用复制酶基因cDNA探针检测表达病毒外壳蛋白基因马…

利用马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）复制酶基因３＇端长约６００ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ，用缺口平移方法进行＾３２Ｐ同位素标记，制备成ｃＤＮＡ探针，通过核酸斑点杂交，对提纯的马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）、病毒ＲＮＡ、ＰＬＲＶ感染的马铃薯汁液，表达ＰＬＲＶ ＣＰ基因的马铃薯叶片及块茎芽进行了检测。结果表明，＾３２Ｐ标记的复制酶基因ｃＤＮＡ探针特异性强、灵敏度高。可测得提纯病毒的最低含量为４０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，病毒ＲＮＡ最低     

用复制酶基因cDNA探针检测表达病毒外壳蛋白基因马铃薯中的PLRV

利用马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）复制酶基因３′端长约６００ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ，用缺口平移方法进行３２Ｐ同位素标记，制备成ｃＤＮＡ探针，通过核酸斑点杂交，对提纯的马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）、病毒ＲＮＡ、ＰＬＲＶ感染的马铃薯汁液，表达ＰＬＲＶＣＰ基因的马铃薯叶片及块茎芽进行了检测．结果表明，３２Ｐ标记的复制酶基因ｃＤＮＡ探针特异性强、灵敏度高．可测得提纯病毒的最低含量为４０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，病毒ＲＮＡ最低量为２７．８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，未转ＣＰ基因接种ＰＬＲＶ的马铃薯叶片提取液的最高稀释度为１３７５．接种ＰＬＲＶ的转ＣＰ基因的抗性马铃薯块茎芽和叶片提取液的最高稀释度为０～１／１５．此探针和只转入病毒外壳蛋白基因，不接种ＰＬＲＶ的转基因马铃薯汁液不发生反应．表明，探针只与ＰＬＲＶ基因组ＲＮＡ特异反应，而不与外壳蛋白基因及其ｍＲＮＡ反应，从而为表达ＣＰ基因的转基因马铃薯中ＰＬＲＶ的检测和抗病性鉴定建立了一种可靠的灵敏的分子生物学技术．此项技术已用于转ＣＰ基因马铃薯Ｄｅｓｉｒｅ，Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ，乌盟６０１和虎头的抗病性鉴定     

复制酶基因介导的抗病毒烟草植株的研究

将构建的携带烟草花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）５４ＫＤ蛋白基因及黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）３’端缺失０．９Ｋｂ的１．６Ｋｂ片断复制酶基因植物表达载体ｐＢＩＣＴ，导入根癌农杆菌３１１ＳＥ系，用叶圆盘法转化烟草，在含有卡那霉素的选择性培养基上诱导生芽、生根，得到２８株成活苗．移入大田后，随机挑选４．株植物，提取植物总ＤＮＡ，经ＰＣＲ扩增、Ｓｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交检测，结果４株植物中都有复制酶基因的整合，而未经转化的对照组植物则没有．转基因植株在大田试验中表现了良好的抗烟草花叶病毒及黄瓜花叶病毒能力．     

肿瘤睾丸抗原CTA的研究进展——基因表达的活化与精子发生

就目前关于CTA基因的表达、功能、调节、CT抗原的免疫原性做一综述，分析了最新的关于CTA基因活化的假说．该假说从进化论的思想角度着手，认为CTA基因的活化与早期生命系统发育中的染色体倍数性循环有关，所以与精子发生相联系．该假说的提出可以拓宽目前抗肿瘤研究的思路．     

“新陈代谢先起源”和“复制先起源”假说研究进展

“新陈代谢先起源”假说认为新陈代谢的出现先于（或同时）模板复制能力的出现。“复制先起源”假说则认为前生物合成的有机化合物能够通过非生物自发聚合形成具有自我复制能力的遗传信息系统,并逐渐拥有了“新陈代谢”能力。针对这个“生命起源”研究中的“鸡”-“蛋”悖论所涉及的一些问题进行了系统的综述。     

一种非洲番茄黄化曲叶病毒DNA的克隆

用ＰＣＲ获得了非洲塞内加尔番茄黄化曲叶病毒（ＴＹＬＣＶ－ＳＥＮ）的全长ＤＮＡＡ，并进行了克隆和部分序列分析，ＤＮＡ序列分析的序列并１３５９ｂｐ，包括外壳蛋白基因，ＡＶ１基因，基因间区（ＩＲ）及部分复制酶基因，计算机分析显示：ＴＹＬＣＶ－ＳＥＮ与其他亚组ＩＩＩ及生理病毒相比，外壳蛋白氨基酸同源性为６７％～８３．４％，ＡＶ１基物氨基酸同源性为６１％～８４％，ＩＲ最大同源性为６０％～６８％，且与非洲和中     

