Demonstration of a quantum teleportation network for continuous variables

Quantum teleportation involves the transportation of an unknown quantum state from one location to another, without physical transfer of the information carrier. Although quantum teleportation is a naturally bipartite process, it can be extended to a multipartite protocol known as a quantum teleportation network. In such a network, entanglement is shared between three or more parties. For the case of three parties (a tripartite network), teleportation of a quantum state can occur between any pair, but only with the assistance of the third party. Multipartite quantum protocols are expected to form fundamental components for larger-scale quantum communication and computation. Here we report the experimental realization of a tripartite quantum teleportation network for quantum states of continuous variables (electromagnetic field modes). We demonstrate teleportation of a coherent state between three different pairs in the network, unambiguously demonstrating its tripartite character.     

Experimental realization of freely propagating teleported qubits

Quantum teleportation is central to quantum communication, and plays an important role in a number of quantum computation protocols. Most information-processing applications of quantum teleportation include the subsequent manipulation of the qubit (the teleported photon), so it is highly desirable to have a teleportation procedure resulting in high-quality, freely flying qubits. In our previous teleportation experiment, the teleported qubit had to be detected (and thus destroyed) to verify the success of the procedure. Here we report a teleportation experiment that results in freely propagating individual qubits. The basic idea is to suppress unwanted coincidence detection events by providing the photon to be teleported much less frequently than the auxiliary entangled pair. Therefore, a case of successful teleportation can be identified with high probability without the need actually to detect the teleported photon. The experimental fidelity of our procedure surpasses the theoretical limit required for the implementation of quantum repeaters.     

借助于推广Bell态实现两体量子态隐形传态

两比特量子隐形传态的实现直接关系到量子计算机的实现,因此提出一个任意两比特量子态的隐形传态方案,发送者能成功地将此量子态几率地传送给接收者.此方案中,16个推广的非最大纠缠Bell态(简称G态)之一充当量子信道.发送者通过实行推广的Bell态测量(G态测量),接收者通过引入一个辅助粒子并实施适当的么正变换和单粒子测量,能将此任意两比特量子态以一定的几率发送给接收者.此种隐形传态方案的成功几率由量子信道系数绝对值的最小值所决定.

Abstract：

Two-qubit quantum teleportation is closely related to quantum computation, so a teleportation protocol in which an arbitrary bipartite quantum state is perfectly teleported probabilistically from sender to receiver is proposed. One of 16 generalized non-maximally entangled Bell states (G states for simplicity) functions as quantum channel. The teleportation can be successfully realized with a certain probability if sender performs generalized Bell state measurements (G measurements) and receiver introduces an auxiliary particle and operates appropriate unitary transformations and single-qubit measurements. The probability of successful teleportation is determined by the smallest one among the coefficients' absolute values of the quantum channel.     

基于EPR对的量子控制传态和通信

提出了一种利用EPR对作为量子通道的量子控制传态方案,方案中以EPR对作为量子通道包括进了第3方,以便量子通道可以被其控制,量子信息只有在三方都同意的情况下才能实现传输．以这种量子控制传态为基础,还提出了一种量子安全直接通信方案．     

Quantum teleportation between light and matter

Quantum teleportation is an important ingredient in distributed quantum networks, and can also serve as an elementary operation in quantum computers. Teleportation was first demonstrated as a transfer of a quantum state of light onto another light beam; later developments used optical relays and demonstrated entanglement swapping for continuous variables. The teleportation of a quantum state between two single material particles (trapped ions) has now also been achieved. Here we demonstrate teleportation between objects of a different nature--light and matter, which respectively represent 'flying' and 'stationary' media. A quantum state encoded in a light pulse is teleported onto a macroscopic object (an atomic ensemble containing 10 caesium atoms). Deterministic teleportation is achieved for sets of coherent states with mean photon number (n) up to a few hundred. The fidelities are 0.58 +/- 0.02 for n = 20 and 0.60 +/- 0.02 for n = 5--higher than any classical state transfer can possibly achieve. Besides being of fundamental interest, teleportation using a macroscopic atomic ensemble is relevant for the practical implementation of a quantum repeater. An important factor for the implementation of quantum networks is the teleportation distance between transmitter and receiver; this is 0.5 metres in the present experiment. As our experiment uses propagating light to achieve the entanglement of light and atoms required for teleportation, the present approach should be scalable to longer distances.     

