催化析氢密度泛函研究

为了探究团簇CrPS₄的催化析氢能力,依据拓扑学原理,利用密度泛函理论,采用B3LYP泛函和def2-tzvp基组,运用Gaussian09量子化学软件对团簇CrPS₄的基础构型分别在二重态和四重态下进行优化运行,获得16种稳定构型,其中10种构型在吸附氢原子后能够稳定存在。从前线轨道理论、HOMO-LUMO轨道能级差以及键级方面对团簇CrPS₄的10种构型的吸附与解吸能力进行探究,结果表明：在团簇CrPS₄中,S原子为主要活性位点;在结合氢原子后,相对于二重态构型,四重态构型的稳定性较高,催化活性较强,更适合用于催化析氢;团簇CrPS₄的催化析氢能力因构型不同而异,在与水反应形成(CrPS₄)—H构型的过程中,构型4⁽(4))吸附氢原子的能力最强,而在解吸过程中,构型7⁽(2))更占优势;构型8⁽(4))的综合析氢能力在10种构型中最强,其次为构型5⁽(4))和6     

团簇Mo2S4的催化析氢活性计算分析

利用Gaussian 09程序对团簇Mo₂S₄进行全参数的优化计算,根据前线轨道理论对计算所得的10种稳定构型进行催化析氢反应活性的研究,由前线轨道图及团簇Mo₂S₄与水分子的前线轨道能级差探究团簇Mo₂S₄在催化水解析氢中的反应活性,进而确定团簇Mo₂S₄催化析氢活性最好的理论模型。结果表明,团簇Mo₂S₄单重态构型的稳定性优于三重态构型,三重态构型催化水解析氢的能力相较于单重态构型更占优势;构型5^（3）在吸附氢原子与解吸氢原子的反应中都有较好的反应活性,构型4^（1）的反应活性最弱。     

团簇Co3NiB催化析氢活性研究

为深入探究非晶态合金Co-Ni-B 3元体系的催化活性,基于密度泛函理论在B3LYP/Lanl2dz水平下对团簇Co₃NiB的初始构型进行全参数优化,依据前线轨道理论对团簇计算所得优化构型的催化析氢反应机理进行研究,并通过分析各优化构型的03前线轨道图和前线轨道能级差探究出团簇在催化水解析氢时的反应活性,从而确定团簇Co₃NiB催化析氢活性最好的结构模型.研究结果表明:构型3⁽³⁾与3⁽¹⁾不仅在与水分子反应吸附氢原子     

NiAl晶体中点缺陷的模拟

利用嵌入原子法（ＥＡＭ）势函数,通过分子静态弛豫方法ＮｉＡｌ合金中各种点缺陷的形成能进行了模拟计算。结果表明,从点缺陷的形成能来看,在ＮｉＡｌ晶格中很难形成Ｎｉ反位置缺陷,而Ａｌ原子亚点阵位置总是被占据。当合金富Ｎｉ时,Ｎｉ占据Ａｌ位置形成Ａｌ的反位置缺陷;当合金富Ａｌ时,形成Ｎｉ空位。点缺陷周围原子的位移情况及双空位形成能与空位之间间距的关系的研究表明,随着两个空位之间距离的增大,其交互作用逐渐     

笼型Li6Si5团簇的结构和储氢性能研究

利用密度泛函M06方法,在6-311+G(d, p)基组水平上对Si_5和Li修饰的Si_5团簇的几何结构和电子性质及储氢性能进行理论计算研究.结果表明, Si_5团簇最低能量构型为笼型结构,纯Si_5团簇不能有效吸附氢分子. Li原子的引入显著改善了Si_5团簇的储氢能力.以六个Li原子穴位修饰Si_5团簇为载体,每个Li原子周围可以有效吸附三个氢分子,其氢分子的平均吸附能为2.395 kcal/mol,储氢密度可达16.617 wt%.合适的吸附能和较高储氢密度表明Li修饰Si_5团簇有望成为理想的储氢材料.     

