Delayed drainage of aquitard in response to sudden change in groundwater level in adjacent confined aquifer: Analytical and experimental studies

The problem of the groundwater dynamics and water balance of a confined aquifer in the aquifer system has been solved in previous studies, whereas that in the aquitard adjacent to the confined aquifer has seldom been considered. In reality, the groundwater dynamics of the aquitard are closely related to the exploitation of groundwater resources, groundwater contamination, underground storage utilization and land subsidence. In this paper, an analytical solution is derived to describe the drawdown variation in the aquitard when the head in the adjacent confined aquifer declines by a constant value. The characteristics of groundwater dynamics and water balance of the aquitard are analyzed using a dimensionless analytical solution. There is obvious delayed behavior in the response of groundwater dynamics in the aquitard, which is characterized by the delay index t0. The delayed behavior in the response of groundwater dynamics is not only dependent on the properties of the aquitard, but also proportional to the square of the thickness of the aquitard. The law of the delayed release of water is described in terms of the ratio of the delayed release of water. A water balance equation for the aquitard is established. Three stages of the water balance and the corresponding characteristics are presented with the water balance curves of the aquitard. The analytical solution is given to analyze the flux per unit horizontal area of the aquitard. The hydrogeological parameters of the aquitard, namely the hydraulic conductivity, specific storativity and hydraulic diffusivity, are estimated according to type-curve fitting between the analytical solution and observed flux. The parameters are identified and validated in an experiment.     

考虑三维抽水压密变形的粘弹性越流理论

研究夹有弱透水层的双层含水层组的渗流问题，提出了考虑含水组土骨架的三维粘弹性抽水压密变形的越流模型，得到了模型的严格解，用于计算粘弹性含水层组中地下水位的变化。并给出了计算实例。     

弱透水层释水过程中水力参数响应规律

为了提高地下水运移模拟、地下水资源评价和地面沉降预测的精度,利用室内试验分析弱透水层释水固结过程中水力参数的变化规律。基于相邻含水层降深恒定且初始时刻水流稳定条件下弱透水层释水量的解析解,提出参数求解的配线法,利用研制的试验装置进行试验研究。结果表明:弱透水层释水过程中渗透系数和贮水率逐渐减小,固结系数变化不大。试验中土层的渗透系数和贮水率分别减小了52%和59%。弱透水层水力参数恒定不变的假设会对其释水量的计算造成较大误差,取弱透水层固结变形初始阶段的贮水率,计算结果比实际释水量大;取固结变形结束阶段的贮水率时则相反。     

粘弹性多孔介质第三越流理论的研究

本文研究了夹有弱透水层的粘弹性双层含水层组的渗流问题,提出了粘弹性多孔介质中的第三类越流模型,给出了该模型的严格解,得到粘弹性含水层组中各层水位变化的计算公式。并给出了计算实例。     

酒西盆地原油溶解气中稀有气体同位素特征研究

对酒西盆地青西坳陷青西油田和南部隆起鸭儿峡油田8个原油样品进行了稀有气体测试分析,探讨了原油中氦的来源问题。青西油田4口井和鸭儿峡油田527井、702井原油3He/4He (Rc)为10-8量级,推测其原油中稀有气体是壳源放射性成因的,同时也说明与青西油田和鸭儿峡油田527井、702井有关的推覆断层的切割深度限于地壳范围内。鸭儿峡油田501井、114井原油样品3He/4He (Rc)达10-7量级,说明有少量幔源氦的混入,而与这两口井有关的推覆断层的切割深度可能已达地幔。酒西盆地大地热流值较低,平均50.9 mWm-2(6),表明其大地构造活动性较我国东部盆地弱。     

考虑含水层非稳定流的弱透水层-维固结解答

基于一维固结理论,采用抽水条件下含水层非稳定水位作为弱透水层固结边界条件,建立含水层抽水引起相邻弱透水层固结的数学模型,利用分离变量法,提出弱透水层的孔隙水压力和固结变形的解析公式,对比分析非稳定孔压和定孔压边界条件下弱透水层的固结发展规律.结果表明:考虑含水层非稳定流的弱透水层一维固结解较真实地反映抽水期间弱透水层中孔压消散和固结变形规律,为含水层抽水条件下弱透水层固结问题的合理分析提供了一条新的途径.     

