大鼠肝细胞核仁超微结构与rDNA分布位点

以常规电镜及NAMA－Ur DNA特异染色技术对Wistar大鼠肝细胞核仁的超微结构和rRNA的分布进行了观察。常规电镜技术表明大鼠肝细胞核仁纤维中心（FC）是电子透明区，数量较多，形状不规则。密集纤维组分（DFC）是围绕FC的环状结构部分，电子密度很高。FC中的染色质存在着一个介于集缩和解集缩状态之间的变化过程。NAMA－Ur DNA特异染色技术表明核仁内rDNA呈分散性分布，主要分布于DFC中（包括FC）的边缘），同时观察到与核仁相随染色质相连的核仁内rDNA呈念珠状结构。     

针刺对缺血再灌心肌超微结构损伤的保护作用

家兔经戊巴比妥钠麻醉,开胸结扎冠脉左室支20min松结再灌5min后,缺血区心肌细胞超微结构呈现明显损伤:细胞水肿、线粒体嵴结构破坏基质中甚至出现无定形致密小体、肌原纤维排列紊乱乃至挛缩或断裂、细胞核染色质凝聚、细胞质糖元颗粒减少或消失等。心内膜下层细胞超微结构损伤程度较心外膜下层严重。缺血和再灌期于“内关”相应部位施加电针治疗的动物,其心肌细胞超微结构损伤明显减轻,表现为不出现细胞水肿或程度较轻、正常线粒体增多、肌原纤维挛缩或断裂减少,细胞核染色质解聚等。由于心外膜下层缺血区超微结构损伤较轻,电针的这种保护作用更为明显。     

圆口铜鱼早期卵母细胞发生的超微结构

用透射电镜观察了圆口铜鱼早期卵母细胞超微结构,发现:第1时相,卵原细胞呈圆形,细胞核较大,核仁1个,由纤维中心、致密纤维组分、颗粒组分组成;核内异染色质少,常染色质多;细胞质中有1~2个核仁样体,线粒体数量少,其基质电子密度低,嵴不发达.第2时相,卵母细胞体积增大,核仁数目增多,形态上出现大小区别.早期细胞质中核仁样体增多,靠近核膜,不被线粒体包围;光面内质网较多,糖原颗粒均匀分布;线粒体出现聚集现象;中期线粒体包围核仁样体.晚期核仁样体由大变小,逐渐消失,细胞膜边缘开始形成胞质突起.第3时相,早期卵母细胞的细胞质形成大量突起,且越来越明显;中期放射带开始形成,滤泡细胞出现颗粒细胞和鞘膜细胞的分化,两种细胞的超微结构有显著差异;晚期卵母细胞周围胶原纤维发达,呈束状,鞘膜细胞扁平状,卵母细胞质中有丰富的细胞器.讨论了圆口铜鱼早期卵子发生的特点,并与铜鱼的卵子发生做了比较.     

HMBA对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞形态结构和终末分化指标表达的影响

应用环六亚甲基双乙酰胺处理人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞,观察MG-63细胞处理前后形态与超微结构及其相关终末分化指标的表达变化.实验结果显示,经5 mmol/L HMBA处理后,MG-63细胞体积增大,趋于扁平铺展状态,细胞大小较为一致,排列较为规则,细胞核形态规则,核质比例减小,核仁减少,核内异染色质减少,常染色质增多,细胞核内的线粒体和高尔基体较为发达,内质网数量增多,细胞表面的微绒毛减少,在成熟细胞中可见钙化糖原颗粒,细胞表面出现钙化小泡沉积,并且形成典型的骨结节.常规细胞化学和免疫细胞化学检测显示,HMBA处理后的细胞中Ⅰ型胶原纤维、骨钙素、骨粘素的表达显著增加,实验结果表明HMBA能够有效诱导人成骨肉瘤细胞的分化,并促进其终末分化指标的表达.     

臭氧对摇蚊幼虫表皮和肌肉细胞超微结构的影响

为探讨臭氧对摇蚊幼虫的致毒机理,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜,观察并分析了臭氧对摇蚊幼虫表皮和肌肉细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:臭氧处理后的摇蚊幼虫表皮由于真皮细胞结构被破坏导致板层结构消失,真皮细胞层与内表皮层相分离.真皮细胞的损害表现为核仁变形、染色质固缩;真皮细胞内线粒体空泡化严重,形成大的电子透明区;细胞内内质网减少,小池扩张,并出现水肿,表面核糖体脱落;脂滴有空泡化现象.臭氧处理后肌原纤维无明显变化;肌细胞核形状不规则,核仁变形;肌细胞中线粒体破坏严重,双层膜变得模糊不清,内嵴减少,空泡化严重.     

