Fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 from a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia and its daily variation

Using a dark enclosed chamber technique, the fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 from nature and disturbed grassland were measured on the spot in Inner Mongolian Temperate Grassland along the annual rainfall gradient section ranging from 450 to 200 mm. The results showed that the measured mean fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 were (1 180.4 ± 308.7), (0.010 ± 0.004) and (- 0.039 ± 0.016) mg·m?2/h, respectively. The decrease of the fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 follows with that of annual rainfall gradient in the measurement area. Human activities, such as grazing and reclamation are also critical factors to affect the fluxes of these gases from grassland. Daily continuous measurement of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes showed a strong diurnal variation with higher emission in the daytime. A good relationship between the fluxes of CO2, N2O, CH4 and temperature was exposed in this study.     

Fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 from a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia and its daily variation

Using a dark enclosed chamber technique, the fluxes of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ from nature and disturbed grassland were measured on the spot in Inner Mongolian Temperate Grassland along the annual rainfall gradient section ranging from 450 to 200 mm. The results showed that the measured mean fluxes of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ were (1 180.4 ± 308.7), (0.010 ± 0.004) and (−0.039 ± 0.016) mg · m⁻²/h, respectively. The decrease of the fluxes of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ follows with that of annual rainfall gradient in the measurement area. Human activities, such as grazing and reclamation are also critical factors to affect the fluxes of these gases from grassland. Daily continuous measurement of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ fluxes showed a strong diurnal variation with higher emission in the daytime. A good relationship between the fluxes of CO₂, N₂O, CH₄ and temperature was exposed in this study.     

Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

Reconstruction and analysis of temporal and spatial variations in surface soil moisture in China using remote sensing

An ensemble method was used to combine three surface soil moisture products,retrieved from passive microwave remote sensing data,to reconstruct a monthly soil moisture data set for China between 2003 and 2010.Using the ensemble data set,the temporal and spatial variations of surface soil moisture were analyzed.The major findings were:(1) The ensemble data set was able to provide more realistic soil moisture information than individual remote sensing products;(2) during the study period,the soil moisture increased in semiarid regions and decreased in arid regions with anoverall drying trend for the whole country;(3) the soil moisture variation trends derived from the three retrieval products and the ensemble data differ from each other but all data sets show the dominant drying trend for the summer,and that most of the drying regions were in major agricultural areas;(4) compared with the precipitation trends derived from Global Precipitation Climatology Project data,it is speculated that climate change is a possible cause for the drying trend in semiarid regions and the wetting trend in arid regions;and (5) combining soil moisture trends with land surface temperature trends derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete,the study domain was divided into four categories.Regions with drying and warming trends cover 33.2%,the regions with drying and cooling trends cover 27.4%,the regions with wetting and warming trends cover 21.1% and the regions with wetting and cooling trends cover 18.1%.The first two categories primarily cover the major grain producing areas,while the third category primarily covers nonarable areas such as Northwest China and Tibet.This implies that the moisture and heat variation trends in China are unfavorable to sustainable development and ecology conservation.     

从东北三省与内蒙古东部合作角度构建东北区域经济发展的新思路

国务院"振兴东北办"启动了东北三省与内蒙古东部地区经济一体化课题研究,内蒙古东部地区已纳入振兴东北总体规划。内蒙古东部与东北三省山水相连,唇齿相依,在经济区划上同属于东北经济区,相互之间有着千丝万缕的经济文化联系,并有极强的经济互补性。所以打破地区分割、实行优势互补的区域合作与区域发展战略整合是大势所趋。     

基于GWR模型的中国NDVI与气候因子的相关分析

在ArcGIS支撑下, 基于1982-2010年8 km分辨率的AVHRR NDVI及气温和降水数据, 应用最小二乘法和地理加权回归方法, 构建中国NDVI与气候因子的地理加权回归模型, 定量分析中国NDVI与气温和降水的相互关系, 获取各个回归参数的空间格局, 并将模拟结果与全局性回归结果进行对比。结果表明, 与线性回归模型相比, 地理加权回归模型的拟合效果显著提高, 拟合优度从0.3提高到0.6。气候因子对NDVI的影响具有空间异质性: 从北到南, 气候因子对NDVI的影响逐渐减小; 西北内陆等干旱荒漠地带, 气候因子对NDVI的影响较大。对中国大部分地区而言, 气温对NDVI的影响超过降水。各区NDVI与主导气候因子发生作用的特征尺度不同。     

从辽金饮食词语对比看金朝东北地区饮食文化

辽金两朝是先后建立起来的北方封建割据政权,两者间的饮食文化是继承和发展的关系。对辽金两朝的饮食词语进行对比可以看出金朝东北地区饮食文化的变化。     

CASHL华东北三省高校文献传递服务的现状与思考

对CASHL华东北三省高校文献传递服务现状进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

Estimation of surface soil moisture from ASAR dual-polarized data in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin

In this paper, a new approach was introduced to estimate surface soil moisture using alternating polarization (AP) data of advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR). First, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering characteristic of bare surface at C band was simulated using advanced integrated equation model (AIEM), and four bare surface backscattering models with different polarization were established. In addition, with simultaneous equations of the former four formulas, the surface roughness was eliminated, and models used to estimate soil moisture on bare surface were derived from simulated multipolarization and multiangle ASAR-AP data. Based on these, the best combination of polarization and incident angle was determined. Finally, soil moisture in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin was estimated. The field measured data demonstrated that the proposed method was capable of retrieving surface soil moisture for both sparse grassland and homogeneous farmland area.     