碳酸盐岩风化壳储层的地球物理预测方法

针对碳酸盐岩风化壳储层埋藏深、横向变化大、非均质性强、成藏条件复杂的特点,应用地震属性综合分析技术、三维地震相干体分析技术、频谱分解技术、三维可视化技术等多种技术,综合分析了塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳储层的各种地震属性特征,研究了一套预测碳酸盐岩风化壳储层分布规律的方法。该套综合分析方法避免了单项技术分析的多解性,可以提高同类油气藏储层预测的精度,从而降低钻探风险。这种方法是可行的,可以在一定程度上预测碳酸盐岩风化壳储层发育有利区域。     

Closure temperature of (U-Th)/He system in apatite obtained from natural drillhole samples in the Tarim basin and its geological significance

The apatite(U-Th)/He thermochronometry has been used to study the tectono-thermal evolution of mountains and sedimentary basins for over ten years.The closure temperature of helium is important for the apatite(U-Th)/He thermochronometry and has been widely studied by thermal simulation experiments.In this paper,the apatite He closure temperature was studied by establishing the evolutionary pattern between apatite He ages and apatite burial depth based on examined apatite He ages of natural samples obtained from drillholes in the Tarim basin,China.The study showed that the apatite He closure temperature of natural samples in the Tarim basin is approximately 88±5℃,higher than the result(～75℃) obtained from the thermal simulation experiments.The high He closure temperature resulted from high effective uranium concentration,long-term radiation damage accumulation,and sufficient particle radii.This study is a reevaluation of the conventional apatite He closure temperature and has a great significance in studying the uplifting events in the late period of the basin-mountain tectonic evolution,of which the uplifting time and rates can be determined accurately.     

中生代焉耆盆地演化特征

目的探讨焉耆盆地中生代盆地的演化。方法通过盆地断裂活动特征、沉积演化特征探讨盆地演化阶段。结果盆地断裂活动分为3个阶段,中晚三叠世挤压断层发育阶段、侏罗纪—早白垩世伸展正断层发育阶段和晚白垩世挤压逆冲断层发育阶段;沉积演化分为两个阶段,中—晚三叠世挤压环境的辫状河—浅湖相沉积,早—中侏罗世伸展环境的辫状河—浅湖相沉积。结论焉耆盆地中生代的演化可分为中晚三叠世前陆盆地阶段、侏罗纪—早白垩世的伸展阶段和晚白垩世的挤压抬升阶段3个阶段。     

页岩失水过程中声电特性的试验研究

实验室利用岩心气驱水试验来探究页岩失水过程中的超声波速度、电阻率变化规律及其相互关系。结果表明：（1）随着含气饱和度的增加,页岩纵波速度线性减小,下降幅度为9.1%,而横波速度线性增加,增加幅度为16.2%,横波速度对含气饱和度变化更加敏感。（2）将完全饱和的岩石模拟为水层时,波速比随含气饱和度的增加而线性减小,在大于50%含气饱和度时,减小幅度增大,说明储层逐渐由含水层向含气层过渡。（3）页岩的电阻率随着含气饱和度的增加呈指数函数递增,而岩石介电常数则随着含气饱和度的增加而呈指数函数减小。（4）当 <50%时,电阻率随含气饱和度增加了4.3倍,而当 >50%时,电阻率增加了10倍;介电常数变化规律则相反,当 >60%时,介电常数几乎不变,由此可判断当电阻率增加幅度增大,介电常数几乎不变时,则可认为储层已由含水层逐渐向含气层过渡。（5）随着岩心电阻率的增加,纵波波速呈对数函数增加,而横波波速以对数函数递减。利用页岩失水过程中波速、电阻率的变化规律及其相互关系,对实际工程中进行含气储层的识别与评价具有重要意义,但在实际应用时还需结合其他相关参数才能更准确地评价储层。     

徐家围子断陷油气运移体系及成藏模式分析

在对含油气组合特征和成藏要素配置关系综合分析基础上,根据断陷盆地发育特征以及天然气藏形成的主控因素,重点分析了地震泵对油气纵向运移的影响,建立了该区油气藏成藏模式,本区发育的油气藏类型主要有构造气藏,岩性气藏和由构造、岩性二者共同控制作用的构造—岩性气藏、地层超覆油气藏以及基岩风化壳油气藏。徐家围子断陷两期构造运动进而形成了正反转构造,为油气提供了良好的构造圈闭及纵向疏导通道。沙河子组共经历了3次生排烃高峰,第一次由于强烈的构造活动,没有聚集成藏,后两次在其他成藏要素的配合下,最终得以聚集成藏。     

