Fractographic analysis of the overload effect on fatigue crack growth in 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Al alloys

The effect of single overload on the fatigue crack growth in 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Al alloys was analyzed. Fatigue tests under constantamplitude loading with overload peak were carried out on V-notched specimens. Fractographic analysis was used as a principal approach to explain the crack growth retardation due to the overload. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analyses were conducted on the fractured surface of failed specimens to study the retardation effect. The obtained results show that the overload application generates a plastic zone in both aluminum alloys. The generated plastic zone is three times larger in the case of 2024-T3 compared to 7075-T6, and thus, a significant crack retardation was induced for 2024-T3. The retardation effect due to the overload for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 lasted for about 10 mm and 1 mm, respectively, from the point of overload application.     

半固态搅拌摩擦焊温度场分析及组织验证

为避免由材料流动不足而导致的焊接缺陷以及降低焊接过程中的作用力,提出了半固态搅拌摩擦焊. 本文以2024-T3铝合金为研究对象,进行了焊接过程中温度及显微组织分析. 温度的模拟及测量结果表明:当搅拌头的旋转速度为1600r·min-1、焊接速度为150mm/min时,稳态时焊核区的温度峰值达到了518℃,超过了焊材的固相线. 空冷条件下常规搅拌摩擦焊与水冷条件下的半固态搅拌摩擦焊焊核区的显微组织对比结果表明,利用搅拌头摩擦产热的方法可使搅拌区呈现液态金属母液中均匀悬浮着近似球形晶粒的半固态组织.      

3 mmLY12与10 mmLF2搅拌摩擦焊温度场模拟分析比较

根据搅拌摩擦焊的具体焊接过程,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,模拟3mmLY12薄板和10mmLF2厚板焊缝区的准稳态温度场.对比分析不同板厚、不同材质的铝合金焊缝区温度分布的不同状况,从而得到焊材本身的物性参数以及焊接参数对温度分布的影响情况,最终确定影响搅拌摩擦焊温度场的主要因素.模拟结果显示,3mmLY12温度场呈碗状,10mmLF2温度场呈花瓶状.通过模拟温度场结果与焊缝区组织的比较,验证了不同的温度场与不同焊缝组织的对应关系.     

搅拌摩擦焊、搅拌振动摩擦焊和钨极惰性气体焊接AA6061-T6接头的组织和力学特性对比研究

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding (FSW), friction stir vibration welding (FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW. Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains. The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced by friction stir welding,friction stir vibration welding and tungsten inert gas welding: A comparative study

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding(FSW), friction stir vibration welding(FSVW), and tungsten inert gas welding(TIG). FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW. The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG. In addition, the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW.Results also showed that the strength, hardness, and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG. The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization, which led to the development of finer grains.The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%, whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74% and 67%, respectively.     

7075-T6合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区组织与力学性能

搅拌区的金属流动不充分容易导致轴肩影响区与搅拌针影响区之间的过渡区出现疏松缺陷并恶化接头的力学性能.在不同焊接参数条件下,对7075-T6铝合金分别进行常规搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接(UAFSW),研究了超声振动对接头搅拌区的金属流动行为、微观组织特征和力学性能的影响.结果表明:相同焊接参数下,UAFSW接头搅拌区的力学性能均优于FSW接头.焊接参数为1000r/min-110mm/min 的UAFSW接头搅拌区的抗拉强度和延伸率最高,分别达到515MPa和17.3%.在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中施加轴向超声振动可以显著降低搅拌区金属的屈服应力和流变应力,促进塑化金属沿板厚方向的流动.消除搅拌区中过渡区的疏松缺陷,并细化微观组织,是接头力学性能提高的主要原因.     

随焊氩气激冷控制铝/钢薄板焊接应力与变形数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对不同焊接工艺条件下铝/钢异种金属薄板对接熔钎焊接过程进行数值模拟,建立了TIG电弧热源与氩气冷源模型,将常规焊接和随焊氩气激冷焊接的残余应力与变形进行对比分析,研究发现:随焊氩气激冷技术可使焊接纵向残余应力和变形分别降低32.8%和48.1%。为了验证数值模拟结果的准确性,进行了铝/钢异种金属薄板熔钎焊试验,将温度场与应力场的模拟值与试验值进行对比,结果显示两者吻合较好,表明随焊氩气激冷技术可有效控制铝/钢薄板焊接残余应力与变形。     

Experimental Investigations of Axial Force Monitoring and Control for Friction Stir Welding Process

Friction stir welding( FSW) is a solid-state welding process that utilizes a rotating tool to induce gross material plastic deformation and join two parts together. A large number of studies have indicated that axial force control can be used to achieve good welding quality. However,in the welding process,due to workpiece's geometry error,improper clamping and other process variations,the axial force can vary significantly and produce welding defects.The control of force in the process of FSW is investigated. At first,the development and evaluation of a closed-loop control system is described,which is equipped with a custom real-time wireless force dynamometer for FSW. Then,an axial force controller is designed based on nonlinear force controllers for FSW. Experimental validations are carried out on an FSW platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the controller maintains the constant axial force and shows desirable dynamic behavior, even when the disturbance is encountered during the welding process.     

