页岩气藏分段压裂水平井不稳定渗流模型

针对页岩气藏中吸附气和游离气共存的储集方式,基于双重介质模型建立考虑吸附解吸过程的页岩气藏不稳定渗流数学模型,并定义新的参数来表征基质中吸附解吸气量与游离气弹性释放量的比值,利用Laplace变换计算页岩气藏点源解,通过叠加原理得到定产量生产时水平井分段压裂改造后井底压力解,对考虑井筒和表皮系数的影响以及定井底流压生产时水平井动态产能进行分析。结果表明:在开采过程中页岩吸附解吸气量所占比例较大,且考虑吸附解吸后,定产量生产所需压差小,压力波传播到边界时间晚,压力导数曲线凹槽更加明显,同时定井底流压生产时压裂水平井产量更大,稳产时间更长;Langmuir吸附体积越大,压力波传播越慢,所需压差越小,压力导数曲线凹槽越深,同时页岩气藏稳产时间越长,产量越大,但产量的增幅越小。     

页岩气藏多级压裂水平井压力动态分析

基于非结构Voronoi网格技术生成压裂水平井非结构网格,引入尘气模型(DGM)建立考虑页岩气藏吸附解吸、扩散和达西流的运移数学模型,并结合控制体有限差分法和全隐式法推导得到页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态分析数学模型离散格式,编程绘制页岩气藏压裂水平井不稳定压力动态分析典型曲线。研究结果表明:页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态分析典型曲线可划分为井筒储集、过渡流、裂缝线性流、早期径向流、复合线性流、系统径向流和边界流7个流动阶段;吸附解吸作用越强,试井典型曲线的位置越低,同时生产时井底附近压力降落最大,近井带解吸气对气井供给量最大,使得过渡流出现一个"凹子",但受吸附解吸强度的影响,过渡流的"凹子"可能被掩盖掉;扩散系数能提高极低页岩渗透率储层的气体流动能力,当扩散系数达到一定值时,试井曲线中对应影响的流动阶段位置偏低;渗透率、裂缝数量、裂缝半长和裂缝间距对页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态的影响与对常规气藏的影响一致。     

考虑吸附效应的非达西流压裂水平井试井分析

页岩气藏渗透率较低,流动过程中存在边界层影响和吸附解吸现象。在建立页岩气藏压裂水平井试井模型过程中,非压裂区域考虑为存在吸附效应的非达西流动,压裂区域考虑为双重孔隙介质达西流动,水力压裂裂缝区为达西流动。基于油气渗流理论和数学物理方法,建立了考虑吸附效应的非达西流压裂水平井试井模型,求解得到了考虑井筒存储和表皮效应的压裂水平井井底压力响应,并进行了压力响应参数敏感性分析。结果表明:启动压力梯度主要影响特征曲线后期上翘程度;窜流系数主要影响"凹槽"的位置,当同时考虑启动压力梯度和吸附解吸时,窜流系数还影响着解吸时间的长短;解吸系数主要反映解吸扩散程度,随着压力降低,页岩气解吸效果越明显,特征曲线中的"凹槽"宽度和下凹程度越大。研究对于页岩气藏压裂水平井的开发与动态监测具有一定的指导意义。     

页岩气压裂水平井生产数据分析方法

气井生产数据分析是评价气井动态储量、储层物性、水力裂缝等参数的有效方法,但在页岩气藏中,气体解吸、多段压裂、体积压裂区(SRV)的存在使得常规的评价模型不能满足现场需要。笔者在充分考虑了气体解吸、裂缝干扰、边界影响的基础上,利用Laplace变换和压力叠加原理求解压裂水平井的不稳定产能动态,并利用渐进分析给出新的无量纲物质平衡时间和产量,绘制页岩气压裂水平井Agarwal-Gardner型产量递减图版。图版可分为两大阶段：在不稳定递减阶段,页岩气的吸附特性会对发散的曲线产生显著影响;在拟稳态递减阶段,递减曲线归一,呈现Arps调和递减规律。矿场实例表明,通过拟合实际的生产数据,可以得到气藏有效泄流面积、天然裂缝渗透率及水力裂缝长度等参数,以此评价页岩气藏地质储量和水力压裂效果。     

页岩气藏压裂水平井产能特征研究

页岩气具有独特的储层特性与流动特征,其数值模拟方法与常规油气藏有很大差异。基于多重介质模型建立及基质离散模拟吸附气和游离气的瞬变流动方法,对储层进行体积压裂改造,实现了体积压裂模型的构建;在此基础上结合X井的生产数据对吸附类型、基质离散程度、裂缝-基质耦合系数、基质渗透率以及裂缝渗透率等因素对产能的影响进行了分析。结果表明,吸附类型、裂缝-基质传导率、油藏具有天然裂缝和基质裂缝渗透率以及压裂增产区域裂缝渗透率可以影响页岩气的生产年限、递减率以及裂缝导流能力,这对页岩气藏水平井进行压裂优化设计具有一定的指导作用。     

