Terrestrial heat flow in Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Based on temperature logs of 117 boreholes and thermal conductivity of 119 rock samples, the first group of 35 heat flow data in the Junggar Basin are presented. The thermal gradients vary between 11.6 and 26.5°C/km, and the thermal conductivity changes from 0.17 to 3.6 W/mK. Heat flow ranges from 23.4 to 53.7 mw/m² with a mean of (42.3±7.7) mW/m². The heat flow pattern shows that heat flow is higher in the uplifts and lower in the depressions. The factors affecting the heat flow and its distribution include basin type, basement structure, sediment thickness, radioactive heat generation, etc. The overall low present-day heat flow in the Junggar Basin reflected its tectonothermal evolution characterized by lithospheric thickening, thrust and fault at shallow crust as well as consequently quick subsidence during the Late Cenozoic.     

Geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the china continental scientific drilling

The geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the China Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) indicate that the temperature gradients in the target area of the deep drilling range from 19 to 26℃/km, which is lower than that (25—30℃/km) for the global continental area and similar to that for the KTB (21—28℃/km). Thermal conductivity measurements for 44 core samples show that the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks have 50% higher thermal conductivity (with a mean of 3.94±1.26 W/mK) than that for the average value of the upper crust. The measured heat flow values vary between 76 and 80 mW/m², higher than that for the global continental area (65±1.6 mW/m²) and the continental China (61±15.5 mW/m²) as well as the adjacent North Jiangsu Basin (68 mW/m²), but lower than that below 1000 m in the KTB (85 mW/m²). The elevated heat flow in the pilot-boreholes can be attributed to the lateral heat concentration due to higher rock thermal conductivity of the UHP belt than that of the adjacent rocks. Lower deep temperature in the target area of the deep drilling can be expected due to the lower measured temperature gradient, which means that the Sulu area is geothermally suitable for continental deep drilling.     

Geothermal field and its relation with coalbed methane distribution of the Qinshui Basin

The average geothermal gradient in the Qin-shui Basin, Shanxi Province, North China, estimated from temperature logging data of 20 boreholes is 28.2±1.03℃/km. The thermal conductivities of 39 rock samples are measured and 20 heat flow values are obtained. The estimated heat flow ranges from 44.75 mW7m2 to 101.81 mW/m2, with a mean of 62.69±15.20 mW/m2. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite data, using Ther-model for Windows 2004, reveals that the average paleo-heat flow at the time of maximum burial in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous is 158.41 mW/m2 for the north part, 119.57 mW/m2 for the central part and 169.43 mW/m2for the south part of the basin respectively. The reconstruction of the buried history of the strata indicates that the age for the end of sedimentation and the beginning of erosion for the basin is 108-156 Ma, and that the eroded thickness of the strata is 2603 m in the north, 2291 m in the central, and 2528.9 m in the south of the basin respectively. The "higher in the north and the south, lower in the central" distribution pattern of the paleo-heat flow coincides with the distribution of the coal-bed methane spatially and temporally, which shows that the coal-bed methane is controlled by the paleo-geotem-perature field in the basin.     

Palaeogeothermal response and record of the effusing of Emeishan basalts in the Sichuan basin

Thermal history of the Sichuan basin is reconstructed based on vitrinite reflectance from boreholes in the basin using a paleo-heat flow method.The results show that the Sichuan basin experienced a relatively low heat flow period in the Early Paleozoic,and an elevated paleo-heat flow,ranging 60-80 mW/m2 with a maximum as high as 100 mW/m2 around 259 Ma,from the beginning of the Late Paleozoic to the end of the early Permian,and a decreased paleo-heat flow from the late Permian to the late Triassic,and then ...     

Distribution feature of terrestrial heat flow densities in the Bohai Basin,East China

Temperature logging curves at 8 boreholes and well-testing temperature data at 142 boreholes are used to determine geotemperature gradients in the Bohai Basin. The thermal conductivities of 86 rock samples are measured at laboratory and the effects of porosity and temperature are corrected to obtain conductivities in situ. Terrestrial heat flow densities at 76 wells are determined based on these data. The distribution of the heat flow indicates that the terrestrial heat flow in the Bohai Basin is relatively high with an average value of 65.8 mW/m². This characteristic is caused by the tectonic evolution of the basin. During Cenozoic, the lithosphere stretched intermittently and the crust thinned so that heat conducted from the mantle increased and formed thermal abnormity at depth beneath the basin.     

