新型防腐剂富马酸乙二醇甲酯催化合成条件的优化

采用一锅法合成了具有α,β-不饱和羰基结构的新型防腐剂富马酸乙二醇甲酯.以马来酸酐、乙二醇和甲醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为醇解催化剂,硫酸氢钠为酯化催化剂,无水三氯化铝为异构化试剂,用单因素实验法和正交试验法探究了马来酸酐与乙二醇物质的量比、马来酸酐与甲醇物质的量比、醇解反应温度和反应时间对产率的影响.实验结果表明,马来酸酐与乙二醇物质的量比为1:0.8、马来酸酐与甲醇物质的量比为1:2.5,醇解反应温度为140℃,反应时间为3 h,富马酸乙二醇甲酯总产率最高可达59.6%,平均单程产率为85.2%.     

复合型固体酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-MoO_3催化合成马来酸二丁酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型无机固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-MoO3,并把它作为催化剂用于马来酸二丁酯的合成,考察了影响反应的因素.结果表明:固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-MoO3的制备以0.05 mol/L的H2SO4淋洗ZrO2-MoO3固体酸基体,焙烧温度为500℃,催化剂用量以每摩尔酸酐0.5 g为宜,酸酐/醇=1:4,反应时间为4 h,酯化率可达99%以上.     

硫酸氢钠催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

在一水硫酸氢钠催化剂存在下，由马来酸酐和异戊醇合成了马来酸二异戊酯，当马来酸酐、异戊醇和硫酸氢钠物质量之比为1：3：0．2，回流分水60min，酯收率达97．7％，硫酸氢钠重复使用5次，催化活性没有下降。     

微波协同离子液体催化合成富马酸二甲酯的工艺研究及应用

以离子液体[HSO3-pmim]+[HSO4]-为催化剂,马来酸酐和甲醇为原料,硫脲为异构化试剂,在微波条件下,通过酯化反应催化合成富马酸二甲酯。通过单因素实验和正交试验考察了马来酸酐与甲醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、微波功率和微波时间对富马酸二甲酯产率的影响。实验结果表明,合成富马酸二甲酯最佳条件为:马来酸酐与甲醇物质的量比为1∶6,催化剂离子液体[HSO3-pmim]+[HSO4]-用量为2.5g,微波功率为400 W,微波时间为7min,富马酸二甲酯的产率可达95.3%。在微波辐射下,催化剂离子液体[HSO3-pmim]+[HSO4]-重复使用7次后活性没有明显降低,富马酸二甲酯产率仍高于90%,表明该催化剂具有较好的反应活性和稳定性。     

复合型固体酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-MoO3催化合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3并把它作为催化剂用于反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的合成,考察了影响反应的因素．结果表明：用固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3作催化剂,以马来酸酐和甲醇为原料,直接合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的最佳工艺条件为：n（甲醇）：n（酸酐）=6：1,催化剂用量为1．5％（总质量）,反应温度95～100℃,反应时间为3h,反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的产率达93％以上．     

固体超强酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯的研究

研究了以SO2-4/TiO2固体酸为催化剂,马来酸酐和正丁醇为原料合成马来酸二丁酯,讨论了其影响因素.结果表明,SO2-4/TiO2固体酸催化剂用量为反应物总量2.4%,醇酸摩尔比4、回流状态下反应1.5 h,此条件下酯化率达98.96%,且催化剂性能稳定可重复使用.     

复合型固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3催化合成马来酸三丁酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型无机固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3,并把它作为催化剂用于马来酸二丁酯的令成．考察了影响反应的因素．结果表明：固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3，的制备以0．05mol／L的H2SO4淋洗SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3固体酸基体，焙烧温度为500℃，催化剂用量以每摩尔酸酐0．5g为宜，酸酐／醇=1：4，反应时间为4h，酯化率可达99％以上．     

固体磷酸催化氧化汽油脱硫的研究

采用浸渍法制备固体磷酸催化剂,以汽油氧化脱硫反应为催化模型,研究了焙烧温度、浸渍时间及载体对所制备的固体磷酸催化剂的催化活性的影响.结果表明,硅藻土磷酸催化剂在汽油脱硫反应中的催化活性与焙烧温度有关;活性炭磷酸催化剂在汽油氧化脱硫中具有较好的催化活性.在酸量为5.613 mmol/g时,催化剂的催化活性最高.     

固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯的研究

以Ｈｐ型固体酸为催化剂，对马来酸酐与正丁醇的液相酯化反应进行了研究，考究了反应时间，醇酸摩尔比，带水剂苯的用量，Ｈｐ型固体酸催化剂用量以及催化剂使用次数等对合成马来酸二丁酯的影响，找出了合成该酯的较适宜条件。     

凹土基硫酸氢钠催化剂制备及对环乙醇脱水性能的研究

硫酸氢钠是一种重要的无机盐化工原料及无机盐固体酸催化剂,但在实际使用中存在诸多缺陷.以廉价凹凸棒黏土(凹土)为载体开发高附加值的固体酸催化剂,研究了提高凹土比表面积与成型的方法;分别运用浸渍法和热分散法制备了复合固体酸催化剂,并考察了这两类催化剂对环己醇脱水反应的催化性能.结果表明,凹土比表面积可达233.7 m2/g,环己醇脱水时间由54 min缩短到30 min.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.