Darstellbarkeit doppelbrechender Lipoidtropfen aus dem Urin und pathogenetische Auffassungen der Lipoidurie

Summary (1) No double refractile Iipoid droplets can be obtained by alcohol ether extraction from urine or from urinary protein as it is possible from blood serum.(2) The conclusion is drawn that the double refractile lipoids droplets in urinary sediment do not pass through the glomeruli and therefore are not reabsorbed by the tubuli, but that they come from the own lipoproteins of the epithelial cells of renal tubuli and pass into urine by dissolution and desquamation of these cells.     

Verteilungskoeffizient und bakterizide Wirkung von Phenolen und aromatischen Alkoholen

Summary The rôle of the partition coefficient for the bactericidal efficiency of phenols and aromatic alcohols is stressed. It is postulated that these compounds in any concentration should have identical bactericidal effects if they attain the same molar concentration in a lipoid phase after distribution. It is proposed to use this postulate for a new approach to test phenolic and alcoholic disinfectants. p-chloro--phenetyl alcohol reveals a high bactericidal effect due to a favourable distribution coefficient combined with a water solubility of nearly 0.5%.     

The site of triglyceride biosynthesis in milk.

THe triglyceride biosynthesis which occurs in freshly secreted goat skim milk can be localized predominantly to large (1-8 mum) pieces of membrane-bounded cytoplasm. These contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles (but no nucleus) plus one or more large lipid droplets.     

Enzymatic reduction of fatty acids and acyl-CoAs to long chain aldehydes and alcohols

Summary The properties of enzymatic systems involved in the synthesis of long chain aldehydes and alcohols have been reviewed. Fatty acid and acyl-CoA reductases are widely distributed and generate fatty alcohols for ether lipid and was ester synthesis as well as fatty aldehydes for bacterial bioluminescence. Fatty alcohol is generally the major product of fatty acid reduction in crude or membrane systems, although reductases which release fatty aldehydes as products have also been purified. The reduction of fatty acid proceeds through the ATP-dependent formation of acyl intermediates such as acyl-CoA and acyl protein, followed by reduction to aldehyde and alcohol with NAD(P)H. In most cases, both the rate of fatty acid conversion and acyl chain specificity of the reaction are determined at the level of reduction of the intermediate. The reduction of fatty acids represents the major pathway for the control of the synthesis of fatty aldehydes and alcohols. Several other enzymatic reactions involved in lipid degradation also release fatty aldehydes but do not apear to play an important role in long chain alcohol synthesis.     

Enzymatic reduction of fatty acids and acyl-CoAs to long chain aldehydes and alcohols

The properties of enzymatic systems involved in the synthesis of long chain aldehydes and alcohols have been reviewed. Fatty acid and acyl-CoA reductases are widely distributed and generate fatty alcohols for ether lipid and wax ester synthesis as well as fatty aldehydes for bacterial bioluminescence. Fatty alcohol is generally the major product of fatty acid reduction in crude or membrane systems, although reductases which release fatty aldehydes as products have also been purified. The reduction of fatty acid proceeds through the ATP-dependent formation of acyl intermediates such as acyl-CoA and acyl protein, followed by reduction to aldehyde and alcohol with NAD(P)H. In most cases, both the rate of fatty acid conversion and acyl chain specificity of the reaction are determined at the level of reduction of the intermediate. The reduction of fatty acids represents the major pathway for the control of the synthesis of fatty aldehydes and alcohols. Several other enzymatic reactions involved in lipid degradation also release fatty aldehydes but do not appear to play an important role in long chain alcohol synthesis.     

Über einen die Samenbläschen hemmenden Stoff aus Luzerne

Summary Extracts of lucerne with 0.1N HCl prepared and fractionated by the method ofAdler ¹⁶ give a filtrate which contains anantigonadal substance. This can be obtained from the extract after precipitation with lead acetate and evaporation. The residue after extraction with cold pyridin contains long needle-crystals insoluble in ethanol, methanol, ether and chloroform. A solution of these crystals injected into rats caused a decrease in weight of the seminal vesicles. In the mouse this substance is without effect.     

