一种新型镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能研究

研究了一种新型镍基单晶高温合金拉伸性能及断裂模式。采用[001]取向制备拉伸性能试样,以平行于单晶[001]取向作为应力轴方向,采用扫描电镜观察断口形貌。实验结果表明,随着拉伸温度升高,合金的抗拉和屈服强度逐渐升高,并分别在760℃和850℃达到峰值,之后随着温度升高迅速下降。塑性随温度的变化则相反,在760℃塑性指标达到最低值,随后断面收缩率急剧增加,而延伸率在850℃达到峰值后迅速下降。合金的拉伸断裂模式在980℃从准解理断裂转向塑韧性断裂。     

镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制研究进展

叶片在服役过程中主要承受<001>轴向的离心载荷,由离心应力导致的蠕变损伤是叶片的主要失效机制之一.基于单晶叶片的典型服役条件,总结了国内外关于高温低应力和中温高应力蠕变变形损伤机制的研究现状,指出深入开展含典型缺陷单晶高温合金蠕变行为、氧化和热腐蚀对单晶合金蠕变-疲劳变形损伤机制影响研究十分必要.     

Low cycle fatigue properties and microstructure evolution at 760℃ of a single crystal superalloy

Low cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of a single crystal superalloy was investigated at 760 ℃. Microstructure evolution and fracture mechanism were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), respectively. The results show that the fatigue data fluctuation was small and the fatigue parameters of the alloy had been determined. On increasing the cyclic number, the alloy initially showed slight cyclic softening at the early two or three cycles and slowly hardened to some extent afterwards, then kept stable for the most of the remaining fatigue life. The LCF of the alloy at 760 ℃ can be attributed to the main elastic damage in fatigue processing. The initiation site of fatigue crack was at or near the surface of the samples. Crack propagated perpendicularly to the loading direction at first and then along {111}octahedral slip planes. The fatigue fracture mechanism was quasi-cleavage fracture. The γ'phase morphology still maintained cubic shape after fracture. There were a number of slip bands shear the γ'precipitates and γ matrix near the fracture surface of the specimen. The inhomogeneous deformation microstructure was developed by dislocation motion of cross-slip and a limited γ'precipitate shearing by slip band, stacking faults or single dislocation was observed.     

Isothermal oxidation behavior and mechanism of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃

The oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000°C in air was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, andenergy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. A series of oxides, including external oxide scales (Cr2O3, (TiO2 + MnCr2O4)) and internal oxides (Al2O3,TiN), were formed on the surface or sub-surface of the substrate at 1000°C in experimental still air. The oxidation re-sistance of the alloy was dependent on the stability of the surface oxide layer. The continuity and density of the protective Cr2O3 scale were affected by minor alloying elements such as Ti and Mn. The outermost oxide scale was composed of TiO2 rutile and MnCr2O4 spinel, and the growth of TiO2particles was controlled by the outer diffusion of Ti ions through the pre-existing oxide layer. Severe internal oxidation oc-curred beneath the external oxide scale, consuming Al and Ti of the strength phaseγ′ (Ni3(Al,Ti)) and thereby severely deteriorating the sur-face mechanical properties. The depth of the internal oxidation region was approximately 35μm after exposure to experimental air at 1000°C for 80 h.     

Re对Ni和Ni3Al 结构稳定性影响的分子动力学模拟研究

应用分子动力学方法模拟研究了Re在Ni和Ni3Al中的分布及其对材料微结构的影响.研究发现,Re的添加量影响Ni和Ni3Al晶体中空位的产生,但Re在Ni中对体系结构的破坏程度小于其在Ni3Al中占据Ni位时的程度.在Ni中,Re添加量较少且增大空位比时,其结构依然能保持稳定;随着Re数目的增多,空位比的增大,其影响逐渐变得明显.Re在Ni3Al中占据Ni,Re含量或空位比较小时,结构皆会出现局部不稳定.随着Re添加量的增多,结构的破坏程度加剧.然而Re占据Ni3Al中的Al位时其结构并未发生明显的变化,直至Re的添加量大至1%和空位比增至1%～1.5%时体系中才出现局部不稳定.相比而言,Re置换Al比置换Ni时对体系结构的影响较弱,在Ni3Al中Re占据Al位比占据Ni位更稳定.     

