长江上中下游河道水沙特征和水沙关系简

利用1950—2010年间宜昌、汉口和大通站的有关资料,对比分析长江流域上中下游河段的径流量和输沙量特性及其在时间上和空间上的变化规律.1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均径流量为4.32×10¹¹ m³,汉口站为7.07×10¹¹ m³,大通站为8.96×10¹¹ m³,上游来水量与中下游来水量各占一半左右.年际间年径流量存在波动变化,但未出现明显的趋势性增减变化.而三峡水库建成后径流量存在年内削峰补枯现象;1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均输沙量为4.34×10⁸ t,汉口站为3.59×10⁸ t,大通站为3.90×10⁸ t,泥沙主要来源于上游流域.而年际间年输沙量从20世纪80年代开始出现下降,尤其2003年三峡水库建成后输沙量出现锐减,宜昌站年平均输沙量降为0.54×10⁸ t,汉口站为1.17×10⁸ t,大通站为1.52×10⁸ t,汛期输沙量减少更明显,而且不同粒径组的悬沙输沙量出现不一致的下降,这与中下游河床和岸滩沉积物再浮悬泥沙及湖泊补给的泥沙组成有关.对悬沙不同粒径组的输沙量与径流量之间建立散点关系图,表明D≥0.1 mm泥沙粒径组的线性关系较好,而全沙粒径组尤其是细颗粒组相关性较差,符合河流动力学的相关理论.本研究成果对认识近年来人类活动干扰下的长江流域水沙变化有着重要的现实意义.     

RP-HPLC同时测定冷水花属3种植物中2种黄酮苷的含量

 建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定冷水花属湿生冷水花、冷水花、粗齿冷水花植物中木犀草苷和大波斯菊苷2种黄酮类化合物含量的方法.采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.2%乙酸水溶液为流动相进行洗脱,检测波长350nm,流速0.mL·min^-1,柱温25℃.结果木犀草苷和大波斯菊苷分别在2.48~79.36μg·mL^-1、1.68~53.76μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,木犀草苷平均回收率为98.06 %,RSD为1.11%;大波斯菊苷平均回收率为99.18%,RSD为0.98 %.所建立的冷水花HPLC含量测定方法结果准确可靠,可用于不同品种冷水花植物中木犀草苷和大波斯菊苷的含量测定.     

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷深埋古潜山天然气成藏主控因素探讨

渤中凹陷钻探的两口科学探索井均在古生界潜山发现天然气流,其中科A2井经测试获日产天然气40.2×10~4m~3,揭示了渤海海域目前埋深最大、温度最高的古潜山天然气藏。根据渤中凹陷渤中21~22古潜山油气成藏条件和实际地质、测井和地震资料的综合解释,对研究区天然气成藏控制要素进行研究。结果表明:古潜山圈闭面积大,且具有完整背斜形态;深层沙四段—东三段发育大量优质高成熟烃源岩,油气源充足;古潜山储集空间为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝,储层物性较好;成藏要素匹配关系好,天然气具有明显的晚期持续充注成藏的特点。该古潜山气藏的发现,不仅是渤中凹陷深埋古潜山天然气勘探的重大突破,也是深埋古潜山油气成藏地质条件认识和勘探工程技术进步的重大成果,能够推动渤海海域乃至整个渤海湾盆地凹中深埋古潜山的油气勘探工作。     

深层碳酸盐岩储层有机酸深穿透酸压工艺

利用常规酸液体系对深层碳酸盐岩储层进行酸压改造时面临着酸蚀缝长短、导流能力递减快等问题。为实现这类储层的高效改造,对有机酸、胶凝酸等不同的酸液体系获得的有效作用距离及长期导流能力进行实验研究。对比不同酸液体系的酸岩反应动力学方程,可知相较于胶凝酸,有机酸有效作用距离能提高10倍以上,但有机酸在低闭合应力(10 MPa)和高闭合应力(60 MPa)下长期导流能力均低于胶凝酸液体系。为在实现酸蚀裂缝长有效缝长及高导流能力,提出了"有机酸+胶凝酸"注入方式,先用有机酸进行远端刻蚀,再用胶凝酸提高近井导流能力。并对典型井优化,得到施工排量8～10 m~3/min,施工液量850～950 m~3,施工段塞在2～3段能取得较好的酸压施工效果。     