钚中空位对氦泡生长影响的运动学Monte Carlo研究

对于氦在金属中的行为特性研究,人们已经做了大量工作;但对于金属钚,这方面的工作仍然非常少。钚的自辐照效应可以在自身引入大量的空位和氦原子,这些空位及氦原子扩散、聚集,会对材料性能造成不良影响。本文采用动力学Monte Carlo（KMC）方法,分别建立了纯氦模型和空位模型,进行模拟研究,发现空位对氦泡生长速度、生长形态都有明显的影响。     

超富足半群上(∗)-好同余研究

利用(*)-格林关系与超富足半群的性质研究了超富足半群上的(*)-好同余的刻画。给出了超富足半群S上任意2个元素具有(*)-好同余的充要条件,以及S上包含在D ^*中的任一同余的刻画。     

First-principles Study of the Au surfactant on the growth of Zn vacancies in ZnO nanostructures

Influence of Au surfactant on the growth of Zn atom vacancies in ZnO nanostructures has been investigated by using first-principles slab calculations based on density functional theory.The adsorption of Au atoms on the Zn-terminated (0001)polar surface with a (2×2)surface unit cell is studied by using a standard supercell model.It is found that (1)the binding energies of Au atoms on (0001)-Zn increase and the most stable position of the Au atom is invariable; (2)on the (0001)surface,the preferred sites for Zn atom vacancy are on the first layer of Zn atoms; (3)Under the Au surfactant,the Zn atom vacancies become more difficult to form.     

Observation of ligand effects during alkene hydrogenation catalysed by supported metal clusters

Homogeneous organometallic catalysts and many enzymes activate reactants through coordination to metal atoms; that is, the reactants are turned into ligands and their reactivity controlled through other ligands in the metal's coordination sphere. In the case of supported metal clusters, catalytic performance is influenced by the support and by adsorbed reactants, intermediates or products. The adsorbates are usually treated as ligands, whereas the influence of the supports is usually ascribed to electronic interactions, even though metal clusters supported on oxides and zeolites form chemical bonds to support oxygen atoms. Here we report direct observations of the structure of supported metal clusters consisting of four iridium atoms, and the identification of hydrocarbon ligands bound to them during propene hydrogenation. We find that propene and molecular hydrogen form propylidyne and hydride ligands, respectively, whereas simultaneous exposure of the reactants to the supported iridium cluster yields ligands that are reactive intermediates during the catalytic propane-formation reaction. These intermediates weaken the bonding within the tetrahedral iridium cluster and the interactions between the cluster and the support, while replacement of the MgO support with gamma-Al2O3 boosts the catalytic activity tenfold, by affecting the bonding between the reactant-derived ligands and the cluster and therefore also the abundance of individual ligands. This interplay between the support and the reactant-derived ligands, whereby each influences the interaction of the metal cluster with the other, shows that the catalytic properties of supported metal catalysts can be tuned by careful choice of their supports.     

Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene

Observing the individual building blocks of matter is one of the primary goals of microscopy. The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope revolutionized experimental surface science in that atomic-scale features on a solid-state surface could finally be readily imaged. However, scanning tunnelling microscopy has limited applicability due to restrictions in, for example, sample conductivity, cleanliness, and data acquisition rate. An older microscopy technique, that of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has benefited tremendously in recent years from subtle instrumentation advances, and individual heavy (high-atomic-number) atoms can now be detected by TEM even when embedded within a semiconductor material. But detecting an individual low-atomic-number atom, for example carbon or even hydrogen, is still extremely challenging, if not impossible, via conventional TEM owing to the very low contrast of light elements. Here we demonstrate a means to observe, by conventional TEM, even the smallest atoms and molecules: on a clean single-layer graphene membrane, adsorbates such as atomic hydrogen and carbon can be seen as if they were suspended in free space. We directly image such individual adatoms, along with carbon chains and vacancies, and investigate their dynamics in real time. These techniques open a way to reveal dynamics of more complex chemical reactions or identify the atomic-scale structure of unknown adsorbates. In addition, the study of atomic-scale defects in graphene may provide insights for nanoelectronic applications of this interesting material.     

碱金属锂原子修饰硅原子链团簇的结构和储氢性能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究Li2Sim(m=2,4,6)链状团簇结构及其储氢性能。研究结果表明,氢分子在碱金属Li原子修饰的三种硅链结构中均发生吸附,并且每个Li原子都可以吸附多个氢分子,其中两个Li原子修饰Si2链的结构能够吸附氢分子的储氢质量分数达18.6 wt%,氢分子的平均吸附能为1.850 kcal/moL。结果表明,碱金属Li原子修饰的硅链在室温条件下可作为氢气的存储媒介。     

金属薄膜裂纹扩展的分子动力学研究

研究了冲击载荷作用下金属薄膜表面裂纹扩展的微观机制,采用分子动力学方法对Cu薄膜进行模拟计算,求得冲击载荷作用下带有表面裂纹模型的系统动能、应力、应变及微观结构变化图.当系统从压应力转变为拉应力状态时,裂纹上的原子获得较大动能,裂纹尖端原子开始发生溅射,继而晶格内部出现空位.当拉应力达到364385MPa时,空位扩大形成裂尖钝劈现象,裂纹发生扩展.结果表明:在高速冲击载荷作用下,金属薄膜裂纹扩展主要原因是系统能量和应力的变化使得微裂纹尖端出现钝劈损伤.     

