Premixed jet flame characteristics of syngas using OH planar laser induced fluorescence

Lean premixed flame characteristics of several typical low calorific value (LCV) syngases (basis CO/H2/CH4/CO2/N2),including bituminous coal,wood residue,corn core,and wheat straw gasification syngas,were investigated using OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology.OH radical distributions within the turbulent flame were measured for different turbulence intensities.Flame structures of syngases were analyzed and characterized with respect to burnt and unburnt regions,flame curvature (sharp cusp...     

基于OH-PLIF技术的合成气燃烧速度

为了解合成气燃烧特性,采用高精度光学测量技术PLIF,研究了不同生物质气化合成气在不同当量比下的燃烧火焰结构、OH基浓度以及火焰传播速度。采用CHEMKIN软件模拟计算了相同工况下合成气火焰传播速度,对引起温度变化和OH基浓度变化的原因进行了化学动力学分析。研究结果表明,合成气中CO含量的增加会使火焰整体结构变小,但对内焰影响程度不大,而H2含量的增加会增大火焰的传播速度。合成气燃烧过程中主要影响OH基生成的是R36:CO+OH=CO_2+H、R43:H+O2+M=HO_2+M和R45:H+HO_2=2OH这3个基元反应。     

Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen turbulent lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) method with 16 steps detailed chemical kinetics was applied to a lifted turbulent jet flame with H2/N2 fuel issuing into a wide hot coflow of lean combustion products,at temperature of 1045 K and low oxygen concentrations. The chemical reactions were handled by the library function of CHEMKIN which was called by the main program in every time step. Parallel com-putational technology based on message passing interface method (MPI) was used in the simulation. All the cases were run by 12 CPUs on a high performance computer system. Faver-averaged DNS re-sults were obtained by long time averaging the transient profile and compared with the experimental data. The roll-up and evolution of the vortices in jet flame were well captured. The vortices in the same rotating direction attracted each other and those in different rotating directions repulsed each other. Through complex interactions between vortices,the original symmetrical vortex structure could be converted into nonsymmetrical and more complex structures by combination,distortion and splitting of the vortices. The transient profiles of H,OH and H2O mass fraction at 5.76 ms showed the flame structure in jet flame,especially the autoignition regions clearly. The lift-off height was about 9 d―11 d,in agreement with the experimental observation. At the corner point of the flame sheet indicated by OH and H profiles,the combustion was always enhanced by the flame curvature and extended resident time. The profiles of turbulence intensities show that the flames were diffused from the original two outside flame sheets into the core. The DNS results can be considered in developing more accurate and more universal turbulence models.     

Reaction zone characterization of counter-flow diffusion flame with diluted and preheated reactants

Reaction zone characteristics were studied using hydroxy radical planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) technique for a counter-flow preheated (CH₄+N₂)/(Air+N₂) diluted diffusion flames. The effects of preheat temperature and dilute ratio on the reaction zone characteristics were investigated by demonstrating the OH intensity distribution and reaction zone thickness from OH-PLIF images. Under the experimental conditions of constant cold flow velocity, the results show that the OH intensity and reaction zone thickness decrease with the increase of dilute ratio at constant preheat temperature and increase with preheat temperature at fixed dilute ratio. The OH maximum intensity shifts towards the "lean" side of counter flow at constant preheat temperature, and it shifts towards the fuel side with the increase of dilute ratio of fuel stream and towards the oxidizer side with the increase of dilute ratio of oxidizer stream respectively. The feasibility of OH as a reaction zone marker in this diluted combustion is verified further. The variation of diffusion and chemical reaction rate of reactants due to preheat and dilution contributes to the reaction zone characteristics simultaneously. The effect of strain on the flame reaction zone should be included in the future work.     

高灰熔点煤气化特性的实验研究

研究高灰熔点煤气化特性,以水煤浆为气化原料,在沉降炉内进行了我国典型高灰熔点煤老矿中煤气化反应的实验研究.考察了气化温度和O/C摩尔比对合成气组分、碳转化率和冷煤气效率的影响.结果表明,在相同O/C摩尔比条件下,有效合成气体积分数、碳转化率及冷煤气效率随气化温度的升高而升高.在气化温度相同的条件下,随着O/C摩尔比的增加,CO2的体积分数和碳转化率随之增大,而冷煤气效率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.在实验条件下,老矿中煤的最佳O/C摩尔比为0.90~1.05.     