四川盆地北部热史波动模型的建立和应用

基于四川盆地北部沉积波动的特点,结合该区的实际地质特征,在该区初步建立了热史波动模型,并应用该模型结合镜质体反射率古温标对四川盆地的大地热流史演化进行恢复,同时利用磷灰石裂变径迹数据对模拟结果进行检验.模拟实验结果表明:志留纪至二叠纪大地热流值波动上升,波动幅度不大,热流值总体相对较低(50 mW/m2),此阶段热流值的波动主要是在海西构造运动作用下,地壳抬升或下降造成的;二叠纪至早侏罗世,是本区热流值最高阶段,最高可达56mW/m2,并且持续时间达到35 Ma,之后降低;此后大地热流值随时间波动上升.从热史波动曲线可以看出,这些波动主要是各期构造运动作用造成地层的抬升剥蚀而形成的.波动热史模型模拟的结果为该区成藏演化史研究奠定了基础.     

中国EGS示范工程靶区选址与指标矩阵评价

 选择理想靶区建立中国第一个EGS 示范工程,在中国节能减排及应对全球气候变化过程中具有重大的战略意义。根据全国大地热流图、居里面深度图、新构造运动图、酸性岩体分布图,通过剖面分析,将中国EGS 靶区分为板块构造活动、近代火山、沉积盆地和酸性岩体分布4 种类型,分析了各类型干热岩靶区的产热特征。遴选了10 个靶区通过建立指标体系进行EGS 示范工程选址指标分析,指标包括大地热流、热储岩性、覆盖层厚度、居里面深度、地应力(构造历史)、放射性生热率、地温梯度、区域经济8 个指标,在对指标分析打分的基础上最终确定羊八井、阳江、漳州、福州等为中国EGS 潜在靶区。通过典型地区的热结构剖面分析说明了评价结果的合理性。     

The deep thermal characteristic of continental margin of the northern South China Sea

Heat flow plays an important role in the study of thermal structure and thermal evolution of continental margin of the northern South China Sea. The analysis of heat flow value shows that margin heat flow in the northern South China Sea is relatively high setting, but the percentage of crustal heat flow is lower than 35% in terrestrial heat flow. The terrestrial heat flow exhibited a current of rise from the Northern Continental Margin to the Southern Central Basin. However, the proportion of crustal heat flow in terrestrial heat flow slowly dropped down in the same direction. It is suggested that the main factor causing high heat flow setting is the moving up of hot material from asthenosphere.     

Geothermal field and thermotectonic evolution in Southern South Yellow Sea Basin

Based on the available borehole temperature data and measurements of thermal conductivities on 10 core samples in the Southern South Yellow Sea Basin, 8 heat flow values are obtained. The results show that the mean values of temperature gradient and heat flow are 28.6“C/km and 69 mW/m^2, respectivdy. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite reflectance data, using the temperature-gradient method, indicates that the highest paleo-heat flow occurred at the end of the Mesozoic, and then the barn began to cool to present day. Tectonic subsidence analysis shows that the basin experienced at least four episodes of quick subsidence since the late Paleozoic and that the tectonic evolution was quite strong and complex.     

小流域中-低频泥石流与山洪输沙比例的讨论:以金沙江支流海子沟为例

泥石流山洪输沙比是工程防治设计的重要参数。本文以金沙江支流海子沟为例,调访了近115a的泥石流活动历史,查明了1996年一次最大规模泥石流运动参数,采用雨洪法计算了不同的泥石流发生频率下泥石流的流量、总量。通过对1899年至今海子沟堰塞坝泥沙淤积的测定,得出海子沟流域每年泥沙淤积量为1.23×10~5 m~3,总输沙量为1.42×107 m~3,流域平均剥蚀速率为1.5mm/a。由不同泥石流频率下海子沟泥石流的固体物质总量,计算出自1963年以来海子沟泥石流输沙量为1.67×10~6 m~3,而此期间山洪泥石流的总输沙量为6.65×10~6 m~3,由此确定海子沟泥石流的输沙量占山洪泥石流输沙总量的25%。而官坝河泥石流、白龙江流域泥石流、蒋家沟泥石流输沙量分别占总输沙量的29.5%、62.9%、99%,泥石流输沙量随着泥石流频率的增加而增加。高频率泥石流工程拦挡仅考虑泥石流输沙量;类似白龙江流域松散固体物质丰富的半干旱气候区泥石流防治拦挡工程需考虑山洪输沙量;而类似官坝河、海子沟中等频率的泥石流沟,需更多考虑山洪输沙量。     

高超声速流动中双尺度湍流模式的应用

论文研究了双尺度湍流模式,并对其在壁面附的近长度尺度进行了修正,选择四个基准流动－超声速和高超声速二维压缩拐角,锥柱裙组合体绕流和斜激波／平板湍流边界层干扰－进行了数据计算,数值计算和实验结果的比较表明修正双尺度湍流模式对流动分离,摩阻和热流的计算具有更好的效果。     

