基于电晕损耗计算的特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性

在对特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性进行研究时,需计算输电线路损耗值,传统方法需通过实测方式获取输电线路损耗值,而受到压等级和导线方式的影响,当前还没有有效的实测方法,实现困难。为此,提出一种新的基于电晕损耗计算的特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性研究方法,对某地区双回1 000 kV和双回500 kV特高压交流同塔双回输电线路进行研究。采用π型等效电路对输电线路进行描述,依据电路分析结果对输电线路电阻损耗进行计算。依据不同天气下电晕损耗计算原则,在采集大量实验数据的基础上,提出一定范围内输电线路单位长度电晕损耗计算公式。研究不同天气环境、输送量、输送距离、负载率对输电线路损耗的影响,得出以下结论:4分裂导线单位长度电晕损耗低于8分裂导线;下雨情况下电晕损耗显著高于干燥情况下的电晕损耗;输电线路损耗率随输送量无显著变化,随输送距离的增加而增加,随负载的增加而增加,1 000 kV输电线路损耗率随复杂率的涨幅比500 kV输电线路低,优势高。     

特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性研究

在对特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性进行研究时,需计算输电线路损耗值,传统方法需通过实测方式获取输电线路损耗值,而受到压等级和导线方式的影响,当前还没有有效的实测方法,实现困难。为此,提出一种新的特高压交流同塔双回输电线路损耗特性研究方法。对某地区双回1000kv和双回500kv特高压交流同塔双回输电线路进行研究。采用π型等效电路对输电线路进行描述,依据电路分析结果对输电线路电阻损耗进行计算。依据不同天气下电晕损耗计算原则,在采集大量实验数据的基础上,提出一定范围内输电线路单位长度电晕损耗计算公式。研究不同天气环境、输送量、输送距离、负载率对输电线路损耗的影响。得出以下结论：4分裂导线单位长度电晕损耗低于8分裂导线;下雨情况下电晕损耗显著高于干燥情况下的电晕损耗;输电线路损耗率随输送量无显著变化,随输送距离的增加而增加,随负载的增加而增加,1000kv输电线路损耗率随复杂率的涨幅比500kv输电线路低,优势高。     

基于径向基函数法的特高压直流输电线路地面标称电场计算

输电线路地面标称电场强度的大小是输电线路设计需要考虑的重要参数.针对有限元法在计算中面临的网格剖分和计算时间较长问题,将基于径向基函数(RBF)的无网格法引入到直流输电线地面标称电场的计算中,阐述了RBF的定义和此法的原理、实施步骤,通过编制程序,进行仿真计算,并讨论了不同输电线参数对地面标称电场强度的影响.算例分析表明:运用此法计算的地面标称电场结果和已有文献值较为接近,并与具有解析解的电缆模型电场强度值吻合得很好,说明该方法具有较高的准确性和有效性;导线对地高度和极间距离对地面标称电场强度的影响较大,次导线半径和分裂根数对地面标称电场强度的影响较小.     

500kV超高压交流变电站分裂导线间隔棒优化设计

内蒙古地区17座500 kV超高压交流变电站电晕放电的观测结果表明,变电站内分裂导线间隔棒表面电晕放电最为剧烈。为有效抑制分裂导线间隔棒表面电晕放电,本文首先建立分裂导线间隔棒有限元模型进行仿真计算,然后提出分裂导线间隔棒结构优化设计方案。研究结果表明,内蒙古地区500 kV变电站现用的曲率半径R1=40mm, R2=10mm 的间隔棒表面最大电场强度位于线夹头部曲率半径R2 圆弧段处,且大于起晕场强,为降低间隔棒表面的电场强度,采取改变间隔棒线夹头部曲率半径R1和R2的方法。仿真结果表明,相比增大R1,增大R2对于降低间隔棒线夹头部电场强度的效果更加显著。因此,将间隔棒线夹头部曲率半径R2由10 mm增大至20 mm时,可以满足内蒙古地区500 kV超高压交流变电站分裂导线间隔棒防晕要求。为对计算结果进行验证,在中国电力科学研究院开展分裂导线间隔棒起晕特性试验,验证间隔棒线夹头部曲率半径分别为R1=40mm 、R2=10mm和R1=40mm、R2=20mm时的起晕特性,所得试验结果与计算结果一致。因此可说明,经过优化后的分裂导线间隔棒具有较好的电晕特性。     