Systematic method of applying ANN for chemical kinetics reduction in turbulent premixed combustion modeling

A novel method to apply artificial neural network (ANN) for both chemical kinetics reduction and source term evaluation is introduced and tested in direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) of reactive flows. To gather turbulence affected flame data for ANN training, a new computation-economical method, called 1D pseudo-velocity disturbed flame (PVDF), is developed and used to generate thermo-chemical states independent of the modeled flame. Then a back-propagation ANN is trained using scaled conjugate gradient algorithm to memorize the sample states with reduced orders. The new method is employed in DNS and LES modeling of H₂/air and C₃H₈/air premixed flames experiencing various levels of turbulence. The test result shows that compared to traditional computation with full mechanism and direct integration, this method can obtain quite large speed-ups with adequate prediction accuracy.     

大枣多糖的提取与抗活性氧研究

为了分析大枣多糖对各类活性氧的清除能力,建立了热水提取-乙醇沉淀-氯仿、正丁醇去蛋白的工艺以提取大枣多糖(JPS),并作了糖的含量测定.用化学发光分析法分别测定提取的JPS对全血化学发光法中的全血白细胞呼吸爆发中产生的活性氧(H2O2、O2(-·)、·OH)、连苯三酚自氧化法产生的O2(-·)(超氧阴离子自由基)、抗坏血酸-Cu2+-H2O2体系产生的·OH(羟氧自由基)以及H2O2-鲁米诺发光体系中的H2O2的清除作用.结果:大枣多糖的得率为0.848%,总糖含量为37.7% .测定JPS清除·OH、O2(-·)、H2O2、白细胞呼吸爆发中产生的氧自由基活性的AOV值分别为109.48、9057.9 、312.01、5.204.结论:JPS具有清除氧自由基的作用,其活性大小与多糖的用量呈正相关.在全血生理环境下,对全血化学发光中活性氧的清除能力最强.     

湿度变化对双旋流合成气非预混燃烧特性的影响

利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)、高温细丝热电偶及红外气体分析仪对不同空气湿度下的双旋流合成气非预混燃烧流场进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,随着空气湿度的增加,合成气火焰的基本形态已经发生很大变化,燃烧室中心轴线处OH自由基浓度越来越低,荧光信号强度明显变弱,火焰根部逐渐出现W型分布特征,燃烧室排气温度缓慢下降;当空气加湿量φ(空气中水蒸气体积与干空气体积之比)为0~30%时,CO排放量变化不大,但是当φ=40%时CO排放迅速增加,而当φ=50%时,CO排放已经不稳定,燃烧振荡,容易熄火.此外,NOx排放随着φ增加下降明显,但是当φ20%时,NOx排放的下降趋势会变慢,继续增加水蒸气对NOx排放的影响不大.     

UV/H2O2作用下冰中苯酚的光转化及其与羟基自由基的关系

在UV和H₂O₂作用下考察pH值、 光强、 H₂O₂初始浓度和无机离子等对冰中苯酚光解的影响, 并利用二甲基亚砜（DMSO）捕获体系中生成的
羟基自由基（·OH）研究·OH对冰中苯酚光解的影响. 实验结果表明: H₂O₂可显著促进冰中产生·OH及苯酚光解; 改变光强、 pH值和H₂O₂的初始浓度, 苯酚的光解率随体系中·OH浓度的增加而增大; 加入NO^-₂和NO^-₃可抑制体系中产生·OH及苯酚光解; 加入SO^2-₄不影响体系中·OH的产生及苯酚光解; 加入CO^2-₃和HCO^-₃可抑制体系中产生·OH, 但对苯酚光解影响较小, 这是由于体系中产生了其他自由基所致.     

燃料对高磷鲕状赤铁矿气化脱磷的影响

以酒泉烟煤、阳泉无烟煤、焦煤混合物和木炭作为燃料,在900℃下模拟烧结预热层进行焙烧,研究燃料种类和用量对气化脱磷的影响。结果表明：由于不同煤和木炭的挥发分不同,对于气化脱磷的影响不同,在配碳量为4％时,挥发分最高的烟煤脱磷效果最好。     

Investigation of the cross-reaction mechanism of C<Subscript>6</Subscript>H<Subscript>5</Subscript>F-HNO<Subscript>2</Subscript> aqueous solution irradiated at 355 nm by transient absorbance spectrum technique

The transient absorption spectrum technique was employed to investigate the cross-reaction mechanism of C6H5F-HNO2 aqueous solution irradiated at 355 nm. The characteristic and the kinetic parameters of transient species were also detected. Hydroxyl radical derived from the photolysis of HNO2 was added to monofluorobenzene with a second-order rate constant of （5.83±0.17）×10^9 L·mol^-1·s^-1 to form an adduct, C6H5F…OH, which was able to react with HNO2 as the main reaction pathway with a rate constant of （8.3±0.1）×10^7 L·mol^-1·s^-1. The C6F6…OH adduct can also be decayed by elimination of H2O to yield monofluorophenyl radical C6H4F-. By GC-MS technique, the final products were identified to be monofluorophenol, nitro-monofluorobenzene, nitro-monofluorophenol and para-fluorobiphenyl.     