非晶金团簇单个原子运动特性的简要分析

通过计算团簇内原子时间平均势能的特性以及对团簇瞬时结构的分析,发现团簇的融化过程较对称团簇而言具有一些新的特征,团簇的融化过程可以分为多个过程。第1阶段的融化涉及团簇表面多个原子（14个原子）,其余4个原子则处于准固态;第2阶段涉及表面全部原子,但此时有2个位置上原子逗留时间较长;第3阶段表面的原子全部开始了快速的换位;最后一个阶段中,产生了包括团簇内部原子在内的结构异构化过程。     

一类IC-超富足半群

研究一类IC-超富足半群.给出这类半群的若干特征,证明IC-超富足半群S为局部型-A半群当且仅当S为D*-优化.给出IC*-密码超富足半群的一些性质,并得到IC*-密码超富足半群的一个刻画.     

ScnN(n=2～12)团簇的磁性和热容量研究

基于第一性原理,在密度泛函理论框架下,用广义梯度近似方法计算了团簇ScnN(n=2～12)的总磁矩Mt、与N原子最近邻的Sc原子的局域磁矩MSc、掺杂原子N的局域磁矩MN.从原子相互作用角度出发,应用统计物理理论,计算了团簇ScnN的磁矩和热容量,研究了它们随温度的变化规律.结果表明:ScnN团簇的磁性与团簇的构型、原子相互作用、磁性粒子间的磁相互作用、团簇中的Sc原子数n有关.总磁矩随Sc原子数n呈波动性变化,当n=3,8,9,11,12时,总磁矩为零,团簇的磁性消失;当n=2,4,5,6,7,10时,团簇表现为铁磁性,其中当n=6时,团簇的磁性最强.ScnN团簇的磁矩随温度升高而减小,其变化趋势与块状磁体类似.温度较低时,磁相互作用产生的热容量CM随温度升高而增大,在某温度附近取极大值;原子相互作用产生的热容量CV在温度较低时与温度成正比,和块状磁体的CV与温度的三次方成正比不同;在对团簇的热容量的贡献中,原子相互作用占主要.     

贮氢合金中缺陷的研究

用正电子湮没技术（PAT）对贮氢合金MLNi3.8Co0.5Mn0.4Al0.3及其掺Li合金进行了研究。结果表明，掺杂Li合金的空位缺陷增多，并导致贮氢性能改善，这对镍－氢电池有重要意义。     

晶体镍中氦泡生长的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学方法模拟了面心立方金属镍中氦泡的膨胀和融合过程。通过原子分布示意图、径向分布函数等方面的分析研究发现,在温度较低时,随时间的演化,原相隔五层镍原子的两氦泡逐渐聚拢,同时周围出现大量空位、间隙原子、位错等缺陷结构;两氦泡最终连为一体,氦泡周围的镍原子构成一菱形位错区域。温度较高时,两氦泡融合速度加快,融合区域增大,这对于研究材料中的杂质、缺陷、孔洞、裂纹的扩展、贯通机理具有重要意思。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the deposition process of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon （DLC） films

The deposition process of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon （DLC） film greatly affects its frictional properties. In this study, CH3 radicals are selected as source species to deposit hydrogenated DLC films for molecular dynamics simulation. The growth and structural properties of hydrogenated DLC films are investigated and elucidated in detail. By comparison and statistical analysis, the authors find that the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the films generally shows a monotonously increasing trend with the increase of impact energy. Carbon atoms are more reactive during deposition and more liable to bond with substrate atoms than hydrogen atoms. In addition, there exists a peak value of the number of hydrogen atoms deposited in hydrogenated DLC films. The trends of the variation are opposite on the two sides of this peak point, and it becomes stable when impact energy is greater than 80 eV. The average relative density also indicates a rising trend along with the increment of impact energy, while it does not reach the saturation value until impact energy comes to 50 eV. The hydrogen content in source species is a key factor to determine the hydrogen content in hydrogenated DLC films. When the hydrogen content in source species is high, the hydrogen content in hydrogenated DLC films is accordingly high.