微通道内液体核沸腾时气泡形成的条件

鉴于微通道或微结构内液体沸腾所具特性，从热力学的相稳定性分析着手，推导出了微通道或微结构内液体沸腾时的气泡产生或核化条件，较好地阐明了微小尺度空间内的超常沸腾现象；给出核化条件的无量纲准则工将为最终的定量化奠定理论基础。     

恒壁温边界条件下不可压缩气流在微通道内的二维层流换热

基于贴壁层概念和已经求得的贴壁层内气体黏度和导热系数变化规律,求解了等壁温边界条件下微通道内气体完全发展的二维层流换热,分别得到了平行平板微槽道和微圆管内温度分布和对流换热系数.     

微动力机电系统和微发动机的研究进展

微动力机电系统和微发动机是动力装置发展的第四个里程碑。本文先阐述了该系统的重要意义，进而描述它的发展概况，指出了该系统面临的挑战和解决的基本途径。微动力机电系统的应用前景是广阔的，对社会和经济的影响是巨大的。     

疏水表面微通道电渗流的数值模拟

电渗流（EOF）广泛应用于微流控芯片中的流体传输与混合.针对具有一定滑移长度的疏水表面微通道,建立了描述EOF的控制方程,基于有限元分析方法对微通道EOF进行了数值模拟,研究了微通道高度、电场强度和溶液浓度等对EOF的影响.结果表明,疏水表面和亲水表面微通道EOF的瞬态过程相似,稳态时间尺度在ms量级,大小与微通道高度的平方成正比;EOF速度大小与电场强度成正比,与微通道高度无关;由于边界滑移的存在,疏水表面比亲水表面EOF速度明显增大,且随着溶液浓度的增大,EOF速度增大相对要大的多.该结论对于具有一定滑移长度的疏水表面微通道内EOF的精确操控具有一定的参考意义.     

土壤微形态及其应用研究进展

土壤微形态学是土壤学的一个重要分支学科。它在上一世纪30年代建立以来，解决了土壤学中许多问题。我国在土壤微形态研究上起步较晚。但也取得了一些好的研究结果。本文从国内外土壤微形态学研究的进展，包括基本概念、研究方法及应用等进行评述。     

垂直喷淋式MOCVD反应器中射流影响的研究

针对垂直喷淋式MOCVD反应器的射流现象进行数值模拟研究.通过改变反应腔高度、喷口间距、喷口速度、托盘转速等,对反应器内的流场、温度场、浓度场随上述参数的变化进行详细探讨,进一步探索MOCVD反应器中射流影响的规律.通过模拟发现:(1)在喷口下方的反应腔空间,射流速度、温度和浓度均存在周期性波动,此波动由衬底中心到衬底边缘逐渐衰减;(2)衬底中心处的垂直射流速度大于周边的速度,中心浓度高于边缘浓度,中心温度低于边缘温度;(3)增加反应腔高度,减小喷口间距,减小喷口速度、增加衬底转速,均有利于衬底上方轴向速度和反应前体浓度沿径向分布的平缓.     

微纳通道内稠密气体流动和换热的Monte Carlo模拟

使用Enskog模拟Monte Carlo法(ESMC)对稠密气体在微纳通道内的流动和换热进行了模拟, 并与直接模拟Monte Carlo法(DSMC)和一致性Boltzmann算法(CBA)所得的结果进行了对比, 对微纳通道内稠密气体流动和换热特性进行了分析. 结果表明, 当气体密度较大时, 稠密气体效应对流动和换热的影响不可忽略, 这种效应使得通道内壁面阻力系数减小, 且壁面换热特性也与不考虑稠密气体效应时有所不同.     

基于磁力场与速度场协同的高效微通道磁泳分离

磁泳是实现生化分离的重要手段之一.根据微通道内磁珠运动基本方程导出了影响磁泳分离效率的新因素,即磁场力矢量与流体速度矢量的夹角,提出改善磁力场与流场的协同性是提高磁泳分离效率的重要途径之一,并基于此设计了T型结构微通道磁泳分离芯片.通过建立磁珠运动的二维动力学模型,并运用有限元和龙格库塔法,对微通道内的磁泳分离效率进行了数值模拟研究.结果发现：相同条件下T型微通道分离效率较普通平直微通道明显提高;在高流速下直通道对小粒径磁珠的磁泳分离失效时,T型微通道仍能实现高效分离.进一步分析表明,T型微通道内分离效率提高的本质在于磁力场与流场的协同作用使得磁珠产生更大的偏转速度,从而增加了分离效率.研究结果对磁泳芯片优化设计具有理论指导意义.     