RP-HPLC-DAD法测定陈皮中3种多甲氧基黄酮的质量分数

利用高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC-DAD）, 建立同时测定陈皮中3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-七甲氧基黄酮、 8-羟基 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-六甲氧基黄酮和5-羟-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-六甲氧基黄酮质量分数的定量分析法, 并采用Cosmosil C18-Ar-Ⅱ（4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm）色谱柱, V（乙腈）∶V（ρ（醋酸）=0.2%）为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 流速为1.0 mL/min, 检测波长为258 nm, 柱温25 ℃. 结果表明： 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′ 七甲氧基黄酮的线性范围为0.01~10.0 μg（r²=0.999 2）, 平均回收率为99.7%, 相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.50%; 8-羟基-3,5,6,7,3′,4′-六甲氧基黄酮的线性范围为0.05~10.0 μg（r²=0.999 4）, 平均回收率为1018%, RSD为2.0%; 5-羟基-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-六甲氧基黄酮的线性范围为0.025~5.0 μg（r²=0.999 8）, 平均回收率为100.2%, RSD为1.7%.     

美国Appalachian盆地Marcellus页岩气藏开发模式综述

随水平井钻井和分段压裂技术的进步,北美页岩气成功迈入商业化开发阶段,且大型页岩气藏不断涌现,其中以Appalachian盆地的Marcellus页岩气藏最为引人注目。在深入广泛调研国外相关文献的基础上,从地质特征、储层特征、钻井工程、水力压裂、气井生产动态等方面综述了Marcellus页岩气藏的开发模式;并对该气藏的技术进步和开发前景进行了总结。研究结果表明:Marcellus页岩气藏资源量及可采储量巨大,储层物性较好,核心区地层轻微超压、地层主要发育东北和西北走向两组天然裂缝;水平井组是目前主要布井方式,主要采用三段井身结构,水平井段长600~1 800 m;气藏开发初期井距为0.77~1.54口/km2,后期井网加密后井距可达3.09~6.18口/km2;水平井分段压裂段数为4~8段,压裂措施用水量超过18 000 m3,支撑剂用量113~340 t,泵入速度4.77~15.90 m3/min;水平井初期产气量在(4.0~25.0)×104m3/d,单井最终可采储量(0.17~1.13)×108m3。除水平井钻井和分段压裂技术外,其它多项技术也得以发展和进步。Marcellus页岩气藏开发模式综述可为国内页岩气藏的开发提供参考。     

致密油藏注CO2增能效果及参数优化

为了研究致密油藏注CO2增能效果,利用长庆油田陇东P区块致密砂岩岩心开展核磁共振实验、扫描电镜实验,分析CO2对储层孔隙结构的影响规律;通过相态计算,分析CO2注入对原油体积系数及饱和压力的改变。运用有限差分方法和三维有限元方法,建立三维动态地应力与油藏双向耦合模型,分析储层渗透率变化规律及井底附近压力分布特征;通过建立目标区块储层注CO2增能图版,评价注CO2增能效果,优化注入参数。结果表明,室内实验表明CO2主要通过溶解、冲蚀作用使岩心大孔隙数目增加;注入10%-45%不同摩尔分数的CO2可使原油体积膨胀至1.19倍,原油饱和压力增加86%;注CO2对目标区块储层增能效果明显,目标区块的最佳注气体积为700 m³,最佳注入速度为4 m³.min^-1。     

The determination of atmospheric phosphine in Ny-Ålesund

Phoshpine (PH3), a volatile and toxic gas, has been proved to commonly exist in the environment. The determination of gaseous phosphine and its emission fluxes in Ny-Ålesund is reported in this paper. Results showed that gaseous phosphine exist in Arctic atmosphere commonly and the concentration of phosphine ranged from 16.3–600.2 ng/m³, with the maximum concentration of phosphine in tundra areas and the minimum in surface air of ocean. The concentration of phosphine ranged from 65.79–1259 ng/m³ in colliery atmosphere at different altitudes and the maximum was found in the center of colliery. Emission fluxes of phosphine were different in various Arctic areas. Emission fluxes of phosphine from protected areas, with average concentration of 32.13±5.353 ng m^–2 h^–1, were higher than from other areas. And the flux of phosphine from ocean was lower.     