小麦根端分生细胞间期集缩染色质银染蛋白的分析

小麦根端分生组织经整体银染色后在电子显微镜下观察看到，间期集缩染色质中分布有许多大小不等、数量各异的银染颗粒，这些银染颗粒形状的图象分析结果显示，大的银粒 状，小的银粒有的为点状，有的实际为短纤维状，这些结果表明：小麦间期集缩染色质中存在着非组蛋白性质的骨架结构，骨架蛋白以颗粒和纤维状的形式分布于整个集缩染色质中，最后对染色质骨架、染色体骨架和核基质之间的相互关系进行了讨论。     

双丁酰环腺苷酸对人胃腺癌体外培养细胞DNA合成的影响

应用~3H-TdR光镜和电镜放射自显影观察表明,MGc80-3 细胞标记指数达31.51％,标记银粒集中于分裂间期的S期细胞核中,细胞核呈重标记状态,绝大多数标记银粒分布于细胞核常染色质区域,少数见于核孔附近的常染色质或核孔附近的细胞质中,核仁未见标记,显示细胞内 DNA合成十分活跃。但经 dBcAMP诱导后,标记指数则降至 4.35％,细胞核呈弱标记状态,电镜放射自显影则未在细胞核内见到标记银粒,表明其DNA合成受到明显抑制。这种变化是由于dBcAMP诱导胃癌细胞内cAMP水平提高而实现的,认为DNA合成抑制是导致MGc80-3细胞走向分化的一个重要原因,对于癌变细胞恶性表型逆转具有重要作用。     

牡蛎低分子活性肽对人肺腺癌A549细胞形态与超微结构变化的影响

以牡蛎（Saccostrea cucullata）体内分离提取出的牡蛎天然低分子活性多肽（BPO-L，Bioactive Peptides of Oyster in Peak L）为效应物，观察研究BPO-L对人肺腺癌细胞形态和超微结构的影响．光镜观察显示经0．1mg／mL BPO-L处理后的A549细胞体积增大，趋于扁平铺展状态，细胞核质比例变小，核仁数量减少．透射电镜观察显示经0．1mg／mL BPO-L处理后的A549细胞核形态较规则，细胞核内异染色质减少，常染色质增多；细胞质内线粒体数量增多，结构较为一致，高尔基体呈较为典型发达状态，并出现粗面内质网增多和多聚核糖体减少等变化．结果表明，BPO-L能有效改变人肺腺癌细胞的恶性形态与超微结构特征，对肺癌细胞具有一定的诱导分化作用．     

牡蛎低分子活性肽对人肺腺癌A549细胞形态与超微结构变化的影响

以牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)体内分离提取出的牡蛎天然低分子活性多肽(BPO-L,Bioactive Peptides of Oyster in Peak L)为效应物,观察研究BPO-L对人肺腺癌细胞形态和超微结构的影响.光镜观察显示经0.1 mg/mL BPO-L处理后的A549细胞体积增大,趋于扁平铺展状态,细胞核质比例变小,核仁数量减少.透射电镜观察显示经0.1 mg/mL BPO-L处理后的A549细胞核形态较规则,细胞核内异染色质减少,常染色质增多;细胞质内线粒体数量增多,结构较为一致,高尔基体呈较为典型发达状态,并出现粗面内质网增多和多聚核糖体减少等变化.结果表明,BPO-L能有效改变人肺腺癌细胞的恶性形态与超微结构特征,对肺癌细胞具有一定的诱导分化作用.     

氯化镍对绿豆和大麦核仁结构损伤的研究

应用植物A g-NOR技术,研究了不同浓度的N i2 对绿豆和大麦根细胞核仁结构的影响.结果表明:N i2 对绿豆和大麦根细胞核仁均有明显的毒害效应,用50 m g.L-1~150 m g.L-1N i2 处理绿豆和大麦根尖24 h~27 h后,细胞核仁结构发生解体,形成许多数量不等的微核仁颗粒,并从细胞核进入细胞质中,随着N i2 浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,其异常核仁的细胞比例逐渐增加.N i2 对大麦根细胞核仁的损伤效应大于绿豆.     

Intranuclear injection of anti-actin antibodies into Xenopus oocytes blocks chromosome condensation

The role of contractile proteins in the structural organisation of the interphase nucleus and of metaphase chromosomes is largely unknown. Actin has been found in interphase nuclei of different species, especially in association with condensed chromatin. In the germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Xenopus oocytes, actin has been localised in the nuclear gel supporting the chromosomes and the extrachromosomal nucleoli. It has been reported that the premeiotic lampbrush chromosomes in these germinal vesicles are positively stained for actin and tubulin by the immunoperoxidase technique. Moreover, the longitudinal contraction of these chromosomes is ATP dependent. Therefore it has been suggested that actin participates in the structural organisation of the highly specialised lampbrush chromosomes. However, actin is not a major component of the metaphase chromosome scaffold. The results reported here suggest that actin is involved in the condensation of Xenopus chromosomes.     