安固里淖内流区基岩地下水赋存特征及蓄水构造模式

安固里淖补给区岩性多为玄武岩或花岗岩。受地貌、岩性、构造、多期喷发旋回层、古风化壳和下伏碎屑岩层等多因素制约,玄武岩或花岗岩含水层富水性差异大,整体为贫乏,制约了张北县贫困区人民群众的生产生活。本文通过大比例尺地面调查、物探解译、钻探验证等手段,基于基岩山区蓄水构造概念,总结分析了安固里淖流域补给径流-侵蚀型、补给径流-接触型、断裂带集水蓄水型、含水岩组蓄水型四种地下水赋存类型。在玄武岩区采取以瞬变电磁法（TEM）为主,高密度法等为辅的勘探方法,找水的目标层位为砂砾岩和裂隙孔洞发育的玄武岩,二者在视电阻率上相比泥岩反映为次高阻和高阻。在花岗岩区采用电法勘查构造裂隙较为适合,目标层位为电阻率陡降段的线性构造区。通过地下水勘察实例,确定了玄武岩风化裂隙孔洞水、岩浆岩构造裂隙水、风化壳等层间裂隙水、碎屑岩孔隙裂隙水4个找水方向及适宜的开采方式。本文可为岩浆岩缺水区应急找水提供找水靶区与勘探方法参考。     

波斯湾盆地古生界油气地球化学特征及油源分析

波斯湾盆地古生界储层原油为高API、低含硫量的轻质油,具有偏轻碳同位素值,形成于还原沉积环境。研究表明,波斯湾盆地阿曼次盆前寒武-二叠系储层原油来源于前寒武-寒武系海相烃源岩。中阿拉伯次盆、鲁卜-哈利次盆古生界储层原油主要来源于志留系热页岩。长期、继承性发育隆起区的古生界背斜圈闭或地层、岩性等隐性圈闭为波斯湾盆地有利的勘探目标。     

蓬莱9-1构造花岗岩古潜山大型油气田的成藏过程

目前国内针对燕山运动期中生代侵入的花岗岩潜山油气如何成藏且成藏规模之大的研究非常匮乏。该文主要采用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、指纹化石对比及油气盆地模拟等方法,对渤海海域蓬莱9-1构造花岗岩潜山的储层特征、油源对比及成藏条件进行了详细剖析,恢复了渤海蓬莱9-1构造花岗岩古潜山大型油气田的成藏过程,并建立成藏模式。根据花岗岩风化壳的风化程度,自上而下分为：砂-砾质风化带、裂缝带与基岩带,主要储集空间为溶蚀孔隙与微裂缝,风化壳储层发育厚度几十米,甚至达200多米。古潜山油源来自渤东南洼沙三段、沙一段或东营组烃源岩。储层发育区主要分布于风化壳的高部位,新近系馆陶组是潜山油藏有利的封堵层。古潜山油藏具有“下生上储顶盖的新生古储式组合”和“高压驱烃、断层不整合输导、油气仓储式成藏”的特点。     

Inconsistent correlation of seismic layer 2a and lava layer thickness in oceanic crust

At mid-ocean ridges with fast to intermediate spreading rates, the upper section of oceanic crust is composed of lavas overlying a sheeted dyke complex. These units are formed by dykes intruding into rocks overlying a magma chamber, with lavas erupting at the ocean floor. Seismic reflection data acquired over young oceanic crust commonly image a reflector known as 'layer 2A', which is typically interpreted as defining the geologic boundary between lavas and dykes. An alternative hypothesis is that the reflector is associated with an alteration boundary within the lava unit. Many studies have used mapped variability in layer 2A thickness to make inferences regarding the geology of the oceanic crust, including volcanic construction, dyke intrusion and faulting. However, there has been no link between the geologic and seismological structure of oceanic crust except at a few deep drill holes. Here we show that, although the layer 2A reflector is imaged near the top of the sheeted dyke complex at fast-spreading crust located adjacent to the Hess Deep rift, it is imaged significantly above the sheeted dykes section at intermediate-spreading crust located near the Blanco transform fault. Although the lavas and underlying transition zone thicknesses differ by about a factor of two, the shallow seismic structure is remarkably similar at the two locations. This implies that seismic layer 2A cannot be used reliably to map the boundary between lavas and dykes in young oceanic crust. Instead we argue that the seismic layer 2A reflector corresponds to an alteration boundary that can be located either within the lava section or near the top of the sheeted dyke complex of oceanic crust.     

