南宁地区一次典型灰霾过程气溶胶光学特性的地基观测

基于太阳辐射光度计和微脉冲激光雷达,对南宁地区2014年10月发生的1次典型灰霾天气进行了连续观测.气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)在灰霾污染事件期间(1.23±0.19,440nm波段)显著上升,是消散期(0.57±0.14)及发生发展期(0.98±0.25)的2.2倍和1.3倍.灰霾期间同步上升的ngstrm指数表明细颗粒物的消光贡献上升.灰霾天气期间气溶胶粒径谱均呈现双峰分布,严重灰霾期间的细模态体积浓度峰值(0.23μm3/μm2)高于发生发展阶段(0.15μm3/μm2)和消散阶段(0.08μm3/μm2),表明灰霾气溶胶中细颗粒物占主导.激光雷达反演得到灰霾发生发展期、严重期、消散期的日平均边界层高度分别为430±105,375±97m和710±240m,对应近地消光系数分别为0.14,0.27km-1和0.05km-1.严重灰霾期间的最大消光系数出现在凌晨(0.36km-1),对应较差的污染物扩散(气象)条件以及近地面颗粒物的累积.     

激光探测蒸发波导的原理与实验分析

从海洋人气相对湿度的角度建立了大气折射率变化与气溶胶激光散射特性的理论联系．在实验室条件下,分别模拟了烟、水云、尘、雾、霾等类型粒子群的蒸发波导环境,采用波长为1．06μm的激光雷达对在不同温度和湿度条件下半径范围为0．1～100μm的气溶胶粒子群进行了探测实验,并对不同气溶胶粒子群的激光后向散射回波信号特征做了对比分析,实验结果进一步验证了激光蒸发波导的可行性和有效性．     

兰州市不同粒径可吸入颗粒物分布特征分析

本文利用Thermo-Andersen 1ACFM非生物环境微粒大小分级采样器在兰州市发生沙尘天气和非沙尘天气期间采集大气环境中粒径范围分别为9.0-10μm,5.8-9.0μm,4.7-5.8μm,3.3-4.7μm,2.1-3.3μm,1.1-2.1μm,0.65-1.1μm,0.43-0.65μm和0.43μm的颗粒物进行监测分析,结果表明非沙尘天气下兰州市PM10的质量浓度主要集中在可吸入粗颗粒物(粒径2.5-10μm范围)内。沙尘天气下,PM10中的不同粒径的颗粒物随着环境空气中颗粒物浓度的升高,均相应增加;浓度峰值不只出现在粒径范围5.8-10μm颗粒物内,粒径范围1.1-3.3μm颗粒物都会出现浓度峰值。     

空气颗粒物采样滤膜截留效率研究

环境空气颗粒物采样过程中,滤膜的截留效率是影响质量浓度的关键因素之一.采用雾化法制备0.3μm气溶胶,设置流速为0.21、0.31和0.48 m/s,分别对国内外常用的7种滤膜的截留效率进行测试,并且选择被测试滤膜中的3种滤膜使用0.3μm空气粒子再次进行截留效率测试.结果显示,无论使用0.3μm球形标准粒子还是0.3μm空气粒子,在3种不同流速下石英滤膜和Teflon滤膜的截留效率均大于99.7%,符合PM10和PM2.5采集滤膜截留效率的要求;使用0.3μm球形标准粒子对聚丙烯滤膜进行测试时,截留效率符合PM10采集滤膜截留效率的要求,但不符合PM2.5采集滤膜截留效率的要求;使用0.3μm空气中粒子对聚丙烯滤膜进行测试时,截留效率符合PM10和PM2.5采集滤膜截留效率的要求.     

对广东大气中酸性粒子的研究

利用电子显微镜对中国广州和珠海大气中的酸性粒子进行了研究，通过一个二级粒子撞击器将粒子分为二部分：粗大粒子（ｒ〉１．０μｍ）和微小料（ｒ≤１．０μｍ），然后对采集中电镜膜片上的粒子进行形态分析和复合薄膜法分析，在电镜下，酸性粒子可以通过卫星滴结构检出，粒子中的ＳＯ＾２－４可以通过同心圆环状结构检出，观察表明，在广州大气中的酸性粒子主要是硫酸；珠海大气中的酸性粒子有硫酸和甲磺酸，这一研究提供了直接的     

气溶胶在通风柜中沉积率和逸出率的实验研究

为研究粒径、开方面风速和热源温度对气溶胶在通风柜内沉积率和逸出率的影响,本文以粒径为1μm、2.5μm、5μm和8μm的气溶胶为实验材料,通风柜开放面风速分别取0.5 m/s和1 m/s,热源温度分别为300 K、523 K和753 K,进行实验研究.实验结果表明,气溶胶在通风柜内的沉积率和逸出率与粒径、开放面风速以及热源温度有关,其中:1)在1μm~8μm内,随着气溶胶粒子粒径的增大,气溶胶粒子在通风柜中的沉积率升高,逸出率降低;2)当开放面风速由0.5 m/s增加到1 m/s时,气溶胶粒子的沉积率和逸出率均降低;3)在300 K~753 K内,随着热源温度的升高,气溶胶粒子的沉积率降低,而气溶胶的逸出率随之升高.     

