水平井高性能环氧泡沫固砂体系研究

目前水平井由于井段长、地层非均质等原因出砂问题严重。常用的机械防砂不能从根本上解决地层出砂的问题。实验研制出了一种密度低、流变性好的高性能环氧泡沫固砂体系,该体系的最佳配方为:浓度为60%的环氧乳液∶起泡剂∶泡沫稳定剂∶固化剂∶偶联剂∶石英砂=20∶0.1∶1∶3∶0.4∶100(质量比)。通过对温度、砂粒粒径等因素对体系的固砂性能和适应性进行了综合评价,泡沫固砂体系在(60—90)℃范围内具有较好的固砂效果,固结体的抗压强度可达到7.0 MPa,渗透率可保持4.0μm2左右,砂粒粒径对体系影响较大。对固结体的耐介质性进行了考察,表明体系具有较好的耐酸、耐油和耐水性能。通过可视化模拟体系注入、固砂、反排情况,该体系注入剖面较为均匀,在高渗带无明显指进现象,且对高渗带出砂有良好的控制作用,易反排,对渗透率影响不大。     

胶束乳液聚合法低伤害储层固砂技术

为了解决化学胶结防砂方法中胶结剂占据一部分孔隙空间,造成渗透率大幅度降低而引起的储层伤害,基于乳液聚合原理,设计出一种由水、乙醇、阳离子表面活性剂、聚合单体和引发剂等组成的胶束乳液聚合低伤害储层固砂体系.该体系可在砂粒表面吸附一层阳离子表面活性剂胶束,胶束中增溶的聚合单体和引发剂发生乳液聚合,胶束转变为纳米级聚合物薄膜,将松散的砂粒胶结起来,形成具有较高机械强度的三维空间网络结构的固结体.胶束乳液聚合法可以作为一种低伤害储层固砂技术.     

一种泡沫酸配方及其分流酸化性能评价

泡沫酸因其诸多优于常规酸的性能而被广泛应用于油田增产措施中.室内确定了一种泡沫酸体系配方,以12%HCl和3%HF土酸为酸基液,泡沫体系由0.8%复合型起泡剂EL-23与0.3%高聚物稳泡剂D组成.泡沫体系与酸液配伍性好,泡沫半衰期20 min.分流实验表明,泡沫酸显著降低高渗岩心而增加低渗岩心的注入量,泡沫流体在不同渗透率地层的注入量比例得到合理调整.酸化前后渗透率变化率表明,泡沫酸对低渗层的改善程度高于高渗层.泡沫对水层具有选择性封堵能力,防止酸对水层过度酸化,使酸液更充分改善油层的渗流能力.泡沫酸对渗透率和油水层均具有分流选择性酸化的特点.     

磷酸酯改性呋喃树脂固砂剂的制备及性能研究

针对树脂固砂剂一直存在固砂强度与地层渗透率保留率之间的矛盾,开展了磷酸酯改性呋喃树脂固砂剂的研究,研究中以磷酸、聚醚（L35）、呋喃树脂为主要原料,通过羟基缩聚制备出磷酸酯改性呋喃树脂水性聚合物,并将其用水稀释3倍后作为油田固砂剂使用,一方面,以水作为天然增孔剂,另一方面,在水环境下成膜固化,既保证了固砂强度,又保证了高地层渗透率,有效解决了长期困扰化学防砂效果的难题。研究结果表明,磷酸酯改性呋喃树脂用水稀释3倍浸入砂粒后,于水下环境中60～80℃保温48 h可固结砂粒,固砂强度大于4 MPa,适合油田水下环境固砂。截至2019年3月,现场应用10口油井,控砂成功率达100%,累计增油13 000 t,应用效果良好。     

天然气水合物储层改造泡沫水玻璃浆液及其固结体性能研究

为了研发天然气水合物储层劈裂注浆改造技术,开展劈裂改造浆液配制及浆液固结体性能测试实验.首先,基于传统水玻璃浆材,引入发泡剂与稳泡剂,形成泡沫水玻璃浆液,从而增强浆液固结体的渗透性;其次,引入沸石提高固结体的强度和渗透性,在配制过程中,测定泡沫水玻璃浆液的黏度和固化时间,明确浆液可注性;最后,开展浆液固结体渗透率、核磁...     