循环利用粉末打印成形镍基合金的组织结构及力学性能

Evaluating the recyclability of powders in additive manufacturing has been a long-term challenge.In this study,the microstructure and mechanical properties of a nickel-based superalloy fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion(LPBF)using recycled powders were investigated.Re-melted powder surfaces,satellite particles,and deformed powders were found in the recycled powders,combined with a high-oxygencontent surface layer.The increasing oxygen content led to the formation of high-density oxide inclusions;moreover,printing-induced cracks widely occurred and mainly formed along the grain boundaries in the as-built LPBF nickel-based superalloys fabricated using recycled powders.A little change in the Si or Mn content did not increase the hot cracking susceptibility(HCS)of the printed parts.The changing aspect ratio and the surface damage of the recycled powders might contribute to increasing the crack density.Moreover,the configuration of cracks in the as-built parts led to anisotropic mechanical properties,mainly resulting in extremely low ductility vertical to the building direction,and the cracks mainly propagated along the cellular boundary owing to the existence of a brittle precipitation phase.     

塑壳式断路器的选择

本文对塑壳式断路器的技术特征进行了介绍,阐述了 DZ20系列塑壳式断路器的优点。     

Inconel 718微铣削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

刃口圆弧半径和每齿进给量显著影响微铣削镍基高温合金残余应力,因此进行了基于ABAQUS的Inconel 718微铣削三维仿真研究.基于J-C本构方程模拟材料应力应变关系,得到相同单元在S11和S22两个方向的残余应力值,进而研究每齿进给量对表面残余应力的影响规律.进行Inconel 718微铣削实验,通过X射线衍射法测量不同每齿进给量切削过程中工件进给和垂直进给两个方向上的残余应力.进给方向的表面残余应力实测值与仿真结果最大误差为21.1%,平均误差为8.9%;垂直进给方向的表面残余应力实测值与仿真结果最大误差为31.0%,平均误差为12.3%,验证了Inconel 718微铣削加工三维有限元仿真模型的准确性.     

轻质化MA/ODS镍基高温合金高温氧化行为

采用机械合金化(MA)和真空烧结工艺制备了Y2O3质量分数为2%～20%的氧化物弥散强化(ODS)镍基高温合金,在1 000℃空气中对合金试样进行100h的静态氧化实验,研究了Y2O3含量对合金高温氧化性能的影响与作用机制.结果表明:适量稀土氧化物Y2O3的加入(质量分数≤5%)可促进完整Cr2O3氧化膜的形成,提高氧化膜与合金基体的附着力,改善氧化膜的抗剥落性,减缓合金在1 000℃的氧化速度,从而有效提高合金的抗高温氧化性能.但过量添加则会使其抗氧化性能迅速下降.     

高温合金K445微磨削表面质量实验研究

为探究镍基高温合金的微尺度磨削表面质量,首先采用0.9 mm磨头直径、500#磨粒的微磨棒对典型镍基高温合金材料K445进行微尺度磨削三因素五水平正交试验.通过极差分析找出影响微磨削表面质量的主次因素:进给速度的影响最大、主轴转速次之、磨削深度的影响最小;优化出了微磨削K445的理想工艺组合,即进给速度fm=20μm/s、磨削深度ap=6μm、主轴转速vg=58 kr/min时,加工表面粗糙度最小,Ra为462 nm.其次通过单因素实验总结出了进给速度、磨削深度、主轴转速及微磨棒悬伸量对K445磨削表面质量的影响规律,并对其原因进行了深入分析,使之为镍基高温合金微小零件的加工提供重要的理论依据.     

Effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure and thermal durability of a third-generation single crystal superalloy

Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are the typical structural materials for high-pressure turbine blades, and their microstructure is critical in determining their mechanical properties. The withdrawal rate is a key parameter affecting the microstructure during the single crystal growth process. In the present work the effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure of a third-generation single crystal superalloy containing 6.8 ?wt% Re has been investigated, and the creep resistance of the alloy determined. The results showed that increased withdrawal rate refined the dendritic structure, reduced dendritic arm spacing, promoted the growth of secondary tertiary dendrites and decreased solidification segregation with a reduced size of γ′ phase. The porosity density of the as-cast alloy first decreased and then increased with the withdrawal rate, while the minimum porosity densityoccurred when the alloy was under the solidification condition of withdrawal rate of 4.5 ?mm/min. The maximum creep rupture life of 326.4 ?h of the heat-treated alloys under the test condition of 1100 ?°C/140 ?MPa also appeared at the alloys under the withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. It is believed that the minimum porosity density and reduced size of the γ′ phase may be the main reasons for the enhanced creep rupture life of the alloys with withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. This investigation provides theoretical support and a practical basis for the development of third-generation single crystal superalloys.     