Investigation of the ozone formation potential for ethanol using a smog chamber

The ozone formation reactivity of ethanol has been studied using chamber experiments and model simulations. The computer simulations are based on the MCM v3.1 mechanism with chamber-dependent auxiliary reactions. Results show that the MCM mechanism can well simulate C 2 H 5 OH-NO x chamber experiments in our experimental conditions, especially on ozone formation. C 2 H 5 OH-NO x irradiations are less sensitive to relative humidity than alkane species under our experimental conditions. In order to well simulate the experiments under high relative humidity conditions, inclusion of N 2 O 5 +H 2 O=2HNO 3 in the MCM mechanism is necessary. Under C 2 H 5 OH-limited conditions, the C 2 H 5 OH/NO x ratio shows a positive effect on d(O 3 -NO)/dt and RO 2 +HO 2 . High C 2 H 5 OH/NO x ratios enhance the production of organoperoxide radical and HO 2 radical concentrations, which leads to a much quicker accumulation of ozone. By using ozone isopleths under typical scenarios conditions, the actual ozone formation ability of ethanol is predicted to be 2.3-3.5 part per billion (ppb) in normal cities, 3.5-146 ppb in cities where ethanol gas are widely used, and 0.2-3.2 ppb in remote areas. And maximum ozone formation potential from ethanol is predicted to be 4.0-5.8 ppb in normal cities, 5.8-305 ppb in cities using ethanol gas, and 0.2-3.8 ppb in remote areas.     

Preparation of graphene and TiO2 layer by layer composite with highly photocatalytic efficiency

A process for fabricating graphene and TiO₂ layer by layer composite was introduced to improve the photocatalytic activity by controlling the layers, thickness and the mass ratio between graphene and TiO₂. The graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from natural graphite powder by the modified Hummers method. Large-area uniform GO and TiO₂ thin films were made by a spin-coating process in turn. After exposure of the TiO₂/GO multilayer film to UV light irradiation which allows the reduction of GO to graphene, a novel photocatalytic structure as graphene and TiO₂ layer by layer composite was synthesized. The cross-sectional SEM image showed that a clear layer by layer microstructure with a single layer thickness of graphene or TiO₂ was in the range of about 50 nm. The total thickness of the film was around 5 μm which was varied according to the layer number of spin coating process. Raman spectra revealed that significant structural changes occurred through UV light irradiation. Photodegradation for methylene blue (MB) exhibited that the layer by layer composite is of higher photocatalytic activity than the pure TiO₂ layer.     

The effects of coal blending on the formation and properties of particulate matter during combustion

The control of particulate matter (PM) emissions from coal combustion becomes an urgent work due to their adverse effects on human health. Coal blending is a promising option for submicron particulate (PM1) reduction. This study addressed the effects of coal blending on the formation and properties of particulate matter in combustion process. Coal blends from lignite and bituminous coal, with different blend ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 1:9), were combusted in a drop tube furnace. The mass size distribution, concentration, elemental composition and morphology of the particulate matter generated under O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ conditions were characterized. Particulate matter was collected by a low pressure impactor (LPI), which aerodynamically segregated particulates into thirteen fractions with sizes ranging from 0.03 to 9.8 μm. The results showed that coal blending reduced PM1 generation, compared with the calculated average values from the combustion of constituent coals. This indicated that the mineral interactions had a great effect on PM₁ reduction. The blend ratio also played an important role in the suppression of PM1 generation. In this experimental study, PM1 generation suffered a maximum suppression at the blend ratio of 7:3. The O₂/CO₂ atmosphere affected the formation and properties of the PM1 during coal blends combustion. Compared with the O₂/N₂ combustion, the interaction of minerals was weakened under O2/CO2 combustion, thus the suppression of PM₁ generation decreased after coal blending. Compared with the calculated values, the concentrations and percentages of Ca, Fe in PM₁ decreased, but the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Si and Al in coarse particulates (PM₁₀₊) increased after coal blends combustion. The interactions between the aluminosilicates in the bituminous coal and volatile elements Ca, Fe in the lignite were thought to contribute to the suppression of PM₁ generation during the com-bustion of coal blends.     