高强铝合金特厚板的真空轧制复合制备技术

为解决高强铝合金特厚板的心部偏析、疏松、气孔等问题，提出了一种高强铝合金特厚板的制备方法，即基于真空搅拌摩擦焊的热轧复合技术.该技术的流程包括:铝合金坯料表面清理、利用自主研发的真空搅拌摩擦焊机进行坯料封装及复合坯料的热轧和热处理.在0.01Pa真空度下对7050高强铝合金进行焊接封装，然后在450℃和75%总压下率下进行轧制复合，最后对复合板进行固溶+时效处理.分析发现，复合界面无任何裂纹、气孔等缺陷，原始界面消失，两侧金属融为一体，界面仅分布少量细小的MgO颗粒.界面剪切强度达266MPa，达到基材的99%，界面实现了优异的冶金结合.     

二氧化硫复合盐雾环境下2024-T351铝合金应力腐蚀开裂

通过SO2复合盐雾试验模拟工业污染海洋大气环境,结合有限元模拟分析、扫描电镜/能谱仪、光电子能谱分析等技术研究2024-T351铝合金在弹性应力区间的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:应力腐蚀开裂行为优先发生在2024-T351铝合金C型环的顶部应力集中区域;疏松的腐蚀产物层的形貌经历了由细棒状、团絮状到板块状的变化;试验6h就可以监测到裂纹,进行到480h的时候有贯穿裂纹形成,720h的时候试样完全断裂;裂纹为穿晶和沿晶混合机制,主裂纹以穿晶机制沿C型环法线扩展,二次裂纹沿晶界扩展.     

等离子弧焊接熔池温度场的三维数值模拟

建立了运动等离子弧作用下焊接温度场的三维瞬态数值分析模型，以分析等离子弧焊熔池温度分布情况以及焊接电流、焊接速度等焊接工艺参数对其影响情况．综合考虑了液态金属的对流传热和熔池外部的固体导热、材料热物理性能参数随温度的变化、焊件表面的散热以及熔化／凝固相变潜热等对熔池温度场的影响．采用三维锥体热源对小孔型等离子弧焊接过程进行了流体动力学和传热分析，利用ANSYS有限元软件求解所建立的模型，得到了等离子弧焊接过程中温度场的变化情况．模拟结果表明，随焊接电流的增大和焊接速度的减小，熔池体积增加，熔宽和热影响区都增大．试验结果验证了所建立模型的正确性和数值求解方法的可靠性．     

基于ANSYS的核电用燃料棒的特种焊接电场效应分析

根据有限元法建立利用特种压力电阻焊制造的核电用燃料棒的三维电场分析模型,通过理论分析及程序模拟计算,得出该燃料棒在特定的试验模拟参数下的电场分布规律.利用ANSYS的模拟结果与真实测试结果进行比较,验证了计算结果的可靠性.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程温度场动态仿真

推导了一种简易直观的搅拌摩擦焊接热源模型,并将模型应用于焊接过程温度场动态仿真,得到了焊接过程中不同时刻和位置处的热循环曲线,确立了温度场在时间和空间上的分布规律,并研究了不同焊接工艺参数时的温度场.结果表明:焊接最高温度为496.5℃,低于铝合金的熔点;沿焊缝不同位置处的温度值依次从初始温度迅速升高到最高温度500℃左右,然后又缓慢回复到初始温度附近;离焊缝越近,温度升高得越剧烈,最高温度越高;焊接工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊接过程温度场影响显著.     

中国低活马氏体钢TIG焊温度场接头组织分析

以我国自主研发的中国低活马氏体钢(China low activation martensitic steel,简称CLAM钢)为研究对象,应用ANSYS有限元分析软件建立了单面双层焊三维有限元数学模型,对CLAM钢TIG焊接过程进行有限元分析,选用双椭球热源作为体载荷进行加载计算,并运用APDL参数化语言及生死单元技术实现了模拟过程中焊接热源的移动加载及焊缝金属的逐步填充.分析了CLAM钢在焊前预热情况下瞬态温度分布情况和熔池形状的动态变化过程,并对CLAM钢焊后显微组织和焊接接头硬度进行了分析,为CLAM钢TIG焊的研究提供参考.     

