两性表面活性剂复配构筑的高效抗老化黏弹性驱油体系研究

在模拟高温高盐油藏(矿化度20 000 mg/L,钙镁离子总浓度500 mg/L,油藏温度85℃)条件下,利用新合成的2种不同链长(链长分别为22和16)的两性离子表面活性剂CTBB与DDBB复配制得新型黏弹性体系,研究了盐度和老化时间对体系黏度和界面活性的影响。结果表明,复配体系C5D1(CTBB与DDBB质量比为5∶1)在较低浓度(质量分数0.3%)条件下的表观黏度可以达到110.8 mPa·s,油水界面张力可以低至4.53×10~(-3) mN/m;在进一步提高盐度(矿化度50 000 mg/L,钙镁离子总浓度1 250 mg/L,油藏温度85℃)及老化90 d后,体系黏度和界面活性基本不变。在油砂吸附实验中,发现C5D1体系在模拟高温高盐油藏条件下的油砂吸附量仅为1.39 mg/g。室内模拟驱油实验进一步证实了C5D1体系具有良好的驱油性能,即使在老化90 d后体系仍能保持较高的驱油性能。     

不同矿化度对聚表二元复合体系稳定性的影响

在不同的矿化度条件下,聚表二元复合体系的增黏幅度、改变油水界面张力程度也不相同,而二元体系的稳定性直接影响驱油效果,针对此问题,开展室内实验确定不同矿化度对二元体系的影响。实验结果表明,水的矿化度在3 000 mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系黏度变化幅度大为减小,其抗盐性能增强,表面活性剂浓度对体系黏度影响不大;水的矿化度在3 000 mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系界面张力逐渐降低,当表面活性剂浓度由0.3%增加到0.4%时,体系界面张力下降速度变缓,能够达到10~(-2)m N/m数量级,满足实际矿场需要。     

不同矿化度对聚表二元复合体系稳定性影响室内研究

在不同的矿化度条件下,聚表二元复合体系的增粘幅度、改变油水界面张力程度也不相同,而二元体系的稳定性直接影响驱油效果,针对此问题,开展室内实验确定不同矿化度对二元体系的影响。实验结果表明：水的矿化度在3000mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系粘度变化幅度大为减小,其抗盐性能增强,表面活性剂浓度对体系粘度影响不大;水的矿化度在3000mg/L以上时,随矿化度增大体系界面张力逐渐降低,当表面活性剂浓度由0.3%增加到0.4%时,体系界面张力下降速度变缓,能够达到10_-2mN/m数量级,满足实际矿场需要。     

非离子表面活性剂静吸附特性研究

针对S/P二元复合体系在油层岩石上的吸附问题,利用室内仪器等检测分析方法,对无碱二元复合体系在润湿和非润湿大庆油砂吸附后活性剂体系浓度、界面张力进行了测定评价.结果表明：二元体系表面活性剂在大庆油砂上的吸附等温线为“S”型,最大吸附量为2.43mg/g;更换油砂单次吸附时,吸附次数增加,界面张力增加,活性剂浓度降低;,二元体系经聚合物和污水浸泡的油砂第三次吸附时界面张力由10-3mN/m上升到10-1mN/m;多次吸附对二元体系界面张力的影响很小。随着吸附次数的增加,活性剂浓度逐渐降低。     

芥酸型两性表面活性剂复配构筑高效耐盐黏弹性驱油体系

在模拟高温高盐油藏(矿化度为20 g/L,钙镁离子总质量浓度为0.5 g/L,油藏温度80℃)条件下,利用羧酸型芥酸酰胺基丙基甜菜碱(LJS)及磺酸型芥酸酰胺基丙基甜菜碱(LJH)进行复配,制得蠕虫状胶束体系,研究盐度、温度及老化时间对该体系黏度的影响。结果表明:在模拟高温高盐油藏的苛刻条件下,较低质量分数(0.3%)的复配体系S2H1(LJS与LJH质量比为2∶1)就可以使体系黏度达到42.2mPa·s,同时有效降低油水界面张力到10~(-2) mN/m数量级;在提高盐度(钙镁离子总质量浓度为1.25 g/L)条件下,复配体系S2H1黏度和界面活性基本不变,进一步老化90 d后,体系仍然表现出良好的稳定性。     

