玉米秸秆颗粒燃料热解气化试验研究

以玉米秸秆颗粒燃料为原料,研究了生物质空气热解气化(下吸式固定床气化炉)、富氧热解气化(鼓泡式流化床气化炉)和无氧热解气化(慢速连续热解气化炉)的热解气化特性.三种热解气化装置并联,共用一个控制系统,产生的生物质燃气经过冷凝器等后进入储气柜.燃气成分由气相色谱分析,成型颗粒、颗粒炭、生物油热值采用快速量热仪测量分析.结果显示,空气热解气化在热解温度为660~670℃时燃气低热值最高,约为3.91~4.44MJ/Nm3;富氧热解气化燃气低热值最高可达8.48~9.38MJ/Nm3(热解气化温度为575~750℃时);无氧热解气化在热解温度为380~530℃时的燃气低热值约为14.51~16.49MJ/Nm3,并可联产生物炭、生物油等.     

小型生物质热解气化发电系统研究

以玉米秸秆颗粒为生物质原料,以产气量为20m3／h的热解炉为气化装置,结合10kw的燃气内燃机发电系统及生物质焦油裂解装置,概述了生物质焦油的净化流程,分析了热解温度与生物质热解气成分的关系,得出生物质热解气发电的运行情况．简要总结了生物质炭的利用和小型生物质热解气化发电系统的特点．     

热解温度对东胜褐煤等温热解的影响

对东胜褐煤进行等温热解试验,分析热解温度对褐煤热解气的组成、产量和热值的影响,并利用FTIR对褐煤及其热解产物半焦的主要分子结构进行分析。结果表明,随着等温热解温度的升高,褐煤热解产物半焦中脂肪烃类结构及含氧官能团减少;热解气中CO和H2的含量逐渐增加,CO2的含量明显降低,CH4和CnHm的含量先增加后减少,热解气的产量和热值明显增加;当热解温度为700℃时可得到较高热值的热解气,此时φ(H2)高达39.5%。     

陕北低阶烟煤回转热解反应特性

针对陕北低阶烟煤在回转式反应器中的中低温热解过程,考察热解温度、粒径等级、回转速率对粉煤热解反应规律的影响。结果表明:相比于粒径和回转速率,热解温度对热解规律的影响最为显著;随着热解温度升高,半焦产率降低,半焦中挥发分明显减少;焦油产率先增大后减小;热解气中H_2体积分数增加,CH_4体积分数减少;煤样粒径为3～4 mm时,热解焦油产率达8.48%;粒径变化在一定程度上影响半焦和热解气的产物分布与性质;提高回转速率有利于挥发分的析出,焦油和热解气产率有所增加;煤粒热解粉化程度随着热解温度升高、煤样粒径增大、回转速率提高而加剧;过高的回转速率会导致热解焦油中机械杂质含量增大,恶化产物性质。     

有机垃圾在外热回转窑内热解的产物分析

利用外热式回转窑试验台在不同热解终温下以垃圾中的典型有机物组分－废纸,ＰＥ塑料,废轮胎、木块及它们的混合物进行了一系列热解试验。考察了外热式回转窑的升温特性以及热解终温对热解气体,焦油和半焦的产率的影响。在不同的热解终温下研究了热解气体的成分、热值和能量份额的变化;研究了焦油的Ｃ／Ｈ原子比、热值和族分的变化以及半焦的热值、挥发分,固定碳,Ｃ和Ｈ元素的残余份额的变化,并对半焦的ＣＯ２反应活性进行了测     

葵花秆基活性炭的吸附性能研究

为进一步优化生物质基活性炭性能及开拓其应用领域,以葵花秆为原料,在N2气氛下通过管式炉热解制得生物质半焦,以该生物质半焦为前驱体,利用水蒸气活化制备了葵花秆基活性炭。采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、低温氮气吸附(Low temperature nitrogen adsorption,N2adsorption)和亚甲基蓝(MB)吸附等方法对活性炭的结构和吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,葵花秆经过550℃热解可以得到19.25%的焦油、19.84%的热解气以及23.53%生物质半焦,半焦在800℃下,经过水蒸气活化可制得比表面积为576.05 cm2/g的葵花秆基活性炭,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附为颗粒内扩散过程控制,吸附动力学符合二级吸附动力学模型。葵花秆半焦经水蒸气活化可制备出吸附性能良好的活性炭。     

氧化钙对褐煤和无烟煤热解特性影响

为研究CaO对褐煤和无烟煤热解特性影响,采用实验室小型固定床反应器对锡林郭勒褐煤(X)和宁夏石嘴山无烟煤(SH),进行热解实验,研究了CaO对热解三相产物分布规律影响。实验结果表明:在500~600℃时,添加2%CaO后褐煤热解生成CO_2的产率小于未添加CaO煤样热解生成CO_2的产率,添加CaO与否对其他3种气体H_2,CH_4,CO产率影响不大;与未加入CaO的褐煤煤样相比,加入CaO的褐煤煤样在相应温度下热解气相产物产率小幅度降低,且随着热解温度的升高,加入CaO的褐煤煤样气相产物产率增加速率大于未加入CaO的褐煤煤样。褐煤脱挥发分主要在600℃之前的热解阶段,而对于无烟煤来说,CaO在中温热解阶段对挥发分的脱除具有促进作用。对于褐煤半焦来说,加入2%CaO一直作为灰分存在半焦中,且随着热解温度的升高,褐煤半焦在高温时反应活性较高,发生热缩聚反应,导致半焦中有机质含量降低,以上2种原因直接导致褐煤半焦灰分升高;对于无烟煤来说,灰分增加主要是由于CaO的加入。     

城市固体垃圾热解设备与特性研究

针对无筛分城市垃圾热解的实用技术进行了研究,开发出内热源和外热源联合使用的垃圾热解设备.同时对设备的温度变化、垃圾热解特性、产气规律以及影响热解气热值的主要因素等进行了详细的分析.结果表明:实用热解设备的产气率高,理想热解温度在700℃以下.垃圾热解气中H2的体积分数达15.2%,C2H4,C2H6,C3H6和CH4的体积分数总和是10%,热解气的平均热值为7546.4 kJ/m3.设备运行稳定且温度特性满足设计要求.     

科技期刊亮点

生物质热解气再燃可脱除燃煤流化床N2O生物质资源具有可再生性和CO2零排放特性,通过热解气化可以转化为以H2、CO和CH4为主的可燃气体,生物质热解气再燃是降低N2O排放的一种方式     

生物质的流化床热解实验研究

用小型流化床实验台对4种农林生物质废弃物进行热解实验研究．研究发现：对所研究的生物质试样,热解温度低于500℃时,液态产物产率随着温度增加而增加．在500～600℃之间液态产物产率达到最大．当热解温度超过600℃时,液态产物产率随着温度增加而减少,气体产物产率增加,半焦产率下降．对于所研究的生物质,松木屑和甘蔗渣的半焦产率远远低于花生壳和谷壳的半焦产率．这可能是由于松木屑和甘蔗渣灰含量低于后两种生物质;另一方面也可能是由于松木屑和甘蔗渣中的无机物质（Na和K）的含量较多的缘故．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that