2007年冬季西伯利亚高压季节内变化对云南气温的影响

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中风场、温度场、气压场和位势高度场资料,以及云南96个站点的气温资料,分析2007年冬季西伯利亚高压的季节内变化特征,及对云南2007年冬季气温的影响.结果表明:2007年冬季云南平均气温和西伯利亚高压均具有显著的10～20 d和30～60 d振荡特征.冬季的4次强降温过程主要受云南平均气温10～20 d振荡的控制,而其30～60 d振荡则是提供大的背景场.2007年冬季,云南平均气温与西伯利亚高压存在超过95%显著性检验的滞后负相关关系,其中滞后18 d左右时负相关值最大.分析4次强降温过程前期的大气环流背景可知,当西伯利亚高压30～60 d振荡处于负位相时,大气10～20 d振荡环流表现出西伯利亚高压发展、盛期、南压和减弱4个时期,后期云南的降温受高压盛期和南压的影响大;而当西伯利亚高压处于30～60 d振荡的正位相时,大气10～20 d振荡环流特征表现为阻塞高压持续维持、冷空气持续向南传播的特征,导致后期云南降温持续时间久,降温幅度大.可见,影响云南地区冷空气的强弱不仅与西伯利亚高压30～60 d振荡有关,与10～20 d振荡也有直接的关系.     

我国极端温度事件的定义和趋势分析

 利用1961-2005年45 a中国日平均温度的站点资料和累积频率的统计方法,确定了以90%（10%）累积频率为标准的日、旬、月和季四种不同时间尺度的极端高（低）温事件的阈值。分析表明,日尺度阈值（简称“日阈值”）用于检测极端高（低）温事件最为合理。但在日阈值的季节变化中包含系统性的天气扰动,因此需对其进行低通滤波,滤去8日以下的波动,最终可得到较为合理的检测极端温度事件的日阈值。对用日阈值检测出的全国极端温度事件,定义频数（日平均温度等于或超过高阈值的次数）和平均强度（极端温度事件的日平均温度总和与频数的比值）两个参数进行分析,发现频数的线性趋势表现为：高温事件（大于等于高阈值）中,内蒙古和新疆北部均为大趋势区,而西南地区为小趋势区,低温事件（小于等于低阈值）则相反,趋势显著的地区为高温事件中的东北、华北和青藏高原一带。平均强度的线性趋势表现为：高温事件中,我国东北地区为负趋势的大值区,云南西北部和海南省大部分地区为正趋势的大值区。低温事件则相反,趋势显著区则为高、低温事件中25°N的以南地区。     

龙口自动站与人工站观测气温的对比分析

 利用龙口市国家基准气候站2008年自动站与人工站的气温平行观测资料,对比分析了自动站与人工观测的气温差异特征,探讨了差异与气象要素之间的关系.结果表明:①自动站观测气温基本高于人工观测气温;夏半年的差异较大,冬季差异最小;白天的差异较大,夜间的差异较小.②测温元器件的器差(系统偏差)与观测时间的不一致性是存在差异的主要原因.③气温较低时对比差异较小,气温较高时差异较大;当日平均气温在0~10℃时对比差异随温度的升高显著增大;随着风速的增大气温对比差值呈显著的减小趋势;云量及降水量与气温对比差的关系不显著.     

Fluorescence Determination of Artemisinin Using Hemoglobin as Catalyst and Pyronine B as Substrate

0 IntroductionMaalnadria siusb atr ompajicosr .he aAltrthe pmrisoibnlienmi (n qtihneghtraoopsiucs,QHS,Fig.1) is a sesquiterpene endoperoxide isola-ted fromArtemisia annuaL., an ancient Chineseherbal medicine usedfor treatment of fever and ma-laria.Studies of the structure and activity relation-ship have shownthat endoperoxide groupis essentialfor anti malarial activity of QHS and absence of thismoiety lead to completely loss in activity of thedrug. Many techniques have been developed to de…     

Thermal expansion in lead zirconate titanate

The volume anomalies with temperature variations in tin-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics are investigated. Experimental results show that the volume changes are related to the phase transitions induced with temperature. The magnitude and orientation of crystal volume changes are dependent on the particular phase transition. When antiferroelectrics is transformed to ferroelectrics or paraelectrics the volume expands. Oppositely when ferroelectrics is transformed to antiferroelectrics or paraelectrics the volume contracts. In the transition of antiferroelectric orthorhombic structure to tetragonal structure or ferroelectric low-temperature rhombohedral structure to high-temperature rhombohedral structure, there are also revealed apparent anomalies in the curves of thermal expansion. Among them, the volume strain caused by the transition between antiferroelectrics and ferroelectrics is the biggest in magnitude, and the linear expansion dL/L₀ and the expansion coefficient (dL/L ₀)/dT can reach 2.8 × 10⁻³ and 7.5 × 10⁻⁴ K⁻¹ respectively.     