Effect of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O on gasification dissolution and deep reaction of coke

To more comprehensively analyze the effect of CO₂ and H₂O on the gasification dissolution reaction and deep reaction of coke, the reactions of coke with CO₂ and H₂O using high temperature gas-solid reaction apparatus over the range of 950-1250℃ were studied, and the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses were also performed. The results show that the average reaction rate of coke with H₂O is about 1.3-6.5 times that with CO₂ in the experimental temperature range. At the same temperature, the endothermic effect of coke with H₂O is less than that with CO₂. As the pressure increases, the gasification dissolution reaction of coke shifts to the high-temperature zone. The use of hydrogen-rich fuels is conducive to decreasing the energy consumed inside the blast furnace, and a corresponding high-pressure operation will help to suppress the gasification dissolution reaction of coke and reduce its deterioration. The interfacial chemical reaction is the main rate-limiting step over the experimental temperature range. The activation energies of the reaction of coke with CO₂ and H₂O are 169.23 kJ·mol-1 and 87.13 kJ·mol-1, respectively. Additionally, water vapor is more likely to diffuse into the coke interior at a lower temperature and thus aggravates the deterioration of coke in the middle upper part of blast furnace.     

谷氨酸柱撑类水滑石的合成及其生长机制

 以MgCl₂·6H₂O,AlCl₃·6H₂O、谷氨酸为原料,NaOH为沉淀剂,采用乙二醇－水热法合成了六方状谷氨酸柱撑类水滑石,样品采用XRD、SEM、TG－DAT、红外、N2吸附－解吸的表征进行了物相、晶体形貌结构、热分析和比表面分析,结果表明采用乙二醇-水热法可获得晶形好、板层结构显著的谷氨酸柱撑类水滑石。文章运用负离子配位多面体生长模型讨论了谷氨酸柱撑类水滑石生长形态及其生长机制,结果发现谷氨酸柱撑类水滑石生长机制符合该模型机制,其生长形态为生长基元先叠合为金属板层,然后板层再吸附谷氨酸根及H2O组成规整的层状结构化合物,乙二醇在其中起了重要的“桥连”作用。     

基于化学动力学疗法的联合治疗在肿瘤中的研究进展

由于肿瘤微环境(TME)的复杂性,单一的治疗策略难以有效地消除肿瘤,因此需要多种方法以克服单一治疗策略的缺陷.化学动力学疗法(CDT)是一种新兴的癌症治疗策略,通过芬顿或类芬顿反应,将内源性过氧化氢(H₂O₂)转化为羟基自由基(·OH)杀死癌细胞.该治疗方法因其侵袭性小、肿瘤特异性高而受到广泛研究.但是,温和的酸性pH值、低H₂O₂含量,以及TME中过表达的还原物质严重抑制了CDT效率.因此,基于CDT的联合治疗策略得到了广泛的发展.文章对近年来CDT联合治疗策略进行了概述,并对其进行了展望.     

利用OH自由基发射光谱测量氧炔焰燃烧温度

利用OH自由基A-X电子带系的发射光谱来测量氧炔焰的燃烧温度。以双原子自由基能级结构和分子光谱理论为基础,通过确定OH自由基不同振转能级的布居数及Einstein跃迁几率等参数,得到了任意转动温度、振动温度和展宽条件下的谱线强度分布。进行发射光谱实验,测量了氧炔焰中不同火焰高度的OH自由基的发射光谱。通过理论光谱和实验数据的对比分析发现,不同振动带系的谱支强度分别表征了粒子的转动温度和振动温度,并由此最终确定了氧炔焰不同火焰高度的燃烧温度分别为3 125K和3 380K。     

蒸汽煤比对湍动循环流化床煤气化的影响

以空气和水蒸气为气化剂,在压力为0.3 MPa的湍动循环流化床热态实验台上对淮北烟煤进行了煤气化试验,研究了蒸汽煤比(质量比)对气化过程的影响.气化炉提升段具有下宽上窄的特点,床料采用宽筛分石英砂.气化试验过程中,实现了提升段下部湍动流化、上部环核流动.试验结果表明:随着蒸汽煤比的增加,煤气中CH4体积分数基本保持不变,CO体积分数从13.12%下降到11.98%,H2体积分数从初始12.3%增加到14.63%而后下降至14.19%,CO2体积分数从13.84%下降至12.94%后,略微上升至13.06%.蒸汽煤比的变化对干煤气产率、冷煤气效率及碳转化率都有影响,其最大值分别为2.89 m3/kg, 59%, 81%.     

The influence of the nonmagnetic metal spacer Bi, Ag and Cu on the properties of the multilayer films

When a ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) bilayer is field-cooled below the Neel temperature (TN) of the AF layer, a unidirectional anisotropy is induced in the FM. Exchange bias is one of the phenomena as- sociated with the exchange anisotorpy cr…