利用三粒子GHZ态实现令牌环量子隐形传态网络

研究了三纠缠粒子量子隐形传态网络的物理基础,得到了基于三粒子GHZ态下隐形传态的幺正变换矩阵,设计了一个基于三纠缠粒子的令牌环量子隐形传态网络,给出了一个基于该网络的通信方案.笔者设计的网络中的各站点可实现任意站点间的量子通信,其监控站还可对整个网络的通信情况进行监控和计费管理.     

Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward

The quantum internet is predicted to be the next-generation information processing platform, promising secure communication and an exponential speed-up in distributed computation. The distribution of single qubits over large distances via quantum teleportation is a key ingredient for realizing such a global platform. By using quantum teleportation, unknown quantum states can be transferred over arbitrary distances to a party whose location is unknown. Since the first experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation of independent external qubits, an internal qubit and squeezed states, researchers have progressively extended the communication distance. Usually this occurs without active feed-forward of the classical Bell-state measurement result, which is an essential ingredient in future applications such as communication between quantum computers. The benchmark for a global quantum internet is quantum teleportation of independent qubits over a free-space link whose attenuation corresponds to the path between a satellite and a ground station. Here we report such an experiment, using active feed-forward in real time. The experiment uses two free-space optical links, quantum and classical, over 143?kilometres between the two Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife. To achieve this, we combine advanced techniques involving a frequency-uncorrelated polarization-entangled photon pair source, ultra-low-noise single-photon detectors and entanglement-assisted clock synchronization. The average teleported state fidelity is well beyond the classical limit of two-thirds. Furthermore, we confirm the quality of the quantum teleportation procedure without feed-forward by complete quantum process tomography. Our experiment verifies the maturity and applicability of such technologies in real-world scenarios, in particular for future satellite-based quantum teleportation.     

三粒子W纠缠态的概率量子隐形传态

提出一个对未知三粒子W纠缠态的量子隐形传态方案.该方案用一个非最大GHZ纠缠态和一个非最大EPR纠缠态作为量子信道实现对未知经典W纠缠态的概率量子隐形传态和对未知一般W纠缠态受控的概率量子隐形传态.     

Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths

Matter and energy cannot be teleported (that is, transferred from one place to another without passing through intermediate locations). However, teleportation of quantum states (the ultimate structure of objects) is possible: only the structure is teleported--the matter stays at the source side and must be already present at the final location. Several table-top experiments have used qubits (two-dimensional quantum systems) or continuous variables to demonstrate the principle over short distances. Here we report a long-distance experimental demonstration of probabilistic quantum teleportation. Qubits carried by photons of 1.3 micro m wavelength are teleported onto photons of 1.55 micro m wavelength from one laboratory to another, separated by 55 m but connected by 2 km of standard telecommunications fibre. The first (and, with foreseeable technologies, the only) application of quantum teleportation is in quantum communication, where it could help to extend quantum cryptography to larger distances.     

两个独立量子信道中一对量子纠缠态的隐形传送

从量子纠缠及量子态隐形传送的基本原理出发,简单介绍在一个量子信道中单粒子量子态的隐形传送,进而详细讨论在两个独立量子信道中一对量子纠缠态的隐形传送,寻找其中的规律,为以后热纠缠信道中隐形传送的研究提供理论基础。     

原子-腔场系统中弱相干态的几率传送

提出了一个用原子与腔场纠缠态作为量子信道,非贝尔态测量和腔量子电动力学技术实现弱相干态的隐形传送的方案,分析了平均光子数对传送相干态的影响,发现平均光子数在0.25附近时效果最佳.该方案的最大优点是在某种程度上可以避免退相干现象.     

Quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over 100-kilometre free-space channels

Transferring an unknown quantum state over arbitrary distances is essential for large-scale quantum communication and distributed quantum networks. It can be achieved with the help of long-distance quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution. The latter is also important for fundamental tests of the laws of quantum mechanics. Although quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over moderate distances have been realized using optical fibre links, the huge photon loss and decoherence in fibres necessitate the use of quantum repeaters for larger distances. However, the practical realization of quantum repeaters remains experimentally challenging. Free-space channels, first used for quantum key distribution, offer a more promising approach because photon loss and decoherence are almost negligible in the atmosphere. Furthermore, by using satellites, ultra-long-distance quantum communication and tests of quantum foundations could be achieved on a global scale. Previous experiments have achieved free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over distances of 600?metres (ref. 14) and 13?kilometres (ref. 15), and transfer of triggered single photons over a 144-kilometre one-link free-space channel. Most recently, following a modified scheme, free-space quantum teleportation over 16?kilometres was demonstrated with a single pair of entangled photons. Here we report quantum teleportation of independent qubits over a 97-kilometre one-link free-space channel with multi-photon entanglement. An average fidelity of 80.4?±?0.9 per cent is achieved for six distinct states. Furthermore, we demonstrate entanglement distribution over a two-link channel, in which the entangled photons are separated by 101.8?kilometres. Violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality is observed without the locality loophole. Besides being of fundamental interest, our results represent an important step towards a global quantum network. Moreover, the high-frequency and high-accuracy acquiring, pointing and tracking technique developed in our experiment can be directly used for future satellite-based quantum communication and large-scale tests of quantum foundations.     