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污泥膨胀情况下的运行状况分析

在膜生物反应器处理盥洗废水的工程实践中,由于进水中缺乏氮元素而常发生污泥的非丝状菌膨胀,对反应器的稳定运行产生了很大的影响.本文利用正交试验方法,针对污泥非丝状菌膨胀情况下膜生物反应器的运行状况进行了分析比较.     

微动力系统的若干研究动态和进展

本文介绍了微动力系统的研究意义，简要地描述了当前微动力系统的若干研究动态和进展。开发并展示了我们研究小组的一种全新的无运动部件、不需高制造、装配精度的微TPV系统，介绍了我们实验和分析的最新研究结果。     

The dynamics of reason and its elusive object in Kant, Fichte and Schelling

Kant used transcendental reflection to distinguish in judgment what belongs to its form and what to its material. Regarding the form of judgment, Buchdahl’s work highlights the analogies between the different levels of judgment in Kant’s transcendental ontology. He uses the explicit contingency of judgments of the system of nature to illuminate the contingency of judgments of objects in general. In the Critique of pure reason, Kant had left much of the work of judgment to the unconscious imagination. Fichte and Schelling attempted to make conscious and determinate the work of the unconscious imagination, but found themselves unable to avoid a reflexive regress in trying to objectify and provide a foundation for the activity of the self in judgment. Buchdahl also clarifies the role Kant gave to the object in judgment, as the indeterminate ‘thinghood’ remaining once all forms of cognition are abstracted. Fichte represented this objective side of consciousness as the not-I, as the limit of the activity of the I, as an unconscious, alien element within consciousness. Schelling struggled to illuminate this unconscious object in judgment, to provide a construction of nature, without dissolving its positive presence into abstract formulations. In pursuing relentlessly Kant’s critique of judgment, Fichte and Schelling exposed its opaque points and problematized the ambition to build a complete system of philosophy.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

Introduction to values and pluralism in the environmental sciences: From inferences to institutions

Philosophers of science continue to elaborate our understanding of the roles that values play in scientific reasoning, practice, and institutions. This special issue focuses on the environmental sciences, a mosaic of fields ranging from restoration ecology to forestry to climatology, unified by its attention to the relationships between humans and their habitats. It is a field that revolves around ameliorating environmental problems, aiming to support the provision of social goods and provide guidance to policymakers about how to regulate individuals and industries. Values abound in such judgments as setting the boundaries of an ecosystem, integrating the human dimensions of social-ecological systems, and collaborating with stakeholders. Since few in the field are likely to insist that these judgments can be made without reference to social values, environmental science can serve as fertile ground for exploring the ethical, social, and political terrain at the frontier of the science and values discourse.     

Climate change transformation: A definition and typology to guide decision making in urban environments

Climate change presents a threat to the sustainability of cities and their societies, and must be adequately addressed. Urban environments (cities) are responsible for the creation of a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions which are the source of climate change. Cities have been increasingly the focus of action to address climate change, yet emissions are not significantly reducing. Additionally, there a lack of integration between adaptation and mitigation. This prevents responses adequate to limit global warming to 1.5^OC, and to be well adapted to anticipated changes. This paper critically analyses existing definitions and typologies of climate change actions. A definition of ‘climate change transformation’ is proposed which includes the integration of adaptation and mitigation goals to enable a new regime in which global warming is limited to 1.5^OC. A new three-part typology: ‘coping, malaction and transformation,’ is presented for categorising climate change actions by the extent to which they integrate adaptation and mitigation, and define a new regime. The typology is accompanied by illustrations to demonstrate the relationship between adaptation and mitigation. The definition, typology and illustration serve to guide effective climate change decision making, and provides principles to guide application in urban environments.     

The double transfer of thermodynamics: From physics to chemistry and from Europe to America

The aim of this study is twofold: to explore, first, the influence of the intellectual and social conditions on the transfer of thermodynamics to chemistry and thereby the making of chemical thermodynamics, and second, the way that this knowledge was transferred from Europe to America. Consequently, it is of interest to examine the methodological approaches used by physicists and chemists to transfer thermodynamics to chemistry, to evaluate the potential of this science to offer solutions to existing chemical problems, and to discuss the attitude of the scientific community towards these new ideas. The development of chemical thermodynamics in America followed a different route compared to the European experience. Although it was transferred from Europe, it had distinctive characteristics imposed by a different traditional, intellectual and social milieu. This study focuses on the content of the transferred knowledge to America and the direction that this knowledge assumed by the American scientists. As a paradigm, the chemical thermodynamics of Gilbert Newton Lewis will be considered.     