SiC_p/2024Al铝基复合材料及其阳极氧化膜的腐蚀行为

用电化学方法研究了碳化硅颗粒增强2024铝(SiCp/2024Al)基复合材料及其硫酸阳极氧化膜在35%NaCl水溶液中的耐蚀性;作为比较,对2024Al的耐蚀性也进行了研究·结果表明,SiCp/2024Al复合材料在35%NaCl水溶液中比相应的基体金属有较大的腐蚀敏感性·SiCp/2024Al复合材料的阳极氧化膜具有良好的耐NaCl溶液腐蚀的能力,但其耐蚀性不如2024Al合金的阳极氧化膜,这是由于氧化膜中SiC颗粒的存在破坏了氧化膜的完整性和均匀性所致·     

移动热载荷在焊接温度场数值模拟中的应用

为分析焊接过程中焊件温度场随焊接热源移动变化情况,采用ANSYS命令流编制参数化程序,动态填充热流密度表,实现移动热载荷的加载;针对薄板堆焊,选用高斯热源模型,进行了焊接温度场数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明,所采用命令流动态加载热载荷的方法,能够较好地模拟实际焊接过程中的热源移动情况;针对其他的焊缝形状和焊接方法,可通过更改命令流程序参数的设置,获得适合的移动热源移动轨迹和热源模型的数学描述,实现焊接温度场的数值模拟.     

Stress-corrosion behavior and characteristics of the friction stir welding of an AA2198-T34 alloy

To better understand the stress-corrosion behavior of friction stir welding(FSW), the effects of the microstructure on the stress-corrosion behavior of the FSW in a 2198-T34 aluminum alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the low-angle grain boundary(LABs) of the stir zone(SZ) of FSW is significantly less than that of heated affected zone(HAZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone(TMAZ), and parent materials(PM), but the grain boundary precipitates(GBPs) T1(Al_2CuLi) were less, which has a slight effect on the stress corrosion. The dislocation density in SZ was greater than that in other regions. The residual stress in SZ was +67 MPa, which is greater than that in the TMAZ. The residual stress in the HAZ and PM is -8 MPa and-32 MPa, respectively, and both compressive stresses. The corrosion potential in SZ is obviously less than that in other regions. However, micro-cracks were formed in the SZ at low strain rate, which indicates that the grain boundary characters and GBPs have no significant effect on the crack initiation in the stress-corrosion process of the AA2198-T34.Nevertheless, the residual tensile stress has significant effect on the crack initiation during the stress-corrosion process.     

镀锌钢板点焊过程的有限元模拟

采用ANSYS软件对镀锌钢板点焊过程进行数值模拟．该模拟过程对镀锌层的存在，特别是对接触电阻的影响给予了重视，建立了轴对称2-D模型，采用热、电耦合计算方法，输入不同焊接条件，得到最终的温度场分布图，并算出熔核直径．将得到的有限元模拟结果与实验结果相对照，发现两者较为吻合．该有限元程序可以用于焊点质量预测以及电极磨损下的焊点质量初步预测，作为焊接参数设置及焊接质量判断的辅助依据，其结果可部分替代实际生产中的焊点破坏试验．     

超细亚晶粒铝合金的强化机理

在室温下对经过时效处理的2024铝合金实施了等效应变为0.5的等通道转角挤压(ECAP)变形,将形变强化、时效强化和晶界细化强化有机结合,制备出超细亚晶粒铝合金,其硬度、屈服强度、伸长率分别约达100 HV,130 MPa和31%.分析探讨了超细亚晶粒2024铝合金的强化机理.研究结果表明,屈服强度的实测数值和理论计算...     

高速动车侧梁焊接残余变形的控制

构架是机车车辆的重要承载部件,控制其侧梁的焊接残余变形至关重要.以热弹塑性理论为基础采用APDL语言对侧梁进行了焊接变形数值仿真计算,并对侧梁进行现场跟踪测量,得出侧梁的焊接变形仿真计算结果与测量值,二者基本吻合,误差在6%之内.以此仿真模型为基础,采用多层优化计算方法,对侧梁焊接时的随焊冲击碾压参数进行了优化分析,得到与焊接工艺相匹配的最优方案,计算结果表明最优方案能够降低残余变形量60%左右,最优随焊冲击碾压对于减小焊接残余变形效果明显.通过数值仿真优化所得的方案可为焊接变形的控制、焊接工艺设计的选择、随焊冲击碾压设备的设计等提供可靠依据.