Configuration of nucleolar DNAin situ in nucleolus ofAllium cepa cells

The location and configuration of nucleolar DNA have not been determined for a long time. In this paper, we have observed the nucleolar ultrastructure and the character of nucleolar DNA in Allium cepa cells by conventional electron microscopy and the cytochemical NAMA-Ur DNA specific staining method. Furthermore, we have properly improved the NAMA-Ur method so as to analyze the location and configuration of nucleolar DNA in situ. Our results indicated that the nucleolar DNA in Allium cepa cells is mainly located at the border between fibrillar centers and dense fibrillar component, especially distributed in the configuration of encircling the fibrillar centers.     

金属掺杂对半导体薄膜光学性质的影响

研究了射频溅射法制备的半导体膜的光学特性.通过样品透射谱分析,发现在半导体In2O3材料中掺入金属Fe颗粒的薄膜中,电子的带间跃迁由In2O3的直接跃迁变为间接跃迁;随Fe所占体积份数的增加,局域态尾变宽,带隙变窄.这是由于掺入Fe颗粒后,母体材料与金属颗粒的界面处表面态增多,以及母体材料的非晶化引起的.     

荧光染色观察钝节拟丽藻中无丝分裂的研究

用DAPI荧光染色法对处于不同生长时期钝节拟丽藻(Nitellopsis obtuse)的节间,小枝,苞片,节部及假根中细胞的细胞核的分裂方式进行了研究,发现无丝分裂是钝节拟丽藻藻体细胞核的唯一分裂方式.在细胞核无丝分裂过程中,染色质不发生浓缩,不形成染色体,核膜不解体,核的分裂部位不定,产生的子核大小,形状各异.     

小麦染色体和间期集缩染色质孔洞及内在结构的观察

对小麦根端分生组织进行常规电镜观察的结果表明：小麦染色体和间期集缩染色质中均存在孔洞，里面有由颗粒和纤维构成的、类似于骨架的结构，对有关染色体骨架和染色质骨架之间以及它们与核基质之间的相互关系进行了讨论。     

Mitochondrial DNA repairs double-strand breaks in yeast chromosomes

The endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells proposes that genetic information can be transferred from mitochondria to the nucleus of a cell, and genes that are probably of mitochondrial origin have been found in nuclear chromosomes. Occasionally, short or rearranged sequences homologous to mitochondrial DNA are seen in the chromosomes of different organisms including yeast, plants and humans. Here we report a mechanism by which fragments of mitochondrial DNA, in single or tandem array, are transferred to yeast chromosomes under natural conditions during the repair of double-strand breaks in haploid mitotic cells. These repair insertions originate from noncontiguous regions of the mitochondrial genome. Our analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial genome indicates that the yeast nuclear genome does indeed contain several short sequences of mitochondrial origin which are similar in size and composition to those that repair double-strand breaks. These sequences are located predominantly in non-coding regions of the chromosomes, frequently in the vicinity of retrotransposon long terminal repeats, and appear as recent integration events. Thus, colonization of the yeast genome by mitochondrial DNA is an ongoing process.     

Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-delta

Identification of the cellular proteins whose expression is regulated during the cell cycle in normal cells is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved in the control of cell proliferation. A nuclear protein called cyclin of relative molecular mass 36,000 (Mr 36K), whose synthesis correlates with the proliferative state of the cell, has been identified in several cell types of human, mouse, hamster and avian origin. The rate of cyclin synthesis is very low in quiescent cells and increases several fold after serum stimulation shortly before DNA synthesis. Immunofluorescence and autoradiography studies have shown that the nuclear staining patterns of cyclin during S phase have a sequential order of appearance and a clear correlation can be found between DNA synthesis and cyclin positive nuclei. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin have many common properties and it has been shown that these two are identical. Recently a protein which is required by DNA polymerase-delta for its catalytic activity with templates having low primer/template ratios has been isolated from calf thymus. We report here that cyclin and the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-delta are identical.     

四种蝗虫脑一氧化氮合酶组织化学比较研究

运用NADPH黄递酶组织化学法对笨蝗、稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗脑一氧化氮合酶进行了比较研究．发现四种蝗虫视叶的神经板层、髓质和视小叶都里阳性反应，蕈形体球形细胞（Kenyon cells）都里阴性反应。蕈形体的蕈体冠和小叶部有外来阳性神经纤维支配．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗中央复合体的扇形体表现出阳性反应，只有黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗的椭圆体有阳性反应，笨蝗中央复合体未发现阳性反应．四种蝗虫的中脑触角叶都有强的阳性反应．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗前脑前内侧神经分泌细胞部的部分细胞呈现阳性反应．