Lipopolysaccharide-binding molecules: transporters, blockers and sensors

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, can be beneficial to the host by activating the innate immune system, or harmful, by inducing inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure, shock and often death. On the bacteria, and in host biological fluids and cells, LPS is never free but constantly attached to cognate-binding proteins. Understanding how LPS is transported and further recognized by sensors able to deliver a signal, or by inactivating molecules able to neutralize its biological effects, is an important goal. This review describes the large panel of peptides and proteins reported to associate with LPS, and provides information on their origin, their structure and the location of amino acid residues involved in their interaction with LPS. A better understanding of the mode of recognition of LPS by cognate proteins prompted many laboratories to design on a rational basis synthetic molecules which can be used to detect low amounts of endotoxin, or to act as efficient blockers of in vitro and in vivo responses to LPS.Received 15 January 2004; received after revision 20 February 2004; accepted 25 February 2004     

有色金属物性数据库面向服务的体系结构研究与设计

本文在分析目前流行的两层、三层网络数据库体系结构存在的问题的基础上,根据有色金属物性数据库的特点,提出一种基于SOA、多层、分布式体系结构应用开发模型.该模型着重解决以下几个方面的问题：利用软件开发新技术,提出了基于RIA的有色金属物性数据库客户端实现方式,吸取了＂胖客户端＂和＂度客户端＂的优点,解决了传统客户端部署或动态图形绘制等方面的问题 在模型中,增加了服务层,实现了系统服务的对外发布.解决了异构平台、跨系统的业务集成和重组 采用了服务器集群技术,动态的实现了负载均衡,优化了系统性能 改进了数据访问层,增加了O/R映射,屏蔽了下层数据库的细节信息,使系统能够架构在多种类型的数据库上,提高了系统的灵活性.     

Selected mouse lines,alcohol and behavior

Summary The technique of selective breeding has been employed to develop a number of mouse lines differing in genetic sensitivity to specific effects of ethanol. Genetic animal models for sensitivity to the hypnotic, thermoregulatory, excitatory, and dependence-producing effects of alcohol have been developed. These genetic animal models have been utilized in numerous studies to assess the bases for those genetic differences, and to determine the specific neurochemical and neurophysiological bases for ethanol's actions. Work with these lines has challenged some long-held beliefs about ethanol's mechanisms of action. For example, lines genetically sensitive to one effect of ethanol are not necessarily sensitive to others, which demonstrates that no single set of genes modulates all ethanol effects. LS mice, selected for sensitivity to ethanol anesthesia, are not similarly sensitive to all anesthetic drugs, which demonstrates that all such drugs cannot have a common mechanism of action. On the other hand, WSP mice, genetically susceptible to the development of severe ethanol withdrawal, show a similar predisposition to diazepam and phenobarbital withdrawal, which suggests that there may be a common set of genes underlying drug dependentcies. Studies with these models have also revealed important new directions for future mechanism-oriented research. Several studies implicate brain gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine systems as potentially important mediators of susceptibility to alcohol intoxication. The stability of the genetic animal models across laboratories and generations will continue to increase their power as analytic tools.     

上海湿地生态系统的效益分析

上海是一座湿地面积占23.5%的海滨特大城市。由于湿地生态系统功能和服务的多面性,给人类尤其是上海带来巨大的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。上海湿地的主要功能是为城市的持续发展提供生态屏障作用,维持生物多样性,净化和过滤等生态服务以及防风暴及保护海岸线功能。上海湿地的社会效益主要有旅游休闲、历史及文化价值、教育及科学研究等价值,促进湿地周边地区经济的可持续发展。上海湿地的直接经济效益主要指湿地生态系统产生的产品的价值,它包括食品、农业产品及其它生产原料、景观娱乐等产生的直接价值,直接经济效益可用产品的市场价格来估算。同时上海还有国际重要湿地,涉及国际共同利益和效益。因此,为求得上海湿地可持续开发和保护,必须将经济效益、生态效益和社会效益放在同等重要的条件上,不能片面追求单个效益目标,正确的做法是在提高经济效益中十分重视生态效益,在提高生态效益中尽可能争取高的经济效益,并达到社会效益的有效提高,从而实现上海湿地生态系统生态经济效益的最优化。