页岩气压裂水平井不稳定流动模型

水平井多级压裂技术已经成为目前开发页岩气藏的主要手段。针对气体在页岩流动过程中存在的吸附解吸、扩散、滑脱、启动压力梯度和应力敏感等效应,基于三线性渗流方程的基础上,推导出五线性渗流方程,建立了页岩气藏压裂水平井渗流数学模型。运用Laplace变换和Duhamel原理,求解出考虎井筒储集效应和表皮效应的页岩气藏压裂水平井Laplace空间的无因次井底拟压力解。通过Stefest数值反演,绘制了无因次拟压力曲线和拟压力导数曲线。依据特征曲线划分了流动阶段,并分析了不同影响因素对气井压力特征曲线的影响。研究结果表明：压裂水平井泄流范围可划分为五个流动区域,气井的压力特征曲线可划分为六个流动阶段。裂缝导流能力对水平井压力特征曲线的影响主要在过渡阶段、双线性流阶段;吸附系数主要影响过渡段、双线性流段、线性流段以及拟稳定流阶段;视渗透率系数主要影响双线性流动阶段、过渡阶段、窜流扩散阶段、地层线性阶段和拟稳定流阶段;导压系数影响窜流扩散阶段、地层线性流阶段和拟稳定流阶段;压裂改造区宽度主要影响地层线性流和系统拟稳态流动段。模型可以正确认识页岩储层复杂渗流规律,判别页岩气藏压裂水平井流动阶段,为预测单井产能和优化压裂设计参数提供了科学依据。     

页岩气藏分段多簇压裂水平井产能模型及影响因素分析

根据页岩气藏储集特征和分段多簇压裂水平井的开发方式,基于双重介质模型建立了考虑吸附气和游离气共存以及气体滑脱效应的页岩气藏不稳定渗流数学模型。利用Laplace变换、镜像映射和叠加原理,得到了定井底流压生产时分段多簇压裂水平井的产能解析解;结合Stehfest数值反演计算并绘制了产能曲线。研究结果表明:发生窜流后,随着压力下降,基质系统的吸附气解吸向裂缝系统供气,压裂水平井的产能增加;分段多簇压裂水平井的端部外侧裂缝对产量贡献最大,对裂缝半长非常敏感,同一段内中间裂缝对产量贡献最小,受簇间距离影响较大;水力裂缝的分布方式对分段多簇压裂水平井的产能影响较大,裂缝段簇比越大,累积产气量越高;气藏压力越低,滑脱效应对页岩气井产能的影响越大。     

页岩气藏渗流机理及压裂井产能评价

为了掌握页岩气藏生产动态特征,提高页岩气井产能,对页岩气藏渗流机理及产能评价进行研究.页岩气藏与常规气藏最主要的差异在于页岩气藏存在吸附解吸特性.利用Lang-muir等温吸附方程描述页岩气的吸附解吸现象,点源函数及质量守恒法,结合页岩气渗流特征建立双重介质压裂井渗流数学模型,通过数值反演及计算机编程绘制了产能递减曲线图版.分析了Langmuir体积、Langmuir压力、弹性储容比、窜流系数、边界、裂缝长度等因素对页岩气井产能的影响.     

页岩气水平井体积压裂试井压力特征

 页岩气藏普遍采用体积压裂方式开发。通过考虑吸附解吸影响的渗流方程,建立了考虑压裂体体积及展布的水平井渗流模型,分析了不同压裂体体积及展布情况下的压力特征。研究表明:压裂体体积及展布主要影响早期线性流曲线形态特征;压裂体的压裂程度影响着早期线性流持续时间的长短;早期线性流曲线特征受多重因素影响,在对体积压裂进行试井评价时需要综合考虑。     

裂缝性页岩气藏水平井产能预测模型

基于页岩气藏线性、非稳态流动特点,考虑未压裂区双重介质特点及其对产气的贡献,建立页岩气多级压裂水平井渗流模型并求得定压条件下Laplace空间解。数值模型验证表明解析解与数值解吻合度高,在此基础上推导新的页岩气双孔瞬态产量典型曲线,补充和发展原有页岩气SRV模型典型曲线,并进行参数敏感分析,将新建典型曲线与SRV模型、Brohi模型典型曲线进行对比。结果表明:新典型曲线流动阶段表现为线性流与过渡流交替,较Brohi单孔外区模型典型曲线更复杂;气藏尺寸、窜流系数、内外区裂缝渗透率比对典型曲线影响很大,而储容比的影响不明显;未压裂区天然裂缝对气井产量有积极作用,对页岩气藏进行产能预测时不可忽略。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has