犏牛雄性不育的多基因遗传不平衡假说

根据犏牛雄性不育的研究结果，提出了犏牛雄性不育的多基因遗传不平衡假说．假说认为，不育性是受多基因控制的，牦牛和普通牛由于在多个基因位点上的遗传差异而使犏牛的基因平衡失调，导致不育．最后对该假说的部分证据进行了讨论和分析     

乙肝患者血清HBVDNA与e系统相关性的研究

用聚合酶链反应检测１３２例ｅ系统阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ．结果表明，ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性组，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性率达８９．９％；抗－ＨＢｅ阳性组，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性率为６８．３％．ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性患者的丙氨酸水平显著高于ＨＢＡＤＮＡ阳性患者，结果表明大部分抗－ＨＢｅ阳性患者体内仍存在ＨＢＶ复制及病情进展．     

青菜花粉管通道法导入外源DNA的研究初报

采用花粉管通道法，将青菜株系７５Ｆ５、１４号大白菜、紫阳等三个品种的总ＤＮＡ及质粒ｐＡｃｔ１－Ｄ ＤＮＡ导入青菜６０５品系，收获青菜种子。种子发芽后分别提取约两周苗龄的小苗总ＤＮＡ，并经ＥｃｏＲⅠ酶切，以ｇｕｓ基因片段为探针做子杂交，证实了外源ｇｕｓ基因已整合到青菜６０５品系中；田间观察还获得了一株与供体大白菜花形相似的变异株。     

青鳉鱼早期胚胎中外源DNA的复制行为的研究

利用显微注射技术将外源ＤＮＡ与标有生物素的ｄＡＴＰ一起导入处于１细胞期的青鱼（Ｍｅｄａｋａ）受精卵细胞质中，鱼卵在２５℃孵化一天至胚孔封闭期，从胚胎细胞质中提取ＤＮＡ，经分子杂交发现外源ＤＮＡ在胚胎中可进行复制。ＤＮＡ样品再经核酸电镜分析，发现了几种类型的复制分子，并发现多复制叉及成熟前复制现象。由此认为外源ＤＮＡ可以多种方式在青鱼早期胚胎细胞质中进行复制。     

水稻配子体细胞质雄性不育基因orf79/orfH79的变异多态性研究

线粒体基因组异常嵌合基因orf79/orfH79被证实为水稻配子体细胞质雄性不育（cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS）基因。为了调查配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79在水稻资源中的遗传与变异,来自不同国家的31份水稻材料被用于PCR检测。10份水稻材料被检测出具有配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79,表明配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79在水稻资源中具有较高的分布频率（32.2%）。DNA序列分析显示水稻配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79具有非常保守的遗传特性（98.3%）,只有4个多态性碱基位点被检测出,4个碱基位点的变异导致多肽ORF79/ORFH79三个氨基酸位点的改变。基于orf79/orfH79 DNA序列的聚类分析系显示10份水稻材料被分成了3个类群,表明配子体CMS胞质在水稻资源中存在多种变异模式。研究结果为新水稻CMS胞质的发掘与培育提供重要的理论和实验依据。     

DNA damage defines sites of recurrent chromosomal translocations in B lymphocytes

Recurrent chromosomal translocations underlie both haematopoietic and solid tumours. Their origin has been ascribed to selection of random rearrangements, targeted DNA damage, or frequent nuclear interactions between translocation partners; however, the relative contribution of each of these elements has not been measured directly or on a large scale. Here we examine the role of nuclear architecture and frequency of DNA damage in the genesis of chromosomal translocations by measuring these parameters simultaneously in cultured mouse B lymphocytes. In the absence of recurrent DNA damage, translocations between Igh or Myc and all other genes are directly related to their contact frequency. Conversely, translocations associated with recurrent site-directed DNA damage are proportional to the rate of DNA break formation, as measured by replication protein A accumulation at the site of damage. Thus, non-targeted rearrangements reflect nuclear organization whereas DNA break formation governs the location and frequency of recurrent translocations, including those driving B-cell malignancies.     