南极-艾肯盆地Th异常的富集特征和机理

遥感探测表明月表Th元素分布存在全球不均衡性,形成分别以雨海-风暴洋和南极-艾肯（SPA）盆地为中心的Th异常区.研究认为雨海-风暴洋的Th主要来源于对其下覆KREEP物质的开掘,但对SPA盆地的Th来源有各种不同的认识.本文通过对SPA盆地的地形、盆地构造、撞击坑分布、火山作用和地球化学特征的分析,以及对Th富集机理的探讨,认为SPA盆地内Th更可能来源于撞击作用对富Th下月壳物质的开掘;Th的弧形富集特征与盆地构造有很大相关性,并可能受到Apollo盆地形成的影响.     

弱透水层变形机理的研究

通过对天津市滨海新区不同埋藏深度内弱透水层水理性质变化的研究,得出不同埋深弱透水层的孔隙水类型,依据其不同的孔隙水类型揭示出不同埋深弱透水层的释水变形机理.提出了以界限含水量为依据,对不同埋深弱透水层采取不同的变形计算模式.     

塔里木盆地火成岩对碳酸盐岩储层的改造作用

塔里木盆地形成与演化过程中出现过多期的岩浆侵入与喷发活动,形成了多种类型的火成岩体.岩浆活动形成的火成岩带来了地壳深部的热液流体,其中富含二氧化碳、硫化氢、硫、及少量一氧化碳、氢、HCl、NH3、NH4Cl、HF等的酸性流体对上部碳酸盐岩储层产生了多种多样的改造作用,包括大理岩化作用、萤石化作用、热液白云岩化作用、热液溶蚀作用等.多种改造作用的结果,使得原本致密的碳酸盐岩储层,形成了大量各种类型的孔洞,孔隙度大大增加,储集性能得到改善.勘探过程中,火成岩的出现可以预示附近地区良好储层的发育,为勘探油气起到了示踪作用.     

邦戈尔盆地潜山风化壳储层发育特征与主控因素分析

邦戈尔盆地潜山储层为前寒武纪花岗质风化壳储层,风化壳储层岩性复杂,物性较差,储层类型多样。为明确潜山风化壳储层发育主控因素、建立风化壳储层评价标准,通过分析储层岩性矿物元素差异、储集空间类型和裂缝分布特征确定风化壳储层发育主控因素,并将主控因素进行级别定义和相互匹配,建立风化壳储层评价标准。结果表明：岩性是形成储层的宏观背景,风化淋滤作用是控制储层孔隙发育的基础,构造作用是影响储层裂缝形成的重要因素;花岗质风化壳储层可以划分为三大类,其中Ⅰ类储集性能最好,Ⅲ类最差。风化壳储层评价标准的提出可进一步为风化壳潜山储层的高效勘探开发提供更为准确的指导。     

High 3He/4He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes

The high 3He/4He ratio of volcanic rocks thought to be derived from mantle plumes is taken as evidence for the existence of a mantle reservoir that has remained largely undegassed since the Earth's accretion. The helium isotope composition of this reservoir places constraints on the origin of volatiles within the Earth and on the evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that olivine phenocrysts in picritic basalts presumably derived from the proto-Iceland plume at Baffin Island, Canada, have the highest magmatic 3He/4He ratios yet recorded. A strong correlation between 3He/4He and 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and trace element ratios demonstrate that the 3He-rich end-member is present in basalts that are derived from large-volume melts of depleted upper-mantle rocks. This reservoir is consistent with the recharging of depleted upper-mantle rocks by small volumes of primordial volatile-rich lower-mantle material at a thermal boundary layer between convectively isolated reservoirs. The highest 3He/4He basalts from Hawaii and Iceland plot on the observed mixing trend. This indicates that a 3He-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM) reservoir may be the principal source of high 3He/4He in mantle plumes, and may explain why the helium concentration of the 'plume' component in ocean island basalts is lower than that predicted for a two-layer, steady-state model of mantle structure.