利用V型三能级原子与相干态腔场的拉曼相互作用来传送N-qubit的未知原子态

实现量子态的隐形传送,尤其是多比特的量子态的隐形传送在量子信息领域中具有非常重要的作用。主要提出利用V型原子与单模│α）相干态腔场之间的Raman相互作用,实现N-qubit未知原子态的量子隐形传送。     

二粒态的概率隐形传态

量子隐形传态是量子信息学的一个重要组成部分,本文提出一个利用两个三粒子纠缠态作为信道的量子隐形传态方案,方案中一个两粒子态将被概率的传输。     

基于量子隐形传态的数据链路层停等协议

提出了数据链路层中基于量子隐形传态的量子停等协议,即在数据链路层的2个站点进行通信时,传送量子信息,在设定的时间内,若接收方收到量子帧,则用量子信道来返回确认帧.根据量子隐形传态的瞬时性,该协议减少了2个站点通信的传播时延,从而降低了2个发送成功的量子帧之间的最小时间间隔,缩短了通信时间,提高了通信效率,而且发送方对所传送的量子信息是未知的,从而也提高了信息传输的保密性.     

Experimental demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation

Quantum-mechanical entanglement of three or four particles has been achieved experimentally, and has been used to demonstrate the extreme contradiction between quantum mechanics and local realism. However, the realization of five-particle entanglement remains an experimental challenge. The ability to manipulate the entanglement of five or more particles is required for universal quantum error correction. Another key process in distributed quantum information processing, similar to encoding and decoding, is a teleportation protocol that we term 'open-destination' teleportation. An unknown quantum state of a single particle is teleported onto a superposition of N particles; at a later stage, this teleported state can be read out (for further applications) at any of the N particles, by a projection measurement on the remaining particles. Here we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation (for N = 3). In the experiment, we use two entangled photon pairs to generate a four-photon entangled state, which is then combined with a single-photon state. Our experimental methods can be used for investigations of measurement-based quantum computation and multi-party quantum communication.     

连续变量的量子态受控超空间传送

提出一种除发送者与接收者之外还有第三者参与的连续变量量子态超空间传送的方案。在这个方案中,第三者是作为控制者出现的。由此,可能得到一个连续变量量子态超空间传送的网络,网络中的任意一个使用者均可向其他使用者传送量子态。     

用非最大纠缠态实现三粒子部分纠缠态的量子受控传递

由于制备与传输中的环境耦合,现实中的纠缠态大部分是非最大纠缠态．在研究现有量子受控传递方案的基础上,提出了一种利用非最大纠缠态作为量子通道来几率地传输三粒子部分纠缠态的量子控制方案．在该方案中,选择量子通道中的一个粒子作为控制粒子,发送者进行一次Bell基测量和2次Hadamard门测量;控制者实施一次Hadamard门测量,并将他们的测量结果利用经典信道发给接收者;接收者根据他们的测量结果进行适当的幺正变换以及一些必要的投影测量就能得到待传的未知量子态．该方案是一种基于非最大纠缠态的几率受控的隐形传态方案,可以应用于远程量子计算、远程量子克隆、量子远程控制等．     

一个量子代理多重签名方案

提出了一个基于可控隐形传态的量子代理多重签名方案。选择四粒子团簇态作为量子信道,利用可控量子隐形传态的物理特性来实现代理、签名及验证,方案还采用了量子密钥分配和一次一密算法。不同于基于计算复杂性的经典代理多重签名方案,本方案的安全性不受攻击者计算资源的影响,即具有无条件安全性。     

利用腔量子电动力学方法实现压缩叠加态的量子隐形传态

利用大失谐的原子-腔场相互作用和Bell态测量，提出了一个量子隐形传态方案。在这个方案中，两个具有相同振幅和相对位相的压缩真空态的任意相干叠加态被传送。为了实现这个方案，一个最大纠缠压缩真空态被用来作为量子信道。这个量子隐形传态方案成功的几率是0．5。