Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence (1140bp). Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G . eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype Al was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G . przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G . eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades Al and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0. 2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0. 015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of "Gonghe Movement" event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qing-hai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Gymnocypris （Teleostei：Cyprinidae） in Lake Qinghai and adjacent drainages

149 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes (1140 bp) of Gymnocypris przewaiskii, Gymnocypris eckloni and Gymnocypris scolistomus from the Lake Qinghai, Yellow River and Qaidam Basin were sequenced and analyzed. Consistent dendrogram indicated that the samples collected from the same species do not constitute a separate monophyletic group and all the samples were grouped into three highly divergent lineages (A, B and C). Among them, Lineage A contained all samples of G.przewaiskii from the Lake Qinghai and partial samples of the G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage B contained the remaining samples of G. eckloni from the Yellow River.Lineage C was composed of a monophyletic group by G. eckloni from the Qaidam Basin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of genetic variations were detected within these three mtDNA lineages (93.12%), suggesting that there are three different lineages of Gymnocypris in this region. Our Cyt b sequence data showed that G.przewaiskii was not a polytypic species, and G. scolistomus was neither an independent species nor a subspecies of G.eckloni. The divergent mtDNA lineages of G. eckloni from theYellow River suggested that gene flow between the different populations was restricted to a certain extent by several gorges on the upper reach of the Yellow River. Lineage B of G. eckloni might be the genetic effect from the ancestor which was incorporated with the endemic schizothoracinefishes when the headward erosion of the Yellow Riverreached to its current headwaters of late. The G. eckloni from Basin Qaldam was a monophyletic group (lineage C) and Fst values within G. eckloni from the Yellow River were higher than 0.98, suggesting that the gene flow has been interrupted for a long time and the G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam might have been evolved into different species by ecology segregation. The correlation between the rakers number of Gymnocypris and population genetic variation was not significant.All Gymnocypris populations exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (n=0.00096-0.00485). Therefore the Gymnocypris populations from Basin Qaidam could have experienced severe bottleneck effect in history. Our result suggested Gymnocypris populations of Basin Qaidam should give a high priority in conservation programs.     

青海湖裸鲤的种群结构和线粒体DNA变异

对青海湖裸鲤55个个体Cytb基因全序列进行了测定和分析,探讨了种群结构和群体遗传多样性。用MEGA2.1软件分析了碱基组成和序列变异;以黄河花斑裸鲤为外群,构建了单倍型的NJ树;用Arlequin Ver.2 000程序计算了群体内遗传变异值(Fst)。结果显示,青海湖裸鲤群体没有显著的种群结构,提示青海湖裸鲤群体内存在广泛的基因交流;种群的遗传多样性较低(π=0.7828±0.0532),青海湖裸鲤种群很可能在历史上遭受过严重的“瓶颈效应”。     

青海湖裸鲤肌肉营养成分和微量元素的分析

采用常规生化分析方法测定了20尾青海湖裸鲤肌肉营养成分,并首次对鱼肌肉中微量元素进行检测。结果显示：鱼肌肉中蛋白质含量为19.28%,脂肪为1.73%,灰分为1.25%,水分为78.38%。在测定的汞、砷、铜、锌、铅和镉6种微量元素中,汞的含量为0.123 4 mg/kg,砷为0.130 6 mg/kg,铜为0.255 mg/kg,锌为2.255 mg/kg,铅为3.485 mg/kg,镉为0.09 mg/kg。其中锌的含量超过国家食品规定标准将近7倍。     

青海湖裸鲤寄生湟鱼棘头虫的种群季节动态研究

以在青海湖收集的寄生于青海湖裸鲤的湟鱼棘头虫（Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ ｇｙｍｎｏｃｙｐｒｉｉ）４个季节的样本研究湟鱼棘头虫种群的季节动态,结果表明：种群的平均丰度,感染强度和感染率都没有明显季节变化。这与湟鱼棘头虫温度依赖死亡、中间宿主的季节数量动态,宿主食性的季改变有关。湟鱼棘头虫种群在宿主种群的分布在各季度中都是聚集性的,这与宿主食性的分化及第一中间宿主（钩虾）的分布不均匀性有关。雄虫体     