Preconcentration of vanadium(V) on crosslinked chitosan and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method is proposed for the preconcentration of vanadium(V) with crosslinked chitosan (CCTS) and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The adsorption rate of vanadium(V) by CCTS was 97% at pH 4.0, and vanadium(V) was eluted from crosslinked chitosan with 2 mL 2.0 mol·L⁻¹ chlorhydric acid and determined by GFAAS. The detection limit (3σ,n=7) for vanadium (V) was 4.8×10⁻¹²g and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) at concentration level of 2.6 μg·L⁻¹ is less than 3.6%. The method shows a good selectivity and high sensity, and it was applied to determination of vanadium(V) in oyster and water samples. The analytic recoveries are (97±5)%. Biography: Wu Wei (1975-), female, Master candidate, research direction: environmental & analytical chemistry.     

A reconnaissance of Cu isotopic compositions of hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit Jinman,Yunnan, China

The Jinman deposit is a low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit, which occurs along faults and fractures within Middle Jurassic sandstone and mudstone units of the Lanping-Simao Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of Yunnan Province. In this note, we report for the first time the Cu isotopic compositions of Cu-sulfides from the Jinman deposit. The data show large variations and low δ⁶⁵Cu values of -3.70‰ to +0.30‰, which are in sharp contrast to the δ⁶⁵Cu values of high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal copper deposits (-0.62‰ to +0.40‰) and the modern ocean-floor massive sulfide deposits (-0.48‰ to +1.15‰). It is suggested that the Cu isotope fractionation at Jinman is affected mainly by the following factors, i.e. a low temperature of ore formation (150—286℃); a sedimentary source for ore materials; various stages of ore deposition; and involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming processes.     

Influence of isothermal aging on σ precipitation in super duplex stainless steel

The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve of the 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N duplex stainless steel was obtained with a Formastor-digital thermal dilatometer, and the influence of isothermal aging on σ precipitation was studied by metallographic observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the decomposition of ferrite phase is accompanied by the formation of σ phase at 750–1000℃, especially in the range of 800–900℃. The longer the aging time, the higher the amount of σ precipitation. The area fraction of various phases remains at a certain value upon the completion of ferrite deformation. The temperature of 850℃ is the most sensitive transaction temperature, the incubation time for the formation of σ precipitation is less than 1 min, and aging for 20 min leads to the complete transformation of ferrite. The σ phase is formed preferentially at the α/α/γ junction, and then grows along the α/α boundary in the matrix.     

Application of Nanometer-Size Titanium Dioxide in Extreme-Trace V（Ⅴ） Analysis

0Introduction Vanadiumplaysanimportantroleinmodernindustry,es peciallyinsteelandchemicalindustry.Forinstance,itscompoundsarewidelyappliedintheproceduresofvitrioland petroleumchemicalmanufactureascatalyzers[14].Vanadium hasseveralvalences,butgenerallyitslowvalencesturnintohighoneseasilyinenvironment[5].BecauseV(Ⅴ)isthemost stableandpoisonousone,weoftenlayemphasisonitinenvi ronmentalpollutioncontrol.Vanadiumexistsinenvironmentalwaterwithextremelylowconcentration.Inseawateritscontentislessthan…     

Evaluation of energy transfer and utilization efficiency of azo dye removal by different pulsed electrical discharge modes