南方感潮地区水库的挖潜改造

为有效缓解南方感潮地区严重的内涝灾害和枯水期因受咸潮影响而供水不足的问题,对南方感潮地区的水库进行挖潜改造,使其充分发挥滞洪和避咸蓄淡的功能。以位于广东省中珠联围的田心水库为例,系统介绍水库挖潜改造的思路以及挖潜改造分析过程,其中水库调度运行规则的拟定方法,需要结合研究承泄区水位变化规律、涝区暴雨与承泄区水位的遭遇规律以及区域排涝情势才能分析拟定。实例研究表明,不增加水库汇水面积和坝高时,在溢洪道上设置高4 m的闸门,能滞蓄最大6 h洪水与下游错峰,且增加兴利库容121万m~3;若增加西面山坡地的截流面积,则在溢洪道上设置高6 m的闸门,增加2 m坝高,合理调度,也能滞蓄最大6 h洪水与下游错峰,且增加兴利库容193万m~3。     

鸡血藤药材中原儿茶酸的含量测定

建立测定鸡血藤药材中原儿茶酸含量的方法,并对制备供试品溶液的提取溶剂、提取方法、提取次数、药材粒度等进行了考察优化。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-φ=0.5%醋酸水(体积比为10∶90);流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为260 nm。优化所得供试品溶液的制备方法,药材加水回流提取3次,每次1.5 h,合并提取液并浓缩至小体积,用乙酸乙酯萃取4次,合并乙酸乙酯萃取液,浓缩后的残渣用甲醇-水(体积比为1∶1)溶解并定容,即得。经系统的方法学考察,所建立的方法在原儿茶酸浓度为8.56~214μg·mL-1范围内线性良好(R2=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为99.2%,RSD为2.8%,市售7个批次鸡血藤药材中原儿茶酸的含量为65.81~122.35μg·g-1。该方法准确,重复性好,可用于鸡血藤药材的质量控制。     

Preparation and characterization of LiAlxMn2-xO4 for a supercapacitor in aqueous electrolyte

LiAl_xMn_2—xO₄ (0≤x≤0.5) was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The structure and morphology of LiAl_xMn_2—xO₄ were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that all samples show spinel phase. The polyhedral particles turn to club-shaped, then change to small spherical, and finally become agglomerates with increasing Al content. The supercapacitive performances of LiAl_xMn_2—xO₄ were studied by means of galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and alternating current (AC) impedance in 2 mol·L⁻¹ (NH₄)₂SO₄ aqueous solution. The results show that LiAl_xMn_2—xO₄ represents rectangular shape performance in the potential range of 0-1 V. The capacity and cycle performance can be improved by doping Al. The composition of x=0.1 has the maximum special capacitance of 160 F·g⁻¹, which is 1.37 times that of LiMn₂O₄ electrode. The capacitance loss of LiAl_xMn_2—xO₄ with x=0.1 is only about 14% after 100 cycles.     

Magnetic property and interface structure of Ta/NiO/NiFe/Ta

Ta/NiO/NiFe/Ta multilayers, utilizing Ta as buffer layer, were prepared by rf reactive and dc magnetron sputtering. The exchange coupling field between NiO and NiFe reached a maximum value of 9.6×10³ A/m at a NiO film thickness of 50 nm. The composition and chemical states at interface region of Ta/NiO/Ta were studied by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and peak decomp- osition technique. The results show that there is an “inter- mixing layer” at the Ta/NiO (and NiO/Ta) interface due to a thermodynamically favorable reaction 2Ta + 5NiO = 5Ni + Ta₂O₅. This interface reaction has a great effect on exchange coupling. The thickness of Ni+NiO estimated by XPS depth- profiles is about 8—10 nm.     