汝城干热岩地热资源研究

 汝城热水镇出露98℃天然热泉,该地区深部干热岩地热资源相当可观。通过大量钻孔地温测量和大地热流测试等勘探工作,评估了该地区干热岩地热资源的基本情况。勘探结果表明,研究区内平均地温增温梯度为18.7℃/100 m,最高值达35.2℃/100 m,主要高温钻孔的大地热流量介于60~170 MW/m²,地热资源较为可观。该地热田的热源来自深部岩浆余热,热储主要是F₁、F₃断裂带上盘及其他次级断层派生的密集裂隙系统。区内热水河以东花岗岩体为浅部水热热储盖层;热水河以西震旦系的板岩为深部热源盖层。模拟结果表明,研究区地热田热储层下底面温度为260℃,热储层上顶面温度为255℃,热储层以上厚度为3500~4000 m。汝城地区热储埋藏深度较浅,热储温度较高,是较好的干热岩开发靶区。     

Determination of palaeotemperature and palaeogeothermal gradient in Qinshui basin

Based on the analysis of the data obtained by various palaeotemperature methods, the palaeotemper ature and palaeogeothermal gradient in the well Qincan No. 1 of Qinshui basin were determined. Both the palaeogeother mal gradient (47.3－61.0℃/km) and palaeoheat flow (82－106 mW/m2) were much higher than those measured for present. Determination of high palaeogeothermsl gradient and heat flow show that there was a tectonic-thermal event in Qinshui basin that occurred during the time from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.     

天然蛋白质水凝胶鸡蛋清和蛋黄脱水过程的热分析研究

利用同步热分析仪,测量了恒温条件下,蛋清和蛋黄水凝胶的热流J、质量m、温度T随时间t的变化.结果表明,蛋清和蛋黄的起始J较大,随t首先快速减小,再上升,然后先缓慢、后快速、再缓慢下降,最后基本上逐渐趋于0.而m随t先快速减小,然后缓慢减小,最后基本上逐渐趋于一个稳定值.深入分析发现,J几乎全部由水的挥发引起,进一步推测随着水含量的减少,样品可能依次经过下述的4个状态：1）类体水的蛋白质水凝胶态;2）键合水的蛋白质水凝胶态;3）键合水和键合蛋白质的混合态;4）键合蛋白质态.     

钢塔对间冷散热器换热性能的影响

利用计算传热学软件Fluent,在自然通风状态下,对国内首个2×660 MW机组钢结构外覆铝板冷却塔间接空冷散热器的流动和换热性能进行数值模拟、分析和研究.考核工况下,水平加强环对散热器换热量和钢塔通风量的影响约占设计值的2.7%;铝板换热量约占机组排热量的0.6%;随着环境风速的增大,钢塔抽力逐渐降低;当环境风速高于10m/s时,出现塔内热空气流出冷却柱的现象;当环境风速高于20m/s时,塔内出现"穿堂风",间冷散热器的换热量和钢塔通风量明显增加;当环境风速低于12m/s时,随着环境风速的增大,间冷散热器的换热量和钢塔通风量逐渐降低;当环境风速高于12m/s时,随着环境风速增加,间冷换热量和钢塔通风量呈增大趋势.     

尼日尔盆地某深水海底扇发育的控制因素

深入分析了深水勘探"金三角"之一的尼日尔盆地某深水海底扇沉积体系的展布特征,提出了限制区—半限制区—非限制区分区控制的深水海底扇相展布模式,认为不同重力流类型对沉积物的搬运能力是不同的,从陆坡顶部向盆地方向,重力流沉积类型存在"蠕动—滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流"的演化过程.对海平面波动和古地貌对深水海底扇发育的控制进行了分析,结果表明:海平面变化控制了深水海底扇发育的规模,古地貌控制了海底扇沉积体系的展布特征.     

高温气冷堆螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器时域模型

螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器(SG)是高温气冷堆核电站的关键部件。为研究SG内氦气、水/蒸汽流动和换热的动态过程,该文建立了SG时域模型并编制了计算程序。其中,水/蒸汽两相流采用一维漂移流模型描述;氦气采用一维、可压缩流动模型描述;两侧流体与管壁的换热系数和流动阻力系数采用经验关系式计算。求解方法采用适用于动态、低速、可压缩流动的压力修正算法,以克服低Mach数造成的数值不稳定。采用此模型计算了THTR-300SG温度分布,计算结果与实验结果相比平均温度误差小于10℃。动态计算结果表明,此模型可以捕捉到规律的两相流脉动。利用此模型可以进行SG热工设计、不稳定性分析以及电站系统的工艺设计。     