Molecular phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae）,with their implications for the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Molecular phylogeny of three genera containing nine species and subspecies of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are investigated based on the complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Meantime relationships between the main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes and the stepwise uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are also conducted using the molecular clock, which is calibrated by geological isolated events between the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Qinghai Lake. Results indicated that the specialized schizothoracine fishes are not a monophyly. Five species and subspecies of Ptychobarbus form a monophyly. But three species of Gymnodiptychus do not form a monophyly. Gd.integrigymnatus is a sister taxon of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes while Gdo pachycheilus has a close relation with Gd. dybowskii, and both of them are as a sister group of Diptychus maculatus. The specialized schizothoracines fishes might have originated during the Miocene(about 10 MaBP), and then the divergence of three genera happened during late Miocene (about 8 MaBP). Their main specialization occurred during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene (3.54-0.42 MaBP). The main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are mostly correlated with the geological tectonic events and intensive climate shift happened at 8, 3.6, 2.5 and 1.7 MaBP of the late Cenozoic.Molecular clock data do not support the hypothesis that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplifted to near present or even higher elevations during the Oligocene or Miocene, and neither in agreement with the view that the plateau uplifting reached only to an altitude of 2000 m during the late Pliocene(about 2.6 MaBP).     

Estimated evolutionary tempo of East Asian gobionid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from mitochondrial DNA sequence data

The rapid development of molecular phylogenetic analysis has provided a new path to investigate the tempo of evolution.In this work,a rather complete molecular phylogeny of the East Asian gobionid fishes was constructed based on mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequences.Molecular clock analysis was then applied to investigate the speciation tempo of this group.The phylogenetic analysis revealed four major groups that were in agreement with previous studies.Lineage numbers plotted over time indicate that gobionid li...     

Sequence analysis of cytochrome b gene indicates that East Asian group of cyprinid subfamily Leuciscinae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) evolved independently

The sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of cyprinid subfamily Leuciscinae are analyzed. Phylogenetic trees generated with methods of neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony with Phenacogrammus as an outgroup indicate that Leuciscinae is not a monophyletic group but includes two discrete subgroups. The East Asian group of the subfamily Leuciscinae, including the genera Ctenopharyngodon, Elopichthys, Luciobrama, Mylopharyngodon, Ochetobius, and Squaliobarbus, is close to Aristichthys and Hypophthalmichthys, and they form a monophyletic group which is distant from the leuciscine genera in Europe, Siberia and North America, such as Phoxinus, Leuciscus, Abramis, Rutilus, Chondrostoma, Alburnus, Opsopoedus, Lythrurus, and Pimephales. Our study suggests that the diversified East Asian group of the subfamily Leuciscinae should have an independent origination.     

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae） inferred from cytochrome b sequences

We recovered the phylogenetic relationships among 23 species and subspecies of the highly special-ized grade schizothoracine fishes distributing at 36 geographical sites in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions by analyzing sequences of cytochrome b genes. Furthermore, we estimated the possible divergent times among lineages based on a historical geological isolation event in the Tibetan Plateau. The molecular data revealed that the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes were not a monophyletic group, but were the same as genera Gymnocypris and Schizogypsis. Our results indi-cated that the molecular phylogenetic relationships apparently reflected their geographical and historical associations with drainages, namely species from the same and adjacent drainages clustered together and had close relationships. The divergence times of different lineages were well consistent with the rapid uplift phases of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic, suggesting that the origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes were strongly influenced by environment changes resulting from the upheaval of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Molecular evolution of connective tissue growth factor in Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and individual development in animals. The study of sequences variation and molecular evolution of CTGF gene across various species of the cyprinid could be helpful for understanding of speciation and gene divergence in this kind of fish. In this study, 19 novel sequences of CTGF gene were obtained from the representative species of the family Cyprinidae using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed by neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian method. Oryzias latipes from the family Cyprinodontidae was assigned to be the outgroup taxon. Leuciscini and Barbini were clustered into the monophyletic lineages respectively with the high nodal supports. The estimation of the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution (dN/dS) for the various branches indicated that there stood the different evolution rates between the Leuciscini and the Barbini. With the ratio of dN/dS of the Leuciscini being lower than that of the Barbini, species within the Barbini were demonstrated to be subjected to the relatively less selection pressure and under the relaxable evolution background. A 6 bp indel (insertion/deletion) was found at the 5' end of CTGF gene of Cyprinidae, and this 6 bp deletion only appeared in the Leuciscini, which is a typical characteristic of the Leuciscini and provides evidence for the monophylogeny of the Leuciscini. For the amino acid sequences of CTGF protein, the most variations and Indels were distributed in the signal region and IGFBP region of this protein, implying that these variations were correlated with the regulation of the CTGF gene expression and protein activity.     