Isoquinolines,beta-carbolines and alcohol drinking: Involvement of opioid and dopaminergic mechanisms

Summary Two classes of amine-aldehyde adducts, the tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and beta-carboline (THBC) compounds, have been implicated in the mechanism in the brain underlying the addictive drinking of alcohol. One part of this review focuses on the large amount of evidence unequivocally demonstrating not only the corporeal synthesis of the TIQs and THBCs but their sequestration in brain tissue as well. Experimental studies published recently have revealed that exposure to alcohol enhances markedly the endogenous formation of condensation products. Apart from their multiple neuropharmacological actions, certain adducts when delivered directly into the brain of either the rat or monkey, to circumvent the brain's blood-barrier system, can evoke an intense and dose-dependent increase in the voluntary drinking of solutions of alcohol even in noxious concentrations. That the abnormal intake of alcohol is related functionally to opioid receptors in the brain is likely on the basis of several dinstinct lines of evidence which include: the attenuation of alcohol drinking by opioid receptor antagoists; binding of a TIQ to opiate receptors in the brain; and marked differences in enkephalin values in animals genetically predisposed to the ingestion of alcohol. Finally, it is proposed that the dopaminergic reward pathways which traverse the meso-limbic-forebrain systems of the brain more than likely constitute an integrative anatomical substrate for the adduct-opioid cascade of neuronal events which promote and sustain the aberrant drinking of alcohol.     

Isoquinolines, beta-carbolines and alcohol drinking: involvement of opioid and dopaminergic mechanisms

Two classes of amine-aldehyde adducts, the tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and beta-carboline (THBC) compounds, have been implicated in the mechanism in the brain underlying the addictive drinking of alcohol. One part of this review focuses on the large amount of evidence unequivocally demonstrating not only the corporeal synthesis of the TIQs and THBCs but their sequestration in brain tissue as well. Experimental studies published recently have revealed that exposure to alcohol enhances markedly the endogenous formation of condensation products. Apart from their multiple neuropharmacological actions, certain adducts when delivered directly into the brain of either the rat or monkey, to circumvent the brain's blood-barrier system, can evoke an intense and dose-dependent increase in the voluntary drinking of solutions of alcohol even in noxious concentrations. That the abnormal intake of alcohol is related functionally to opioid receptors in the brain is likely on the basis of several distinct lines of evidence which include: the attenuation of alcohol drinking by opioid receptor antagonists; binding of a TIQ to opiate receptors in the brain; and marked differences in enkephalin values in animals genetically predisposed to the ingestion of alcohol. Finally, it is proposed that the dopaminergic reward pathways which traverse the meso-limbic-forebrain systems of the brain more than likely constitute an integrative anatomical substrate for the adduct-opioid cascade of neuronal events which promote and sustain the aberrant drinking of alcohol.     

On the empirical equivalence between special relativity and Lorentz׳s ether theory

In this paper I argue that the case of Einstein׳s special relativity vs. Hendrik Lorentz׳s ether theory can be decided in terms of empirical evidence, in spite of the predictive equivalence between the theories. In the historical and philosophical literature this case has been typically addressed focusing on non-empirical features (non-empirical virtues in special relativity and/or non-empirical flaws in the ether theory). I claim that non-empirical features are not enough to provide a fully objective and uniquely determined choice in instances of empirical equivalence. However, I argue that if we consider arguments proposed by Richard Boyd, and by Larry Laudan and Jarret Leplin, a choice based on non-entailed empirical evidence favoring Einstein׳s theory can be made.     

A new glandular organ in some toxic caterpillars.

The nodes formed by the mid-ventral tracheal anastomoses in abdominal segments 3-6 are modified into conspicuous glandular organs in larvae of certain Lepidoptera. They comprise clusters of extremely large cells penetrated by an extensive lacunar system opening onto the tracheal wall. These cells appear to sequester substances from the haemolymph which may be conjugated with a lipoid synthesized within them and the product excreted into the lacunar system, ultimately passing into the tracheal lumen.     

Wechselwirkungen zwischen fördernden und hemmenden Substanzen der Blutgerinnung

Summary The reactions of the lipoid activator and different thrombokinases, both alone and together with sphingosine-containing plasma, are described. In connection with the results reported, the possible significance of the physiological substances for the physiopathology of blood clotting, and the generation of plasma thrombokinase, is discussed.      

Über das Glukuronsäurekonjugat eines Cardenolidgenins (3-Epi-digitoxigenin)

Summary After incubation of digitoxigenin with slices from livers of man, rabbit or dog, a total of 5 chloroform-insoluble, highly polar metabolites has been isolated by extraction with ether-ethanol. Two of the products were the sulfuric acid esters of digitoxigenin or 3-epi-digitoxigenin, as demonstrated earlier, and two further ones could not be identified. The fifth metabolite appeared to be identical with 3-epi-digitoxigenin glucuronide.     