辐斥物引论（英文）

＂斐索实验＂说的是：＂光速以特定的速度w在静止管道内静止液体中传播。现在如果上述液体以速度υ在仍然静止的管道内与光同向流动,那么光相对于管的速度是多少/斐索获得的实验结果是W=w＋υ（1-1/n2）,其中n=c/w是液体的折射率。＂这是从爱因斯坦所著《狭义与广义相对论浅说》一书中,＂速度相加定理斐索实验＂一章读到的,很感兴趣,想试试用＂辐斥物引论＂来加以证明。根据辐斥物引论的质能转换律,δm=-mδRT/RT=-mδυ2/υ2证明如下：22（m/2）（c-w2）首先当液体流速为υ=o时,光子进入液体后光速由c变为w,则1-1理意义是光子n2=1-wc2=（m/2）c2=K的物-2质量（为m）在该流体内的动能变化率,根据辐斥物引论,同时也是光子质量的变化率δm m=（w2-c）c2=c2-w2c2=K。各种流体有各自的折射率n是不变的,因而在同一流体中w和K都不变。由于光子由真空进入液体传播,动能减少,质量增加,质量变化为正值,故＋δm=m（c2-w2）/c2,在液体传播中的光子总质量为mT=m＋δm。现在液体由静止转为以速度υ流动,υ〈w,υ与光速w同向,则光子相对管壁的速度应当是w＋υ。因此,从理论上讲,光子的动能由（1 2）mTw2变化为（1 2）mT（w＋υ）2,光子动能应该增加的量为E2K=12mT（w＋υ）-12mTw2=12mT（2w＋υ）υ可是,光线在液体中实际运动速度只遵守动能变化率K,故光子相对于管壁实际速度W只能接近于W/w＋υ,动能实际增加量为E′k=12mT（W2-w2）=12mT（W-w）（W＋w）=12mT（W-w）（2w＋υ）动能实际增加量与理应增加量的比率只能为K,即E′1K=2mT（W-w）（2w＋υ）2=W-w=2w＋υ）K=c-w2E1K2mT（υυc22故得W-w=υ（1-w w2c2）,W=w＋//υ/1-÷èc2=w＋//υ/1-1÷/èn2/这样辐斥物引论就很详细地解释了实验过程中的物理含意并很严谨地推导出了斐索实验的结果。同时,通过斐索实验的严格检验,辐斥物引论确实是符合实际的理论。?     

基于物源特征的白龙江流域泥石流易发性评价

白龙江流域是泥石流地质灾害的易发区和高发区,历史上曾发生过多次泥石流灾害。为探讨物源对泥石流的影响,对流域内泥石流物源数量、类型、分布进行了详细地调查分析,进而研究了物源转化泥石流的方式。在分析泥石流物源发育影响因素的基础上,采用确定性模型与灰色关联组合方法,筛选出物源敏感性、坡面侵蚀程度、沟床比降、沟壑密度四个因子,运用AHP模型进行区域泥石流易发性区划。得出以下认识：(1)白龙江流域泥石流物源分为重力侵蚀堆积型、坡面侵蚀汇集型、沟道侵蚀堆积型和弃渣侵蚀堆积型。其中物源量最多的为重力侵蚀堆积型,分布面积最广的是坡面侵蚀汇集型;(2)泥石流的物源多分布于坡度在15°~45°范围内的斜坡上,1 000~2 500 m的高程范围内,距离断裂500 m范围内,且物源量与植被覆盖率呈较好的负相关性;(3)流域内物源转化为泥石流的方式主要有崩落冲刷拉槽型、集中堵塞溃决型、沟道揭底铲刮型、坡面径流侵蚀溜滑型;(4)白龙江流域泥石流高易发区位于物源分布密集区,即泥石流流域中下游两岸。     

四川盆地陆相烃源岩成熟史及生排烃史

为了综合评价四川盆地陆相烃源岩,应用含油气盆地数值模拟技术,定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的成
熟和生排烃史。首先,分别建立了盆地的热力学、生烃动力学模式、机制及相关地质模型,其次,选取古热流值、沉积
水表面温度、古水深作为模拟参数,对四川盆地重点研究区20 多口井进行了模拟。研究表明：四川盆地陆相系烃源岩
具有3 个生烃高峰期和两个排烃高峰期,成熟及生烃史总体表现为“分区演化、差异成熟、西早东晚”。层位上须三、
须五段生、排烃量较大,其次为下侏罗统和须一段,总的排烃效率以须一段和须五段较高。平面上川西地区生烃量最
大,其次为川北-川东北地区和川中地区。研究认为：以须家河组和中、下侏罗统为烃源岩的油气系统分别是川西地
区和川北-川东北地区油气勘探的主要目标。