城市地域地表温度与土地覆盖定量关系分析

利用Landsat TM影像,以合肥市区为研究区,采用最大似然法对合肥市影像进行土地覆盖分类,同时反演合肥市地表温度,然后计算NDVI(归一化差异植被指数)、MNDWI(改进的归一化差异水体指数)、NDBI(归一化差异建筑指数)和NDBaI(归一化差异裸土指数)4种指数.在此基础上,对合肥市城市热岛的空间分布特征、地表温度与土地覆盖类型以及各种影响因子之间的关系进行定量研究分析.结果表明,不同土地覆盖类型的地表温度存在较大差异,建筑用地和裸地是城市热岛强度的主要贡献因素,植被和水体具有较好的降温作用.地表温度与4种归一化指数的回归分析表明,它们之间存在明显的相关性.     

内蒙古草原植物群落分布格局及其主导环境因子解释

基于内蒙古地区草原植物群落样带调查,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSAPN)、除趋势对应分析(DCA)、多元回归树(MRT)和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法,探讨了群落组成、分布格局及影响其分异的主导环境因子.结果如下:1)TWINSPAN将273个群落调查样方划分为8个群系级草原类型,各自代表并反映出该地区草原群落的特点;2)DCA排序结果间接地反映出群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,CCA排序结果较好地展示了各群落类型中优势物种的生境特征,并进一步展示了该地区草原类型、主要物种与环境因子的响应关系;3)DCA、MRT及CCA结果均表明,气候因素对于该地区草原植被的地域分异影响作用较大,其中水分因子的影响十分突出,特别是最湿月、最暖季节与最冷季节降水,是构成内蒙草原植被类型区域分异的决定性因素;4)MRT与CCA结合使用能进一步挖掘出更多的环境信息,为群落分布格局的形成原因提供更深入更全面的环境解释.     

基于GIS/RS的东海南部渔场海表温度与中上层鱼类渔获量的关系

根据1998～2005年东海区渔获数据以及同期NOAA/AVHRR资料反演的海表温度数据,分析了我国东海南部中上层渔获量与海表温度和梯度的关系。该区域的渔汛在7～9月,捕捞量约占全年的87.9%。渔区温度集中分布在27.5～30.0℃,温度梯度主要分布在0.5～3.0,1.5～2.0为鱼类最适范围。在该研究海域,反映出渔获量随温度升高而增加,渔获量高值所对应的平均温度较高而温度梯度则相对较低。该区域温度与渔获量比温度梯度与渔获量的相关性略低,可见,温度梯度对东海南部的渔业资源有着更重要的影响。但是,两者的相关性都不明显,这是因为影响鱼类资源的因素除了表温外,还有底层的温度、盐度及饵料生物量等多种环境因子。文中的计算都是在自主开发设计的"海洋渔场渔情分析预报软件系统"中进行。     

He-Ar isotopic system of fluid inclusions in pyrite from the molybdenum deposits in south margin of North China Block and its trace to metallogenetic and geodynamic background

The helium and argon isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids from the molybdenum deposits such as Jinduicheng, Donggou, Shijiawan, and Sandaozhuang, which are located in the East Qinling molybdenum belt in south margin of North China Block （SMCNB）, are reported in this paper. The origin and the evolution of the ore-forming fluids and their coupled-relationships with the intra-continental collision and orogenic process of Qinling Orogen in Mesozoic-Cenozoic have been discussed. The 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar values （3He/4He=1.38-3.64 Ra, and 40Ar/36Ar=295.68-346.39, respectively） of the fluid inclusions in pyrite from the molybdenum deposits in East Qinling suggest that, the ore-forming fluid system is mixed by two end members. One is the high temperature deep-derived fluid congenetic with the porphyries generated by crust-mantle mixing, and the other is the low-temperature meteoric water which is rich in crustal radiogenic He with the component of atmospheric Ar. From the Pb isotopic composition, and ore-bearing potential of the porphyry and the regional stratum, we can conclude that the ore-forming materials of the deposits in the East Qinling molybdenum belt are derived from the deep source by the mixing of lower crust and upper mantle. Therefore, the formation of the molybdenum deposits in SMNCB can be related to the crust-mantle interaction, which is accompanied by the intra-continental orogenic and extension process in the post-collision period of Qinling Orogen. The granitic porphyries which are related to Mo mineralization are not simple crust-remelting type granites or S type granites, but belong to syntexis-type or mantle-derived granites, hence their formation has a profound and regional geodynamic background.