Precipitation behaviors of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogene-ously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical composition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.     

Influences of microstructure and texture on crack propagation path of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The aspects of two pipeline steels with different technologies were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure presents a typical acicular ferrite characteristic with fine particles of martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent, which distributes in grains and at grain boundaries. The bulk textures of the pipeline steel plate are {112}<110> and <111> fibers, respectively, and the {112}<110> component is the favorable texture benefiting for drop weight tear test. Moreover, low angle boundaries and low coincidence site lattice boundaries are inactive and more resistant to fracture than high energy random boundaries.     

热加工对管线钢针状铁素体组织形成的影响

以X70管线钢为实验材料,研究不同变形量和冷却速率对管线钢显微组织的影响.结果表明,在奥氏体未再结晶区进行适量的变形,从而形成位错、形变带和胞状组织等缺陷,可以增加铁素体在奥氏体晶内的形核位置和形核率,增大相变驱动力,有利于在随后的冷却过程中得到晶粒细小的针状铁素体组织;其中变形量ε2=0.4、冷却速率为30～60 ℃/s(油冷)下冷却的试样,能够得到最佳的针状铁素体组织,可以满足工程上要求组织中针状铁素体占80%以上的要求.     

X80管线钢微孔洞形核

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段,观察了X80管线钢中的夹杂物和MA岛,获得了它们的尺寸统计特征.应用不同颈缩程度的拉伸试验,探明了X80管线钢中微孔洞萌生的机理：第一阶段微孔洞的形核是围绕钙处理夹杂物,在颈缩初期已经开始;第二阶段属高应变量阶段,此时孔洞是通过MA岛/基体界面脱离形核.通过有限元法分析了拉伸过程,确定了试样的真实应力--应变曲线,计算了钙处理夹杂物/基体界面强度和MA岛/基体界面强度.     

X80级管线钢的开发研究

根据X80级管线钢技术要求,对湘潭钢铁(集团)有限公司试制X80级管线钢进行成分设计、相变规律和再结晶规律研究,开发出了1 016×22.0 mm X80级热轧钢板.检验结果表明,各项性能指标均满足技术要求.     

Hydrogen induced cracking of X80 pipeline steel

The hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of X80 pipeline steel was studied by means of electrochemical charging, hydrogen permeation tests, tension test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the increase of charging time and charging current density or the decrease of the solution pH value leads to an increase of the hydrogen content in X80 steel, which plays a key role in the initiation and propagation of HIC. It is found that the majority of macro-inclusions within the as-used X80 steel do not constitute a direct threat to HIC except aluminum oxides, which directly or indirectly lead to HIC. The hydrogen trap density at room temperature is estimated to be pretty high, and this is an essential reason why the steel is sensitive to HIC. After hydrogen charging, the elongation loss rate and area reduction of X80 steel decline obviously, taking a noticeable sign of hydrogen-induced plasticity damages. It is demonstrated that the losses of these plastic parameters have a linear relation to the fracture size due to hydrogen.     

X70管线钢中含Nb相的析出行为

以首钢生产的某X70管线钢成分为基础,利用Thermo--Calc软件计算了不同温度下钢中析出相的组成、相的析出温度及Nb元素的析出规律,研究了钢中Nb和C含量对Nb析出规律的影响,利用热模拟和扫描电镜等手段分析了钢中Nb合金相的析出温度.结果表明,平衡态下该X70管线钢中的析出相主要为Ti、Nb的碳氮化物、合金渗碳体、Ti4C2S2、MnS、AlN、M7C3和Mo碳化物.Nb析出相主要以Nb和C元素为主,其中固溶Ti和N元素.随Nb和C含量的增加,Nb合金相的析出温度升高,在同一温度下Nb的析出量增加.     

Passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions

The passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions was investigated using potentiodynamic, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and Mott-Schottky measurements. The results show that the shape of polarization curves changes with HCO₃⁻ concentration. The critical ‘passive’ concentration is 0.009 mol/L HCO₃⁻ for X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions. No anodic current peak exists in HCO^3/− solutions when the concentration is lower than 0.009 mol/L, whereas there are one and two anodic current peaks when the HCO^3/− concentration ranges from 0.009 to 0.05 mol/L and is higher than 0.1 mol/L, respectively. DEIS measurements show that there exist active dissolution range, transition range, pre-passive range, passive layer formation range, passive range, and trans-passive range for X80 pipeline steel in the 0.1 mol/L HCO₃⁻ solutions. The results of DEIS measurements are in complete agreement with the potentiodynamic diagram. An equivalent circuit containing three sub-layers is used to explain the Nyquist plots in the passive range. Analyses are well made for explaining the corresponding fitted capacitance and impedance. The Mott-Schottky plots show that the passive film of X80 pipeline steel is an n-type semiconductor, and capacitance measurements are in good accordance with the results of DEIS experiment.     