灰霾天气下北京海淀城区空气中溴代二恶英在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征研究

采用大气颗粒物分级采样器在同一地点连续采集灰霾天北京海淀城区空气样品,调研了空气中溴代二恶英（PBDD/Fs）的污染水平和在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征。研究结果表明：灰霾天城区空气样品中PBDD/Fs的质量浓度为1 535~6 053 fg/m³;PBDD/Fs的浓度随着颗粒物粒径（aerodynamic diameter,d_ae）的减小而增加,在d_ae<1.0 μm的颗粒物上浓度最高,80%以上的PBDD/Fs分布在d_ae<2.5 μm的颗粒物上;PBDD/Fs在不同粒径颗粒物上的含量不等,但均以高溴代二苯并呋喃（PBDFs）为主,且其所占比例随颗粒物粒径的增加而减小,然而多溴代二苯并-对-二恶英（PBDDs）在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布差异性却不显著。     

珠三角2009年11月严重灰霾天气过程分析

 由于经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由细粒子气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,可形成灰霾天气致使能见度下降。2009年11月23－29日,在珠三角地区发生了一次典型的严重灰霾天气过程,是近10年来最严重的灰霾天气过程之一。从天气分析、流场分析、遥感分析和气溶胶物理化学特征分析,探讨了这次过程的成因,结论是这次灰霾过程具有持续时间长、范围广、强度大的特点。这次严重灰霾过程持续7 d,仅次于2004年1月3－10日持续8 d的过程;范围广,笼罩整个珠三角,多个台站出现小于1 km的低能见度事件;强度大,珠三角大气成分监测网数据,都出现多项建站以来最强值,许多指标都超过缺省预设的坐标上限,超标均以倍数计。     

典型海滨城市与海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布

为研究厦门地区不同粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及海洋气溶胶对海滨城市大气颗粒物的影响,利用8级大流量MOUDI碰撞采样器分不同季节在厦门大学海洋楼及台湾海峡采集了气溶胶分级样品,并用离子色谱方法对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明:城市点大气气溶胶中水溶性离子总质量浓度表现为春季最高(60.38μg/m~3)、夏季最低(8.76μg/m~3)、秋冬季介于两者之间的季节特征;而海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子质量浓度的季节差异较小(30.77~35.13μg/m~3).城市气溶胶中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈单模态分布,峰值粒径为0.44~1.0μm;NO_3~-呈双模态分布,峰值粒径分别为2.5~10.0μm和0.44~1.0μm.海洋气溶胶中NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)的粒径分布规律与城市气溶胶类似,但NO_3~-在细模态(0.44~1.0μm)没有出现峰值,Cl~-和Na~+在大于16μm的粒径段有非常高的浓度,说明海浪飞沫的影响较大,在粗模态中的比例也明显高于城市气溶胶.干沉降速率为颗粒物大小的函数,其中在0.1μm左右的颗粒干沉降速率最小;通过干沉降速率和它们的浓度分布来计算无机氮(NO_3~-和NH_4~+)的沉降通量,估算得到远海颗粒态无机氮的干沉降通量明显超过近海(秋季NH_4~+除外).     

华北重度霾过程期间大气气溶胶粒子的微物理垂直特征

在华北重度霾过程期间(2013年9月30日),利用夏延ⅢA的飞机观测资料分别对石家庄和邢台的气溶胶粒子谱分布,气溶胶(cloud nuclei,CN)与云凝结核(cloud condensation nuclei,CCN)垂直分布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明,两地的气溶胶数浓度均随着高度的增加而减小,气溶胶粒子有效半径比较接近,积聚模态和粗模态气溶胶粒子有效半径的范围分别在0.05~0.35μm,0.8~2.2μm之间。两地的边界层内和边界层以上均出现了逆温层,且逆温层之下的气溶胶数浓度均出现明显增加现象。对气溶胶后向轨迹的分析结果表明:3 000 m高度处的气溶胶主要是随气团远距离输送而来;1 500 m高度处的气溶胶主要来自南边近地面污染物排放,输送距离较短;500 m高度处的气溶胶受偏南气团的影响,主要由高浓度的气溶胶细粒子组成。云凝结核的垂直分布结果表明,CCN数浓度随高度的增加而减小,逆温层的存在对CCN有一定的累积效应。对石家庄(邢台)市的CCN与气溶胶数浓度做相关性分析,结果表明两地的CCN与气溶胶的总相关系数均在0.95以上,而淡积云内相关系数仅为0.83,且云内的CCN数浓度明显低于云外,因此表明了云滴活化对CCN的消耗作用。云凝结核的数浓度随高度的增加而减小,逆温层的存在对CCN有一定的累积效应。云底以下的气溶胶粒子谱宽较窄,云内和云顶以上的气溶胶粒子谱较宽。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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