Molecular evolution of connective tissue growth factor in Cyprinidae （Teleostei： Cypriniformes）

Connective tissue growth factor （CTGF） plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and individual development in animals. The study of sequences variation and molecular evolution of CTGF gene across various species of the cyprinid could be helpful for understanding of speciation and gene divergence in this kind of fish. In this study, 19 novel sequences of CTGF gene were obtained from the representative species of the family Cyprinidae using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed by neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum parsimony （MP）, maximum likelihood （ML） and Bayesian method. Oryzias latipes from the family Cyprinodontidae was assigned to be the outgroup taxon. Leuciscini and Barbini were clustered into the monophyletic lineages, respectively, with the high nodal supports. The estimation of the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution （dN/dS） for the various branches indicated that there stood the different evolution rates between the Leuciscini and the Barbini. With the ratio of dN/dS of the Leuciscini being lower than that of the Barbini, species within the Barbini were demonstrated to be subjected to the relatively less selection pressure and under the relaxable evolution background. A 6 bp indel （insertion/deletion） was found at the 5＇ end of CTGF gene of Cyprinidae, and this 6 bp deletion only appeared in the Leuciscini, which is a typical characteristic of the Leuciscini and provides evidence for the monophylogeny of the Leuciscini. For the amino acid sequences of CTGF protein, the most variations and indels were distributed in the signal region and IGFBP region of this protein, implying that these variations were correlated with the regulation of the CTGF gene expression and protein activity.     

串珠藻目的现代地理分布和起源

对串珠藻目的现代地理分布和可能的起源进行了初步分析。初步确定串珠藻目植物的现代地理分布中心在东亚和东南亚地区 ,北美和大洋州是两个次分布中心。推测串珠藻目植物可能的起源地在古北大陆和古南大陆相连接的地区 ,可能的起源时间在三叠纪之前。文中对串珠藻目植物可能的起源和散布途径也作了推测 ,对其现代分布格局及成因也进行了初步分析     

Origin and evolution of new genes

Organisms have variable gcnome sizes and contain different numbers of genes. This difference demonstrates that new gene origination is a fundamental process in evolutionary biology. Though the study of the origination of new genes dated back more than half a century ago, it is not until the 1990s when the first young genejingwei was found that empirical investigation of the molecular mechanisms of origination of new genes became possible. In the recent years, several young genes were identified and the studies on these genes have greatly enriched the knowledge of this field. Yet more details in a general picture of new genes origination are to be clarified. We have developed a systematic approach to searching for young genes at the genomic level, in the hope to summarize a general pattern of the origination and evolution of new genes, such as the rate of new gene appearance, impact of new genes on their host genomes, etc.     

Study on the DME-cytochrome<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis><Subscript>5</Subscript> and its mutants at site of F58

Phenylalanine-58 is one of the conservative residues in the hydrophobic pocket of Cyt bs, which forms aromatic stacking with the heme b. Previous study showed that both the stacking and the property of the aromatic residue affect hydrophobicity of the heme pocket, leading to change of protein‘s property. In order to further reveal the essence we esterify the heme propionate of Cyt bs, F58Y and F58W, and eliminate the hydrogen bond between heme propionate and Ser64 in examining the effect of hydrogen net on the π-π interaction. In this paper thermal denaturation of DME-Cyt b5 and its F58Y and F58W mutants has been studied by UV-visible and CD spectra. The heme transfer reactions between these proteins and apo-myoglobin have been studied as well. The results demonstrate that esterification did not destroy the aromatic stacking; however, it affects the stability of the proteins due to different volumes, hydropho-bicities and hydrogen bonds forming ability of these substituents.     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列的蜻亚科部分种类分子系统学研究(蜻蜓目:蜻科)