The degradation of an azo dye, acid orange 7 （AO7）, caused by different high voltage pulsed electrical discharge modes （spark, streamer and corona discharge） induced by the various initial conductivities was investigated. A new type of pulsed high voltage source with thyratron switch and Blumlein pulse forming net （BPFN） was used. The typical discharge waveforms of voltage, current, power, pulse energy and the pictures of spark, streamer and corona discharge modes were presented. The results indicated that pulsed electrical discharges led to complete decolorization and substantial decrease of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the dye solution. The main intermediate products were monitored by GC-MS. The discharge modes changed from spark to streamer and to corona discharge, and the streamer length decreased with the liquid conductivity increasing. At a constant input power, the peak voltage, peak current, peak power and energy per pulse of the three discharge modes ranked in the following order： spark 〉 streamer 〉 corona. The effective energy transfer efficiency of AO7 removal was higher for spark discharge （57.2%） than for streamer discharge （40.4%） and corona discharge （27.6%）. Moreover, the energy utilization efficiency of AO7 removal for spark discharge was 1.035×10^9 mol/J, and for streamer and corona discharge they were 0.646×10^-8 and 0.589×10^-8 mol/J. Both the energy transfer efficiency and the energy utilization efficiency of spark discharge were the highest.     

Isotope effect of the stereodynamics in the reactions F+HCl→HF+Cl and F+DCl→DF+Cl

Using a new ground-state ab initio potential energy surface reported by Deskevich et al., the product polarizations in the reactions F+HCl→HF+Cl and F+DCl→DF+Cl were studied by employing the quasi-classical trajectory method. At a collision energy of 10 kcal/mol, the four generalized polarization-dependent differential cross-sections (2π/σ)(dσ₀₀/dω _t ), (2π/σ)(dσ₂₀/dω _t ), (2π/σ)(dσ₂₂₊/dω _t ) and (2π/σ)(dσ₂₁₋/dω _t ) were calculated in the center-of-mass frame. The distribution of the angle between k and j′, P(θ _r ), the distribution of the dihedral angle denoting the k-k′-j′ correlation, P(φ _r ), and the angular distribution of the product rotational vectors in the form of polar plots P(θ _r , φ _r ) were also calculated. The evident influence of isotope substitution on the product polarization is revealed. This effect may result from the different mass factors of the two reactions.     

Speculation on the timing and nature of Late Pleistocene hunter－gatherer colonization of the Tibetan Plateau

1 Human biogeography on the edge The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau occupies nearly 1.25 million km2 of the Asian continent and reaches an average elevation of more than 4000 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). In addition to playing a critical role in global climate systems[1,2], the plateau is distinguished as the largest continuous high elevation ecosystem on the planet. This harsh, barren Fig. 1. Map of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (left) and an elevation cross-section from the Badanjaran Desert in the n…     

降水极值的非平稳性特征及其重现期研究--以福建省为例?

变化环境下降水序列具有普遍的非平稳性.为深入探究降水极值的非平稳特征及其对极端降水重现期的影响,本文以福建省22个站点为例,针对表征降水序列非平稳特征的2个重要变量均值和方差,利用经验模态分解法(EMD)、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了1960—2012年前汛期、后汛期降水极值序列非平稳特征;运用贡献分析法分析降水极值序列均值和方差变化对非平稳的降水极值确定性趋势的增量贡献;构建非平稳模型,基于均值、方差趋势探讨极端降水的重现期变化特征.结果表明:1)福建省前、后汛期降水极值序列非平稳性较强,前汛期闽西、闽北、闽中方差增加显著,部分站点方差变化对降水极值确定性趋势的增量贡献较大;后汛期全省降水极值均值普遍呈现增加趋势,对降水极值的确定性趋势起主导作用.2)福建省前汛期极端降水趋势增大的站点位于闽北地区,因为降水序列方差的线性增加趋势导致极端降水量显著增加;后汛期极端降水趋势增大的站点位于闽西和闽南2个区域,其中多数站点因为均值的增加趋势导致极端降水量增加,但是增加幅度平缓.3)降水序列方差的改变更加显著地影响了极端降水重现风险,变化环境下极端降水趋势和风险研究需充分考虑降水序列的非平稳性.     

Temperature dependence of densities of Sb and Bi melts

The densities of Sb and Bi melts were investigated by an improved Archimedean method. The results show that the density of the Sb melt decreases linearly with increasing temperature,but the density of the Bi melt firstly increases and then decreases as the temperature increases. There is a maximum density value of 10.002 g/cm3 at 310 ℃ ,about 39℃ above the melting point. The temperature depend-ence of the Sb melt is well fitted with the expression ρ =6.8590-5.8105×10-4T,and that of the Bi melt is fitted with ρ =10.3312-1.18×10-3T. The results were discussed from a microstructure viewpoint.     