漓江流域水资源形势分析

漓江全长 2 14 km ,流域面积 5 5 85 km2 ,漓江流域降水资源丰富 ,水资源总量为 6 6 .2 3× 10 8m3,水资源具有山地河流的特点 ,水资源可利用量为 2 6 .4 9× 10 8m3,现状供水总量为 15 .4 4× 10 8m3,现状用水总量为 13.6 0×10 8m3,供用水基本达到平衡。但流域水资源时空分布极不均衡 ,枯水季节干旱严重 ,汛期洪灾频繁。城镇污废水处理能力有限或排水管网不配套 ,局部河段尤其漓江支流水质状况不良。水短缺和水污染问题随着社会经济发展而日益突出。解决问题的途径主要是依靠漓江流域增加水资源调蓄能力与节水 ,增强污水处理能力 ,逐步实现污水资源化 ,实现生态节水型的目标。     

4-苄氧基苯酚与鲱鱼精DNA相互作用的研究

在pH=7.4的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,采用荧光光谱法、黏度法等分析方法研究了4-苄氧基苯酚(PBP)与鲱鱼精DNA的作用方式,用摩尔比法确定了PBP与DNA的结合比为2∶1。通过热力学研究得出,在27℃时PBP与鲱鱼精DNA之间相互作用的结合常数为Kθ300.15K=2.16×105L/mol,热力学函数ΔrHθm=-6.18×104J/mol,ΔrSθm=-1.05×103J/(mol·K),ΔrGmθ300.15K=-3.04×104J/mol,结果表明该反应为焓驱动。综合实验结果确定了PBP与DNA的作用方式为部分嵌插以及静电作用。     

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations and dynamic programming for power-optimization of a multistage heat engine system with generalized convective heat transfer law

A multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engine system operating between a finite thermal capacity high-temperature fluid reservoir and an infinite thermal capacity low-temperature environment with generalized convective heat transfer law [q∝(ΔT) m ] is investigated in this paper.Optimal control theory is applied to derive the continuous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations,which determine the optimal fluid temperature configurations for maximum power output under the conditions of fixed initial time and fixed initial temperature of the driving fluid.Based on the universal optimization results,the analytical solution for the Newtonian heat transfer law (m=1) is also obtained.Since there are no analytical solutions for the other heat transfer laws (m≠1),the continuous HJB equations are discretized and dynamic programming algorithm is performed to obtain the complete numerical solutions of the optimization problem.The relationships among the maximum power output of the system,the process period and the fluid temperature are discussed in detail.The results obtained provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical energy conversion systems.     

废弃煤矿采空区抽水蓄能水库初步可行性研究

近年来中国的风能太阳能发电取得了巨大的进步,装机容量跃居世界第一。由于相关配套储能设施的匮乏,造成了大量的弃风、弃光、弃电等现象。目前中国的电网储能主要依靠抽水蓄能电站。采用废弃煤矿建设抽水蓄能电站可以提高中国对风能太阳能的高效利用,同时实现废弃煤矿资源化和水资源保护。从采空区的可储空间和采空区的地下布置问题初步研究了废弃煤矿采空区抽水蓄能水库的可行性。研究发现:采空区的渗透系数越大,则越多的水可以被抽出或注入,其有效库容也越大。若是满足有效库容系数(有效库容与总库容的比值)大于0.8,则采空区的渗透系数需大于8×10~(-8) m~2,采空区上下水库间距越小,上水库水量的漏失量也越大。     

Spatial concentration, congener profiles and inhalation risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the atmosphere of Tianjin, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in a seasonal passive sampling scheme during June 2008 and January 2009 to investigate the spatial concentration, congener profiles and evaluate the potential inhalation risk in different functional areas in Tianjin, China. The spatial air concentrations and I-TEQs ranged 1.08×10²–8.19×10³ fg m^?3 (average 2.63×10³ fg m^?3) and 4.08–325 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 91.4 fg I-TEQ m^?3) respectively for PCDD/Fs. The concentration and I-TEQs of PCBs were 3.08×10⁴–3.01×10⁵ fg m^?3 (average 1.39×10⁵ fg m^?3) and 1.72–49.6 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 18.5 fg I-TEQ m^?3). It is obvious that PCB concentrations were several hundred times higher than the PCDD/Fs. However, the ambient air PCDD/Fs contributed a major part to the total toxicity equivalents, varying from 72.7% to 89.0% (average 81.8%). The atmospheric PCDD/F levels were observed to be higher in winter for most of sampling sites in the downtown. Besides, inhalation risk assessment showed that local residents might suffer more risk near the point sources than those in living area, industrial zones and background area in Tianjin City. However, the total daily dioxin intake was approximately several to hundreds of times lower than the WHO criteria, showing relatively low exposure risks from the impact of industry point sources in Tianjin City.     