针对高矿化度油田二元复合体系配方优选

室内研究筛选聚合物-表面活性剂二元复合体系配方,测得不同质量分数的NB—01表面活性剂与不同浓度ZL—II型和KYPAM聚合物复配的油水界面张力。NB—01表面活性剂在保持较高的活性剂浓度时(大于等于0.2%),能够形成10-3mN/m数量级超低界面张力,而在低活性剂浓度时(小于等于0.1%),难以形成超低界面张力。SS活性剂在浓度为0.3%和0.2%时,与KYPAM和ZL—Ⅱ聚合物在浓度为1 500 mg/L时复配,可以明显降低油水界面张力。通过在SS与KY-PAM和ZL—Ⅱ二元体系中加入不同含量的NaCl,得出在SS/KYPAM二元体系中,加入1.0%NaCl,能有效改善体系的界面张力。天然岩心验证实验得知,ZL—Ⅱ/SS+NaCl体系化学驱采收率与KYPAM/SS+NaCl体系化学驱采收率基本相当。     

棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺的合成及其降低原油/水界面张力的性质

以四氢呋喃为溶剂,在氧化镁存在下,用棕榈酰氯与二甘醇胺反应合成了棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺,产率可达95%。产品经红外光谱,质谱和核磁表征,证实为目标产物。棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺具有优良的表面活性和耐盐性,45℃下临界胶束浓度为1.48×10-5mol/L,γcmc为29.7 mN/m,在水/空气界面的饱和吸附量达到4.0×10-10mol/cm2,当浓度为0.5 mmol/L时在质量浓度高达1 800mg/L的Ca+2水溶液中不沉淀。将棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺作为主表面活性剂,通过与两性表面活性剂复配,45℃下能在总表面活性剂质量分数为0.05%～0.5%的范围内将大庆原油/地层水的平衡界面张力降到10-3mN/m数量级,无需添加任何碱、中性电解质或助表面活性剂。     

假单胞菌S-7产生的表面活性剂特性研究

假单胞菌S-7菌株在代谢过程中能够产生糖脂和脂肽表面活性物质，其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为236mg／L，可以将水的表面张力由72mN／m降到29．7mN／m，油水界面张力由30mN／m降到1．3mN／m。发酵液在不同的温度、pH和矿化度条件下，具有稳定的表面活性。发酵液可以乳化原油，使原油的粘度降低86．95％。研究表明，表面活性物质是S-7菌株在微生物采油过程中发挥作用的主要因素。     

微生物与化学剂体系结合提高驱油效率的实验研究

利用芽孢杆菌DY-5的培养液对原油进行处理,处理后的原油样品酸值由0.009 5 m g KOH/g增加至0.082 m g KOH/g,上升了7.6倍.菌液与原油接触72 h后,大庆脱水、脱气原油与碱/化学表面活性剂体系间的界面张力值由3.95×1-0 3mN/m降至1.5×1-0 4mN/m,达到超低界面张力.同时,微生物菌液与碱/化学表面活性体系结合,对其中的化学表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量降低38%左右.岩心模拟实验表明,采用微生物与碱/表面活性体系驱油,比单独用碱/化学表面活性剂体系驱油提高采收率3.35%,这为三次采油技术提供了一种新的高效驱油方法.     

羊三木稠油油藏复合驱提高采收率实验研究

针对羊三木普通稠油油藏特征,通过界面张力实验和乳化实验筛选了聚表（SP）二元复合驱体系,体系组成为2 000 mg/L 表面活性剂PS–2+1 000 mg/L 聚合物HPAM。该聚表二元体系使油水界面张力降至10􀀀2 mN/m 数量级,并形成稳定的O/W 型乳状液。乳状液60 min 析水率为10.8%,降黏率为95.8%。岩芯流动实验表明,注入0.3 PV 驱油体系采收率提高幅度分别为聚表二元复合驱15.7%、聚合物驱10.8% 和表面活性剂驱7.9%。聚表二元复合驱提高羊三木稠油油藏采收率效果最好,适合用于提高普通稠油油藏采收率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that