AFM观察小白鼠心肌和肝核DNA片段的基因移位

用原子力显微镜(简称AFM)直接观察、体外表达和体外转录等实验技术组合,观察到了心肌和肝的核DNA片段的基因;用磷酸缓冲液稀释,并用开关蛋白质等活性因子使其部分解离,促使核基因在核DNA片段内或核DNA片段间静态或动态移位,得到了对应核DNA片段中的相关基因,如LDH/DNA体外表达活性变化的LDH同功酶酶谱图。基因静态或动态移位均表达活性降低,且基因移位程度与其对应基因活性降低程度呈正相关性。展示了未来运用AFM和体外表达等实验技术组合研究核DNA片段的基因移位和对应基因突变机制的前景。     

表观遗传学研究进展

 概述了表观遗传调节模式、表观遗传调节的效应、植物表观遗传学的研究进展等。在每种细胞中,都会发生一部分特异基因激活、另一部分基因抑制的现象,形成多种基因表达模式。表观遗传指DNA序列不发生变化,而基因表达发生可遗传改变的现象。表观遗传学改变包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA作用等,产生基因组印记、母性影响、基因沉默、核仁显性、休眠转座子激活等效应。表观遗传变异是环境因素和细胞内遗传物质间交互作用的结果,其效应通过调节基因表达,控制生物学表型来实现。正是因为表观修饰对于维持生物体内环境和各器官系统功能的重要性,表观遗传的异常会引发疾病,这也成为药物和治疗方案设计的着眼点。     

Repetitive shuttling of a motor protein on DNA

Many helicases modulate recombination, an essential process that needs to be tightly controlled. Mutations in some human disease helicases cause increased recombination, genome instability and cancer. To elucidate the potential mode of action of these enzymes, here we developed a single-molecule fluorescence assay that can visualize DNA binding and translocation of Escherichia coli Rep, a superfamily 1 DNA helicase homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srs2. Individual Rep monomers were observed to move on single-stranded (ss)DNA in the 3' to 5' direction using ATP hydrolysis. Strikingly, on hitting a blockade, such as duplex DNA or streptavidin, the protein abruptly snapped back close to its initial position, followed by further cycles of translocation and snapback. This repetitive shuttling is likely to be caused by a blockade-induced protein conformational change that enhances DNA affinity for the protein's secondary DNA binding site, thereby resulting in a transient DNA loop. Repetitive shuttling was also observed on ssDNA bounded by a stalled replication fork and an Okazaki fragment analogue, and the presence of Rep delayed formation of a filament of recombination protein RecA on ssDNA. Thus, the binding of a single Rep monomer to a stalled replication fork can lead to repetitive shuttling along the single-stranded region, possibly keeping the DNA clear of toxic recombination intermediates.     

麂属动物小麂线粒体DNA文库的建立和序列分析

通过建立麂属动物小麂线粒体DNA文库，鸟枪法测序，我们获得了小麂线粒体基因组全序列的初步信息，这也是国内有关哺乳动物线粒体基因组全序列的首次报道，与其他哺乳动物线粒体基因组全库列的比较研究发现：全长为16354bp的小麂线粒体基因组同样编码13种蛋白、2种rRNA和22种tRNA，除了用于调控线粒体DNA复制和转录的D-Loop区以外，小麂线粒体基因组各基因长度，位置与其他哺乳动物相似，其编码蛋白质区域的rRNA基因与基因他哺乳动物具有很高的同源性，D－Loop区长度和序列的差异是导致各种哺乳动物线粒体差异的主要原因。     

Mutation rates differ among regions of the mammalian genome

In the traditional view of molecular evolution, the rate of point mutation is uniform over the genome of an organism and variation in the rate of nucleotide substitution among DNA regions reflects differential selective constraints. Here we provide evidence for significant variation in mutation rate among regions in the mammalian genome. We show first that substitutions at silent (degenerate) sites in protein-coding genes in mammals seem to be effectively neutral (or nearly so) as they do not occur significantly less frequently than substitutions in pseudogenes. We then show that the rate of silent substitution varies among genes and is correlated with the base composition of genes and their flanking DNA. This implies that the variation in both silent substitution rate and base composition can be attributed to systematic differences in the rate and pattern of mutation over regions of the genome. We propose that the differences arise because mutation patterns vary with the timing of replication of different chromosomal regions in the germline. This hypothesis can account for both the origin of isochores in mammalian genomes and the observation that silent nucleotide substitutions in different mammalian genes do not have the same molecular clock.