含Nb-Ti-Al的X100管线钢碳氮化物析出研究

基于双亚点阵模型,建立X100管线钢（Nbx,Ti1-x）（CyN1-y）-AlN复合析出热力学模型。热力学模型计算结果表明,1 450～1 100K时,Nb析出量显著增大;1 800～1 400K时,Ti析出速度加快,AlN的析出温度为1 450K左右。TEM观察及EDS分析结果显示,1 173K时,有大量细小（Nb,Ti）（C,N）的析出物产生,Nb与Ti的原子比大于4;1 373K时,Nb与Ti的原子比接近1;1 523K时,以较大长条形、方形析出物为主,Nb与Ti的原子比小于0.43。热力学模型计算结果与JMatpro软件计算结果及EDS统计结果有较好的一致性。     

Toughening mechanisms of a high-strength acicular ferrite steel heavy plate

An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The heavy plate has a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa with a lower yield ratio. The impact toughness of the heavy plate achieves 280 J at -40℃. The fine-grained mixed microstructures of the heavy plate mainly consist of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and polygonal ferrite. The high strength and excellent toughness of the heavy plate are attributed to the formation of acicular ferrite microstructure. The prevention of blocks of martensite/retained austenite (M/A) and the higher cleanness are also responsible for the superior toughness.     

组织形貌对X80管线钢性能影响

通过光学显微镜和透射电镜对不同工艺生产的X80管线钢的微观组织、位错形态及析出相等进行了对比分析.结合力学性能检测,研究了X80组织形貌对力学性能的影响.研究表明,针状铁素体晶粒大小、析出相分布、位错密度及位错形态对材料强度、韧性、脆性转变温度有明显的影响,通过固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化、析出强化等综合强化方式获得了综合力学性能良好的X80管线钢.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

Effect of acicular ferrite on banded structures in low-carbon microalloyed steel

The effect of acicular ferrite (AF) on banded structures in low-carbon microalloyed steel with Mn segregation during both isothermal transformation and continuous cooling processes was studied by dilatometry and microscopic observation. With respect to the isothermal transformation process, the specimen isothermed at 550°C consisted of AF in Mn-poor bands and martensite in Mn-rich bands, whereas the specimen isothermed at 450°C exhibited two different morphologies of AF that appeared as bands. At a continuous cooling rate in the range of 4 to 50°C/s, a mixture of AF and martensite formed in both segregated bands, and the volume fraction of martensite in Mn-rich bands was always higher than that in Mn-poor bands. An increased cooling rate resulted in a decrease in the difference of martensite volume fraction between Mn-rich and Mn-poor bands and thereby leaded to less distinct microstructural banding. The results show that Mn segregation and cooling rate strongly affect the formation of AF-containing banded structures. The formation mechanism of microstructural banding was also discussed.     

X80管线钢钝化膜电化学性能的EIS研究

目的 研究成膜电位、温度和氯离子等对X80管线钢在1 mol/L NaHCO3/0.5 mol/L Na2CO3缓冲溶液中所形成的钝化膜的电化学性能的影响.方法 利用电化学阻抗谱技术研究了X80管线钢在1 mol/L NaHCO3/0.5 mol/L Na2CO3缓冲溶液中所形成的钝化膜的电化学性能.结果 随着成膜电位的增加,传递电阻R1减小,而膜电阻R2和扩散阻抗YW增加,表明膜的致密性增加;成膜温度升高,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2和膜电阻.尺2减小,说明膜的致密性减小;同一温度下增加溶液中的氯离子浓度,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2和膜电阻R2:均减小;在同一氯离子浓度下升高温度,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2:和膜电阻R2:均减小.结论 成膜电位、成膜温度和氯离子会对钝化膜的电化学性能产生显著的影响.     

Effect of cooling temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel

Dual-phase accelerated cooling(DPAC) was applied to X80 pipeline steel to obtain its microstructure with different amounts of bainite and ferrite. The microstructure, hardness, and polarization behaviors of the steel, cooled to different temperatures, were investigated. Results showed that, with decreasing cooling temperature, the amount of polygon ferrite(PF) increased while that of acicular ferrite(AF) decreased. The amount of bainite correspondingly decreased, except when cooled to 760°C. Moreover, the grain size of ferrite increased. The corrosion behaviors of different phases were distinct. Martensite/austenite(M/A) islands presented at the grain boundary of the PF phase caused small pits. Numerous micro-corrosion cells were formed in the AF and bainite phases, where micropores were prone to form. X80 pipeline steel cooled to 700°C had the best corrosion resistance in the simulated seawater. The decreased amount of the PF phase reduced the area of cathode, resulting in slight corrosion. About 40 vol% of the bainite phase provided strength while the PF phase provided adequate ductility to the X80 steel. It was concluded that the appropriate cooling temperature was 700°C for ideal corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.     