中低温油水井固砂剂实验研究

研究了树脂型固砂剂在中低温油水井中的固砂效果。评价了固化时间、固化温度、催化剂的类型和用量以及不同粒径石英砂等因素对固砂效果的影响。测定了砂岩岩心注固砂剂前、后渗透率的变化及开始出砂时的临界流量Qc,利用测定结果评价了固砂剂对地层渗透率的伤害程度和固砂强度 ,并进一步筛选出适用于中低温油水井的固砂剂配方。     

中低温油水井固砂剂实验研究

研究了树脂型固砂剂在中低温油水井中的固砂效果。评价了固化时间、固化温度、催化剂的类型和用量以及不同粒径石英砂等因素对固砂效果的影响，测定了砂岩岩心注固砂剂前，后渗透率的变化及开始出砂时的临界流量Qc，利用测定结果评价了固砂剂对地层渗透率的伤害程度和固砂强度，并进一步筛选出适用于中低温油水井的固砂剂配方。     

泡沫分流酸化数学模型的建立及应用

泡沫分流酸化能有效解决常规酸化中由于地层渗透率差异而导致的小层进酸不均的问题。基于泡沫圈闭理论和质量守恒原理,建立了泡沫分流酸化的数学模型并进行了求解,同时确定了泡沫分流酸化工艺的设计原则。结果表明：地层表皮系数随着酸化过程逐渐减小,井口和井底压力随泡沫的注入逐渐增大,随酸液的注入逐渐减小;泡沫的注入使高渗层的流量逐渐降低,低渗层的流量逐渐增高,实现后续酸液转向低渗层;在相同的地层条件下,泡沫酸酸化比泡沫段塞分流酸化的分流效果要好,但是作业时间长,井口和井底注入压力较高。现场应用表明泡沫分流酸化能有效封堵高渗层,恢复产能,动用低渗层,适于非均质油藏油气井、重复酸化老井的解堵增产增注。     

微泡沫直径与地层孔隙直径的匹配关系

将气液两相流通过填砂管制备一种气泡直径主要分布于10～100μm的微泡沫,通过微观实验研究气液比和填砂管渗透率对微泡沫直径的影响,揭示微泡沫封堵机制。采用多测压点人造岩心模拟多孔介质研究微泡沫对地层起封堵作用时微泡沫直径与地层孔隙直径的匹配关系。结果表明:通过调节气液比、填砂管渗透率可实现微泡沫平均气泡直径12. 39～99. 31μm可调;当微泡沫平均气泡直径与岩心平均孔隙直径比为1. 45～2. 16时,微泡沫兼具较好的注入性及深部封堵能力,此时微泡沫直径与岩心孔隙直径相匹配,通过调节微泡沫平均气泡直径,可使微泡沫与渗透率为0. 02～10. 9μm2的地层匹配;微泡沫主要通过气泡叠加作用在高渗区域形成暂堵带,后续流动的微泡沫以"弹性变形"或"直接通过"的方式流入低渗区域,少量气泡以"纹理状"结构占据小孔隙处形成封堵;随着气液比增加,微泡沫气泡数量增加,在孔隙处由间歇性的封堵方式向持续的封堵方式转变,微泡沫封堵能力和可变形性增强,气液比为1时的封堵能力最强。     

稠油热采出砂机制试验研究

稠油生产出砂是油气田开发中制约产能的重要因素,高温蒸汽冲刷、沥青质的热解和水岩反应溶解是稠油热采出砂的主要原因。针对稠油开采出砂问题,分析稠油区块的出砂机制,并试验研究稠油热采注蒸汽对岩心渗透率的影响和稠油热采的出砂机制。结果表明:随着注入蒸汽量的增加,岩心的渗透率都会先下降后上升,开采时需要适当控制蒸汽流速以恢复最终渗透率到原有的80%左右;高流速下流体的流动冲刷导致地层的拉伸破坏而产生微粒的运移,破坏了骨架砂;高温导致岩石的胶结强度下降,砂粒疏松;高黏度的原油在流动中阻力大,流动所需的压力梯度大,对砂粒的摩擦携带作用也大;岩心初始渗透率低导致驱替压差大,对岩心产生剪切破坏。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with