Reservoir-forming age and its exploration sisnificance to stratisraphic reservoirs in southern Songliao Basin

Despite many studies concerning the forming age, evolution characteristics and the age of petroleum charging in the Fuxin upheaval of southern Songliao Basin, no consensus has been reached so far. This paper presents the first K-Ar dating of autogenetic illite from stratigraphic petroleum reservoirs in the Fuyu oil layer of the Fuxin upheaval belt. Isotopic test and age calculation were carried out based on the separation and purification of illite mineral, X-diffraction analysis and the detection of scanning electron microscopy. The evolution characteristics of structure, sedimentation, reservoir-forming about the Fuxin upheaval belt were interpreted in terms of the synthetical analysis of ＂six-type geological history＂ evolution in southern Songliao Basin. The geologic background of petroleum evolution and reservoir formation are similar in the entire central depression region of southern Songliao Basin. The Changling sag and the Fuxin upheaval belt brought about obvious upheaval-sag separation after the hydrocarbon-generation peak of K2qn^1 and the main reservoir-forming period of the Fuyu oil layer, namely reservoir-forming happened before the Fuxin upheaval belt extensively raised. The reservoirs have three characteristics： the hydrocarbon source rock above the reservoir, the oil source in the locality, and the vertical migration. The geological cognition is corrected, that is, oil source came from the Changling sag and migrated from the side direction. The bulk process of petroleum charging in the stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Fuxin upheaval belt of southern Songliao Basin is determined according to the isotopic age of autogenetic illite in combination with the method of fluid inclusions. The cognition is helpful to exactly evaluate the resource potential and exploration direction in the Fuxin upheaval belt, Changling sag and their peripheral areas. The present results indicate that the combination of the two methods （the K-Ar dating of autogenetic illite and fluid inclusions） is an effective way to lay bare petroleum charging history and ascertain reservoir age.     

Features of major greenhouse gases in loess, Shanxi Province, China

According to the investigations of five loess sections in Shanxi Province, China, it was found that the concentrations of the major greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in loess-paleosol sequences are generally high, even sometimes may be several times or scores of times higher than their atmospheric concentrations respectively. Although the CO₂ concentration in the same loess section shows poor regularity among different layers, it increases slowly from north to south in space. The CH₄ concentration in the layers under Malan Loess is much higher than that in the atmosphere, although it is not high in Malan Loess. Most of the δ¹³C values of CO₂ in loess are -11.14‰—15.48‰ (relative to PDB standard). Analysis of carbon isotopic compositions of CO₂ indicates that the main source of CO₂ in loess section is decomposition of ‘stable’ organic matters by microbes. The δ¹³C_g of CO₂ is a little heavier than organic source for exchanging carbon isotope with carbonate in loess. The abundant carbonate in loess not only makes the loess a huge carbon reservior but also adjusts     

Bioleaching of zinc from gold ores using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The present work investigated microbial leaching of zinc from ore using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (ATCC 14859). The ore samples, consisted of 13wt% zinc, were obtained from a gold mine in north-eastern Thailand. A shake flask study was performed on the ore samples using a rotary shaker under the following fixed conditions (250 r·min⁻¹, 30°C for 16 d). The influence of various conditions, namely medium type (with and without iron), particle ore size (<20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-100, and >100 mesh), ore density (20 kg·m⁻³, 50 kg·m⁻³, and 100 kg·m⁻³), and pH of the medium (2, 2.5, 2.8, and 3), were investigated. The microbial leaching was assessed by determining the concentration of zinc in the medium and compared with the initial sample concentration. The results show that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can successfully leach zinc by as much as 6 times compared with the control experiment (without Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ferrooxidans). The maximum efficiency (92.3%) for microbial leaching is obtained in iron-containing medium, 20-40 mesh ore sizes, 20 kg·m⁻³ ore density at pH 2.8, and the zinc content is found in the medium at about 120 mg·L⁻¹.