Cholesterin und Fettsäuren als Ersatz von Serum in der Kultur vonTrichomonas foetus

Summary In the presence of a minimal amount of a water-soluble growth factor from bovine serum, cholesterol together with an unsaturated fatty acid may replace the ethersoluble lipoid fraction of the same serum. The concentration of cholesterol and fatty acid, as well as the chemical structure of the latter, are relevant.     

Tierexperimentelle Studien über die Alkoholverbrennung

Summary While in dogs intravenously administered alcohol is eliminated as a straight function of time, it was found that the combustion of alcohol, when given intraperitoneally in rats, depends on the concentration at a given time. Since the dog — like man — belongs to a species with a slow alcohol combustion, while the rat (together with the mouse) has the highest metabolic velocity, it is supposed that the supply of alcohol dehydrogenase might determine not only the metabolic velocity as such but also the rhythm of alcohol combustion: when the ADH supply is low, the combustion capacity limit will be reached at low blood alcohol concentrations and the elimination curve will become linear.     

Lipid sensing and lipid sensors

Lipid droplets have been considered for a long time as inert intracytoplasmic deposits formed within cells under various conditions. Recently, new tools and new approaches have been used to visualize and study these intracellular structures. This revealed new aspects of lipid droplets biology and pointed out their organized structure and dynamic composition. In adipocytes, the specialized cell type for the storage of energy as fat, lipid droplets are particularly well-developed organelles and exhibit unique properties. Also discussed in this paper is the view that lipid droplets, through specific candidate constituents, can play a role in sensing the level of their lipid stores by adipocytes.     

Effet de quelques anesthésiques sur le flux sanguin de la muqueuse gastrique,chez le Rat

Summary Effects of ether, nembutal or urethane anaesthesia on gastric secretion and mucosal blood flow (MBF) are studied in the Rat; these 3 anaesthetics alter neither volume nor total acidity of juice, but free acidity and proteolytic activity are more importance after ether anaesthesia; MBF is highest in nembutal anaesthetized rats; therefore nembutal is the best anaesthetic for studies of digestive physiology or pharmacology.     

Influence of an injection of chorionic hormone (HCG) on the accumulation of testicular fluid following ligature of the vas deferens in adult Wistar rats]

Using the weight gain of the testis after efferent duct ligation, we have measured the testis fluid secretion. A single injection of HCG to Rats before, at the time or after the ligation leads to three types of effects: no effect which can be explained by the metabolisation of the hormone: a positive and/or a negative one. If the stimulating action of HCG remains unexplained, it must be related with ether anaesthesia. It seems likely that the decrease of testicular fluid secretion may represent the fundamental action of HCG upon the exocrine function of the testis, but the mecanism by which this action occurs remains to be solved.     

Ultrastructural evidence of a secretory process in the rat pineal gland.

Pericapillar spaces of the rat pineal gland belong to the most active sites of this organ. Neighborhood of sympathetic nerve endings, capillaries and pinealocyte processes facilitates possibly the synthesis and the secretion of methoxyindoles. Lipid droplets migrate through the pinealocyte cellular processes towards the terminal enlargement or poles, where they are secreted into the pericapillar space, and the possibility that indoleamines are included in the lipid droplets has been discussed.     

离子液体双水相萃取红霉素的研究

建立了由亲水性离子液体[Emim] BF4和NaH2PO4形成的双水相体系萃取红霉素的新方法.考察了磷酸盐浓度、离子液体用量、萃取温度、震荡时间、pH值、萃取次数等因素对红霉素萃取率的影响;分析了离子液体的可再生性.结果表明,在红霉素溶液中加入3.5g离子液体,调节体系pH到7～8,温度在303.15 K下,萃取时间2～3h,红霉素的萃取率为87.2％;萃取3次后,萃取率可达98.32％;离子液体重复利用可达到5次.研究表明,离子液体双水相体系可成功用于红霉素的富集分离中,为食品中微痕量红霉素的测定提供新方法.     

Neue Synthesen des Chloramphenicols und deren stereochemischen Beziehungen

Summary Two new syntheses of Chloramphenicol are described starting from the diastereoisomers of -phenylserinmethyl ether and cinnamyl alcohol methyl ether respectively. The configurational correlation of the diastereoisomers of -phenylserin-methyl ether with -phenylserin and chloramphenicol is discussed. A new method for transforming erythro--phenylserinol into threo--phenylserinol is described. New examples of the Neighboring group effect were studied. The sterical course of the addition of methylhypobromite to the double bond is discussed.