The test freezing temperature of C2―C6 dicarboxylic acid: The important indicator for ice nucleation processes

The importance of organic compounds as significant constituents of atmospheric aerosols, and cloud condensation nuclei （CCN）, as well as players influencing the tropospheric oxidation and atmospheric energy budget, have been increasingly recognized. Low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids （LMW-DCAs） are significant identified portions of atmospheric condensed matter including aerosols, fog and clouds. Besides the photochemical transformation of DCA, the implication of organic matter in ice nucleation processes has been considered. In this study, we investigated the freezing temperature of pure and mixed （C2-C6） DCA solutions in ultra-pure water and tap water solution droplets using a freezing nucleus counter at different pH, and in different water ionic conditions. The mean freezing temperature of different mixture of LMW-DCA in ultra-pure and tap water solution droplets ranged from -24.1±2.8 to -21.3±3.9℃ and -10.2±2.2 to -9.5±2.2℃, respectively. The mean freezing temperature of the control （ultra-pure and tap） water droplets （-22.6±3.5℃, 11.2±2.4℃） was also measured. The results, and their implications in atmospheric chemistry and physics of the atmosphere will be discussed.     

Trend, seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing

The concentration of atmospheric CO₂ in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7% · a⁻¹ from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) μmol · mol⁻¹ in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO₂ source and increasing biotic CO₂ sink contribute to the drop of CO₂ concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) μmol · mol⁻¹, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) μmol·mol⁻¹. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO₂ concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO₂ concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO₂ concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 μmol·mol⁻¹. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO₂, whereas the interannual variation of CO₂ concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO₂ in a less degree.     

Precipitation variability in central Himalayas and its relation to Northern Hemisphere temperature

Agriculture, industry and hydroelectric power in south Asia are heavily dependent on the performance of the summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall, which provides 75—90% of the annual rainwater over most parts of the area. A weak monsoon year generally corresponds to low crop yields. And strong monsoon usually produces abundant crops, although too much rainfall may produce devastating floods. However, modeling efforts to forecast the monsoon have met with only moderate success[1]. Prev…     

Novel high PSRR current reference based on subthreshold MOSFETs

This paper takes full advantages of the I-V transconductance characteristics of metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor （MOSFET） operating in the subthreshold region and the enhancement pre-regulator technique with the high gain negative feedback loop. The proposed reference circuit, designed with the SMIC 0.18 μm standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS） logic process technology, exhibits a stable current of about 1.701 μA with much low temperature coefficient （TC） of 2.5×10^-4μA/℃ in the temperature range of-40 to 150℃ at 1.5 V supply voltage, and also achieves a best PSRR over a broad frequency. The PSRR is about - 126 dB at DC frequency and remains -92 dB at the frequency higher 100 MHz. Moreover the proposed reference circuit operates stably at the supply voltage higher 1.2 V and has good process compatibility.     

Fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane from swamp and impact factors in Sanjiang Plain,China

Incomplete decomposition of organic matter results in the accumulation of the carbon and other nutriments in wetlands. The wetland ecosystem gains a large amount of carbon from atmosphere CO2 by photosynthesis, and it loses much of which back into the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4 emission through the decomposition and respiration. Climate change, such as global warming and reduction of precipitation could drive the wetlands from carbon sink to source[1,2]. Wetland plays an important role in car…     

Observation of small-scale processes over shelf break in the East China Sea

The turbulent dissipation along with temperature and salinity was measured on board R/V Dong Fang Hong 2 over the shelf break of the East China Sea from March 7 to 9, 2004. Applying the Turner angle, it is found that the ＇diffusive＇ double diffusion, salt-fingering, and stable stratification coexist in the upper water column of about 50 m. Below that depth, there exists weak salt-fingering. The turbulent dissipation rates are enhanced along the ray paths of M2 internal tides emanating from the shelf break with values ranging from 1.0×10^-9 W·kg^-1 to 1.2×10^-6 W·kg^-1. The corresponding diapycnal mixing rates are from 1×10^-6 m^2· s^-1 to 1×10^-2 m^2· s^-1. The spatially averaged mixing rate over the whole observation section is 2.3×10^-3 m^2· s^-1, which is much larger than 1×10^-5 m^2·s^-1 of the background diapycnal mixing rate in the open ocean.