通过PCR及PCR产物的直接测序技术,测定了蜻蜓目蜻科蜻亚科的灰蜻属、宽腹蜻属和蜻属共7种蜻蜓的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的部分核苷酸序列（长度为576bp）,探讨了蜻亚科的分子系统学．在所有序列中A＋T平均含量较高,为70．2％,而氨基酸密码子第3位点的A＋T平均含量最高,为85．4％．多态住点数为180个,占总位点数的31．25％,显示出DNA序列变异丰富．基于邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法的分子系统发生,分析结果支持灰蜻属是较进化的类群,宽腹蜻属次之,蜻属是相对分化较早、较古老的类群,这3个属的关系是蜻属→宽腹蜻属→灰蜻属。     

苜蓿盲蝽属(Adelphocoris)细胞色素B基因片段序列分析(半翅目:异翅亚目:盲蝽科)

用蛋白酶K消化法提取并正反链双向测序获得半翅目盲蝽科盲蝽亚科苜蓿盲蝽属（Adelphocoris）6个种以及苜蓿盲蝽Ad．lineaolatus的3个种群的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因片段的序列,应用Mega计算该8个cytb432bp片段序列的碱基组成、核苷酸的种间变异率和所编码的144个氨基酸的变异率,序列的碱基组成中A＋T的平均含量较高且在第三位点最高。平均达到81．6％,表明该基因在密码子的使用上具有偏向性,变异位点和信号位点多发生在三联体密码子的第三位点,第二位点最为保守,不同异型序列间的转换＋颠换（ns＋nv）值最高的为100,最小的为0;转换／颠换（ns／nv）值最高为9．33,在Ad．fasciaticollis与Ad．sutualis之间,最低为0．88,在Ad．lineaolatus的宁夏和甘肃种群之间。几种颠换类型都能够在本属的异型序列之间看到,苜蓿盲蝽属的不同异型序列间的差别大小各异,差异最大的是苜蓿盲蝽Ad．lineaolatus的甘肃种群（Ad．lineaozatus2）与内蒙古种群（Ad．lineaolatus3）之间,具有100个碱基的差异,宁夏种群与甘肃种群之间的核苷酸变异率为7％,而二者与内蒙古种群的变异率分别为23％和28％,大于或等于与其他种类间的变异,所以该2个种群与内蒙古种群（典型的Ad．lineaolatus）已处在种化过程的末期,已经形成不同的新种,种间差异最小的是Ad．rufescens与Ad．luridus,变异率为0,应为同一个种,所以Ad．rufescens的分类地位有待于进一步研究证实。     

Phylogenetic studies of Chinese labeonine fishes (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene

The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sequenced from 24 ingroups taxa, including 18 species from Labeoninae grouped in 13 genera. Phylogenetic analyses are subjected to neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Labeoninae is basically a monophyletic assemblage and can be divided into 2 major clades: one comprising the genera Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus and Garra; and the other consisting of the genera Labeo, Sinilabeo, Osteochilus, Pseudoorossocheilus, Parasinilabeo, Ptychidio, Semilabeo, Pseudogyricheilus, Rectori and Discogobio. According to our present analysis,the features such as the presence of the adhesive disc on the chin and the pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows used in the traditional taxonomy of Labeoninae provide scarce information for phylogeny of labeonine fishes.     

“源”与“流”:关于马克思主义中国化内涵的解读

马克思主义有原生形态与次生形态之分。马克思主义中国化语境中的“马克思主义”指的是原生形态的马克思主义,它是马克思主义获得中国形态和内容,与转换中国传统文化和人类其它优秀文明成果两个过程的汇合。中国化的马克思主义还有着一个自身理论流变的问题,它对马克思主义起到了丰富和发展的作用。     

Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae. In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idettus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.