大功率激光熔化镍基高温合金成形实验研究

为研究大功率激光下镍基高温合金IN718成形工艺参数对其表面质量及致密度的影响,采用DYLM-200金属粉末熔化成形机制做八个试样,通过扫描电子显微镜观察其表面形貌,分析不同激光工艺参数下试样的表面形貌特征。实验结果表明:成形工艺参数的改变直接影响成形零件的表面质量及其致密度。较小激光能量密度产生的球化现象减小了成形零件的致密度,适当地增加激光能量密度可以获得较好的成形表面质量和零件致密度;适当地减小激光扫描间距可以减少孔隙的产生,能够提高零件的致密度。该研究为选择性激光熔化3D打印成形的IN718零件在航空航天中的应用以及后续的研究提供了参考依据。     

镍基单晶高温合金的微孔加工对比实验研究

开展镍基单晶高温合金微孔加工实验研究,探讨不同直径、不同截面形状的电极对微孔的尺寸精度、表面质量、加工效率和亚表面损伤等方面的影响.研究结果表明,微细螺旋电极的加工效率远大于圆柱电极,其中直径200μm的微细螺旋电极的微孔加工效率比相同直径下的圆柱电极提高17%,而直径300μm的微细螺旋电极的加工效率可提高30.56%;微细螺旋电极加工的微孔扩孔量小于圆柱电极的扩孔量,且微细螺旋电极加工得到的孔壁质量优于圆柱电极的;微细螺旋电极所加工的微孔的亚表面损伤层连续且厚度小于圆柱电极所加工的微孔.     

镍基高温合金磨削表面工艺性能试验研究

为了探究镍基高温合金的磨削表面工艺性能,采用单因素试验的方法,分别进行镍基高温合金单晶DD5和多晶GH4169的平面槽磨削试验,得到砂轮线速度、磨削深度和进给速度对其表面质量的影响规律,并对磨削亚表面微观组织和磨屑形貌进行观察.结果表明:随着砂轮线速度的增大,表面粗糙度R_○a不断减小;随着磨削深度和进给速度的增大,表面粗糙度R_○a不断增大.在相同工艺参数下,多晶GH4169更容易加工,可磨削性能更好.随着砂轮线速度的增大,磨削亚表面出现塑性变形层且塑性变形作用减弱.磨屑主要有锯齿状和崩碎状等,其中锯齿状磨屑居多.     

镍基单晶高温合金微磨削形貌仿真及实验研究

基于单个磨粒微磨削几何运动学规律和最小值函数,推导出全局磨粒的微磨削运动轨迹表达式,建立工件微磨削加工表面的包络线函数集合,得出磨削加工微观形貌仿真预测模型,并通过开展DD5镍基单晶高温合金微磨削加工工艺实验验证模型结果的正确性.实验结果表明:仿真预测微观形貌与实际微观形貌具有相似特征,仿真预测线轮廓高度与实际加工微磨削线轮廓高度误差为0.2~0.3μm;不同磨削参数下的表面粗糙度对比结果也表明预测模型与实验所得的表面粗糙度变化趋势一致.     

镍基单晶高温合金微尺度磨削温度仿真

针对镍基单晶高温合金具有较强各向异性以及镍基单晶高温合金微尺度磨削温度场研究较少的情况,建立了基于Hill模型的三维磨削温度仿真模型,并采用任意拉格朗日－欧拉法(ALE),实现单晶材料微磨削过程有限元温度仿真,分析微磨削过程中的温度场分布及其变化情况,研究了不同磨削深度、磨削速度以及不同晶面(100),(110)和(111)对微磨削温度的影响规律.结果显示:微磨削高温区发生在磨粒前表面与工件接触的半椭圆形区域,即第Ⅱ温度区;磨削区域温度随着磨削深度增加而增加,随着主轴转速增加而增加;在镍基单晶高温合金不同晶面内微磨削时,(111)晶面温度最高,(110)晶面次之,(100)面微磨削温度最小.