“苏麻离青”与郑和下西洋

明代永乐、宣德时期,郑和下西洋以后,由于海路交通的拓展,促进了我国瓷器生产的发展。青花瓷在烧制上,得到了郑和下西洋从东南亚地区带回的"苏麻离青"为釉料,制品极为美观精致,出现了自元代末期青花瓷成熟以来的第二次发展高峰。这一时期的青花瓷被称为是青花瓷器的"黄金时代"。元青花在历史文献上没有明确的记载。1929年英国人霍布逊首次对传世的元青花瓷器进行了研究,几十年来,国内外古陶瓷专家、学者进行了长期不懈的努力。元青花钴料产于何处,从哪条通道传入中国的至今没有令人信服的科学证据,在此前提下将元青花钴料和"苏麻离青"认定为一种矿物的论点是不严谨的。"苏麻离青"是郑和下西洋时期的特定产物,学术界没有理由将其混淆。     

弘扬郑和航海精神 培育学员航海素质

通过研究郑和下西洋资料与文选，基于郑和下西洋的航海过程，着重分析了郑和下西洋的航海技术应用与创新，总结了郑和下西洋在航海方面的成就与航海精神，结合信息化战争条件下海军院校学员的素质要求，阐述了弘扬郑和航海精神，对培育当代海军学员航海素质的思考。     

景德"青花"下西洋

中国有"青花瓷"始于唐,成于南宋(1127-1279),圆熟于元(1279-1368),兴盛于明初,特别是永乐(1403-1425)、宣德(1426-1436)、成化(1465-1488)三朝.江西"景德镇"的产品,更是独步世界,达到了登峰造极的水平."三保太监"郑和(1371-1433)七下"西洋"(1405-1433)时,"彩绢瓷器"是最重要的"赏赐"品,大量青花乃随"宝船"远走四方,或赠或售扬名四海.青花用"回青"直接在瓷胚上画绘,再上一层无色透明釉,然后入窑,以高温还原焰一次烧成.青花的成功,除中国独有制瓷传统和瓷匠的精研努力外,另一项特殊因素是使用了"伊斯兰"传统的蓝色釉料回青、回回青和"南海"周边国家的苏麻离青、苏泥腊青、勃青等等.青花不仅使用了域外原料,在造型和纹饰上,也容纳了"伊斯兰"宗教和民族风格.这里仅讨论明初"青花",且以景德镇所出,于15世纪郑和下西洋时代前后者为主,也略论中国青花与阿拉伯青花间的关联.     

景德“青花”下西洋

中国有“青花瓷”始于唐,成于南宋（1127-1279）,圆熟于元（1279-1368）,兴盛于明初,特别是永乐（1403-1425）、宣德（1426-1436）、成化（1465-1488）三朝.江西“景德镇”的产品,更是独步世界,达到了登峰造极的水平.“三保太监”郑和（1371-1433）七下“西洋”（1405-1433）时,“彩绢瓷器”是最重要的“赏赐”品,大量青花乃随“宝船”远走四方,或赠或售扬名四海.青花用“回青”直接在瓷胚上画绘,再上一层无色透明釉,然后入窑,以高温还原焰一次烧成.青花的成功,除中国独有制瓷传统和瓷匠的精研努力外,另一项特殊因素是使用了“伊斯兰”传统的蓝色釉料：回青、回回青和“南海”周边国家的苏麻离青、苏泥腊青、勃青等等.青花不仅使用了域外原料,在造型和纹饰上,也容纳了“伊斯兰”宗教和民族风格.这里仅讨论明初“青花”,且以景德镇所出,于15世纪郑和下西洋时代前后者为主,也略论中国青花与阿拉伯青花间的关联.     

纪念郑和下西洋600周年学术研讨会在武汉举行

1405年郑和率领庞大船队开始了“下西洋”的壮举。临近2005年，国内外学术界举行一系列会议和活动，纪念郑和下西洋600年。2004年12月11日，武汉造船工程学会、湖北科技史学会、武汉航海学会在武汉理工大学主办了纪念郑和下西洋600周年学术研讨会。来自湖北、北京、台湾、浙江、江苏的50多位专家和青年学者出席了会议。会议组织者筹资出版了由29篇文章组成的论文集。     

我国多种形式纪念郑和下西洋600周年

2005年7月11目，是我国伟大的航海家、探险家郑和下西洋600周年纪念目，郑和下西洋600周年纪念大会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行。600年前，郑和率领由208艘船组成的庞大船队，完成了7次下西洋的创举，途经30多个国家和地区，成为世界航海史上时间最早、规定最大、技术先进、活动范围最广的洲际航海活动，传播了中华文明，促进了经济文化交流和经贸往来，扩大了中外友好关系，为世界航海事业和人类文明进步做出了巨大贡献。     

郑和下西洋与东南亚华侨

华侨＂唐人＂开发南洋即东南亚地区虽然不是从郑和下西洋开始的,但郑和下西洋,开创了华侨＂唐人＂开发东南亚的新时代,至今东南亚地区还保留有大量的郑和下西洋时所留下的遗址。郑和下西洋既提高了＂唐人＂在国外的地位,又展示了＂唐人＂的真正良好形象,还提供了中国货之品牌样板,并最终促进了＂唐人街＂的形成。     

太仓港,长江第一港

邓小平曾高度评价郑和下西洋。他说,郑和下西洋是中国最早的对外开放。当年郑和下西洋的起锚地,就是今天的太仓港,古称浏家港。国内水运专家对中国北从大连,甫至北部湾沿海18000公里海岸线进行实地考察、科学论证后,一致公认太仓长江岸线为集装箱建港的首选之地。     

郑和远航与文明的转折

28年七下西洋,在东方千年航海史上,不过是一瞬间,但却将整个东方航海事业推向瞬间的高峰。1433年,第七次下西洋,郑和在古里病逝,副将王景弘将庞大的舰队和郑和的头发、     

对郑和的理性纪念

郑和下西洋的壮举,在亚洲和非洲众多国家和地区树立了中华民族和平与文明的形象,也使中国声威远播,对今天中国和平发展道路、对当今世界国际关系发展,都具有很好的借鉴和启发意义,也给后人留下众多深层次的历史思考。在纪念郑和下西洋600周年之际,也许这些深刻反思才更具理性意     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the