X70针状铁素体管线钢析出相

用透射电镜研究了X70针状铁素体管线钢中的析出相.一种是以TiN为主、尺寸较大(50nm～1μm)、外形规则、几乎呈立方体的Ti(Nb)NC复合析出相,其中Ti/Nb比值处于5～12之间.另一种是以NbC为主、尺寸十分细小(小于20nm)、形态为圆形或椭圆形的Nb(Ti)C复合析出相,Nb/Ti比值处于1～6.37之间,衍射分析结果表明其为多晶粒构成.分析表明,尺寸较大的方形析出相在1150℃的温度时已经存在,并且在热模拟过程中变化不大.细小圆形析出相绝大部分是在1100～900℃之间析出,而且与基体保持共格或半共格的关系.V的析出不明显,其作用相对较弱.高温热塑性曲线的测量结果显示,在没有变形情况下,1050℃时析出相开始析出,900～850℃之间析出量达到最大.     

Effect of inclusions on the formation of acicular ferrite in Ti-bearing non quenched-and-tempered steel

Nucleation of acicular ferrite and its influence factors in non quenched-and-tempered steel was studied by using TEM and thermodynamic calculation. The results show that the complex particles with a center made of Ti oxide, Al₂O₃, and silicate and an outside made of a small quantity of mixture of TiN and MnS are able to act as ferrite nucleation nuclei. The acicular ferrite percentage changes little with Ti. When the oxygen content was 80 ppm, the volume percentage of acicular ferrite decreased due to an increase in allotriomorphic ferrite. The larger the cooling rate and the shorter the incubation time, the finer the titanium oxide and the higher the nucleation ratio of acicular ferrite.     

Effects of TiC on the microstructure and formation of acicular ferrite in ferritic stainless steel

The formation mechanism of acicular ferrite and its microstructural characteristics in 430 ferrite stainless steel with TiC additions were studied by theory and experiment. Using an edge-to-edge matching model, a 5.25 mismatch between TiC (FCC structure) and ferritic stainless steel (BCC structure) was identified, which met the mismatch requirement for the heterogeneous nucleation of 430 ferritic stainless steel. TiC was found to be an effective nucleation site for the formation of acicular ferrite in a smelting experiment, as analyzed by metallographic examination, Image-Pro Plus 6.0 analysis software, and SEM-EDS. Furthermore, small inclusions in the size of 2-4 μm increased the probability of acicular ferrite nucleation, and the secondary acicular ferrite would grow sympathetically from the initial acicular ferrite to produce multi-dimensional acicular ferrites. Moreover, the addition of TiC can increase the average microstrain and dislocation density of 430 ferrite stainless steel, as calculated by Williamson-Hall (WH) method, which could play some role in strengthening the dislocation.     

高级别X80/X100管线钢的包辛格效应

利用单轴压缩-拉伸试验研究了炉卷轧机生产X80/X100管线钢不同变形情况下的包辛格效应.结果表明:随着预压缩变形量的增大,包辛格效应绝对值增大,X100管线钢的包辛格效应在1.5%的预压缩变形量下达到饱和;包辛格效应绝对值随着板卷强度的提高而上升;在试验范围内,X80、X100管线钢分别表现出了瞬时软化和永久软化.分析X80/X100管线钢的化学成分与显微组织特点,认为管线钢组织中的软、硬相(如M/A岛)的强度差、硬相的体积分数以及初始组织中的位错密度是不同包辛格现象的关键因素.     

X80钢弯曲的力学性能测试

针对钢管制管过程中钢材板卷反复弯曲展平对钢材强度的影响，对X80钢制成的试样进行了4点弯曲实验．在各弯曲试样得到不同的预应变后，又对其进行反向加载，记录不同预应变下各试样反向加载的弯矩随表面应变的变化曲线．实验结果表明，存在预应变后，试样的弯矩-应变曲线低于初次加载的弯矩-应变曲线，且试样的预应变越大，弯矩-应变曲线越低，即随预应变的增加，材料的屈服强度降低，且出现了包申格效应．通过进一步理论计算，得出了材料预弯到屈服后再反向加载时，不同预应变下的屈服弯矩值，且实验测试和理论计算的屈服弯矩值能较好地吻合．