基于有限元迭代法的高压直流输电线路离子流场仿真计算

直流导线电晕放电产生的离子流场是限制直流输电发展的主要因素之一。为分析离子流对原有电场分布畸变影响,通过COMSOL和MATLAB联合仿真实现了有限元迭代法,基于该方法对高压直流导线附近离子流场进行了研究。仿真模型采用网格加密以及强耦合的方法提高了计算的收敛性,采用与放电特性相关的方程作为电荷边界条件,以提高仿真计算的准确性;比较两类起晕场强计算公式的准确性,选择较为准确的计算公式作为迭代标准;将同轴圆柱模型的解析解与仿真的数值解进行比较,验证有限元迭代法计算高压直流离子流场的准确性;最后分析单极+800 kV直流输电线路周围的离子流场。结果表明,离子流使得地面附近的电场强度增大了30%,可见离子流对导线周围电磁环境有重大影响,在直流输电线设计时应该考虑这一因素。     

大型电机线棒端部电场的有限元计算方法

由于大型电机定子线棒端部电场分布不均,造成防晕层表面易产生电晕和热老化现象。采用有限元弱解形式与多场建模相结合的方法,对大电机定子线棒端部防晕层电场及损耗密度分布进行了数值计算,并与阻容链算法进行了对比。结果表明,该算法能够避免阻容链方法所导致的算法误差,提高求解准确性;亦能有效解决传统有限元方法的建模及边界设定困难等问题,提高求解效率及精度;其防晕层损耗密度分布与电晕实验中的发热状况一致。该算法能满足具有多段非线性防晕结构的三维定子线棒端部电场计算的工程需要,可作为计算防晕结构及材料参数的理论依据,并为进一步建立优化计算模型提供基础。此外,该算法为存在表面电阻率的有限元电场计算提供思路。     

基于有限元法的同走廊交直流线路混合电场的计算研究

特高压直流线路与超高压交流线路同走廊架设将会有效地减少架设输电线路的土地成本,但却带来了新的电场计算问题.为了研究二者的混合电场,首先使用有限元分析软件Comsol Multiphysics计算了±800kV特高压直流线路下方的合成电场及500kV超高压交流输电线路下方的工频电场,进而计算了混合电场,最后重点探讨了导线布局对混合电场的影响.结果表明,基于Comsol Multiphysics的混合电场计算是合理可靠的;合理的接近距离和导线最小对地高度能分别有效地减少混合区域场强和混合电场最大值.     

不同架空高度输电线路磁场强度算法研究

研究了不同架空高度及弧垂影响下输电线工频磁场三维优化的计算方法问题.先根据分裂导线参数、相间导线距离等确定输电线路的分布参数、波阻抗与输电线电流,再由Biot-Savart定律,推导出架空导线在空间所产生的三维工频磁场强度算法.实测结果表明,不同的架空高度对磁场强度的影响十分明显.最后通过MATLAB仿真计算,阐明实际情形下高压输电线路附近产生的工频磁场的分布规律.     

不同电压等级下架空导线对雷达的无源干扰

输电线路对邻近无线电台站的无源干扰可能影响无线电台站信号的有效接收和发射,因此准确计算在外界电磁波入射情况下输电线路的电磁散射是确定两者合理避让间距的基础。其中对于雷达台站而言,由于雷达的工作方式等影响,架空导线是影响雷达探测的主要因素。高压架空输电线等设施作为障碍物,如果距离雷达站过近,会破坏雷达阵地反射面的要求,使雷达波瓣变形,进而影响探测性能;还会对雷达造成一定的遮蔽角或电磁波减弱,从而使雷达遗漏目标或探测距离降低。由于在不同电压等级下,输电线路的分裂系数、杆塔类型决定的线路高度及排列方式都会发生改变。针对一般情况下应用多级子算法开展架空导线的等效半径、高度和水平排列对雷达的无源干扰计算,得出了三条结论:当计算频率低于450 MHz时,可以用等效半径模拟分裂导线计算,高于这一频点情况下必须建立分裂导线模型;在误差允许的范围内,导线高度对电场强度遮蔽损耗的影响较小;同时导线水平排列不存在前后导线的遮蔽现象。从而对研究输电线路对无源干扰的影响具有应用指导作用。     

海拔对电晕笼中导线直流电晕特性的影响

我国第一条±800kV特高压直流输电线路的建设已经启动。电晕效应是特高压输电线路设计中所考虑的关键问题之一,海拔对直流导线电晕影响规律是特高压直流输电线路设计的依据。本文利用大电晕笼和型号为630/45的钢芯铝绞线为试验模型,分别在低海拔和高海拔两个试验基地进行试验。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to