Hybrid penicillin-binding proteins in penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Benzylpenicillin has been used extensively for approximately 40 years in the treatment of gonorrhoea. The intense selective pressures resulting from the continual exposure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin have resulted in the emergence of resistant strains that produce altered forms of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) with decreased affinity for the antibiotic. A comparison of the sequences of the PBP-2 genes from penicillin-sensitive and penicillin-resistant strains, suggests that penicillin-resistant forms of PBP 2 may have arisen both by amino-acid substitutions and insertions, and by the exchange of a region encoding part of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase domain with the homologous region from a closely related species.     

养殖环境病原菌以及超级细菌气溶胶的发生与传播的监测

为了观察和评估养殖环境耐药细菌气溶胶的形成与扩散,采用Andersen-6级空气样品收集器在养鸡场鸡舍环境舍内、外(到下风方向800 m)收集空气样品;与此同时,采集鸡只粪便样品。对样品分离的大肠杆菌(E.coli)进行药物敏感性测试。结果显示,各个地点分离的E.coli对利福平和青霉素完全耐药,但他们对妥布霉素、庆大霉素敏感;有不同数量的菌株对氟哌酸、链霉素、头孢哌酮、氯霉素、复合磺胺和四环素有不同程度的耐药性。采用多重PCR方法,分别对从鸡、猪、牛舍(共21个)及其环境中分离到的480株大肠杆菌,进行了5种毒素基因即STa,STb,LTa,Stx1和Stx2/Stx2e的检测。结果表明,分离株都携带有一定数量的毒素基因,很多携带2种或2种以上。通过对11个动物舍(鸡、猪、牛、兔)空气和粪便样品分离的426株肠球菌对四环素类(TetM)、氨基糖甙类抗生素及万古霉素VanA和VanB主要耐药基因的检测表明,14.55%的细菌对β-内酰胺酶耐药;分离株都存在不同程度的对四环素类抗生素的耐药性;共检测出31株肠球菌携带vanA和vanB耐药基因;绝大多数肠球菌携带氨基糖苷修饰酶(AME)基因的一种或几种。     

在耐药性研究中的大肠杆菌

随着抗生素应用于临床和生产,许多疾病得到了较好的控制,同时也出现了细菌的耐药问题.大肠杆菌能够通过畜禽产品的加工及储藏等传播给人类,许多耐药菌株引起的疾病治疗非常困难.本文就大肠杆菌耐药性的研究现状、耐药原因、耐药机制、以及耐药性的消除做一扼要概述.     

Antibiotic resistance is ancient

The discovery of antibiotics more than 70 years ago initiated a period of drug innovation and implementation in human and animal health and agriculture. These discoveries were tempered in all cases by the emergence of resistant microbes. This history has been interpreted to mean that antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a modern phenomenon; this view is reinforced by the fact that collections of microbes that predate the antibiotic era are highly susceptible to antibiotics. Here we report targeted metagenomic analyses of rigorously authenticated ancient DNA from 30,000-year-old Beringian permafrost sediments and the identification of a highly diverse collection of genes encoding resistance to β-lactam, tetracycline and glycopeptide antibiotics. Structure and function studies on the complete vancomycin resistance element VanA confirmed its similarity to modern variants. These results show conclusively that antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that predates the modern selective pressure of clinical antibiotic use.     

Identification of the lethal target of benzylpenicillin in Streptococcus faecalis by in vivo penicillin binding studies

The mode of bacterial killing by penicillins is still unknown in spite of many studies on the subject. The recent finding of multiple penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in sensitive bacteria and the possibility of analysing the binding of the antibiotic to exponentially growing cells have provided new directions for investigating this problem. Sensitivity to lethal and other effects of penicillin varies very significantly with the conditions of growth of the cells. If PBPs were the penicillin target, changes in conditions of growth causing variations in penicillin sensitivity should be accompanied by changes in these proteins. Furthermore, if one of PBPs could be identified as the killing target, it could possibly be demonstrated to show changes in cells growing in different conditions. We show here that in Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 changes in conditions of growth are accompanied by changes in PBPs. Furthermore, in the presence of the minimal dose of 14C-benzylpenicillin causing complete inhibition of cell growth, 100% of the total radioactivity is bound to a single protein (PBP 3).     

抗菌药物对大肠杆菌防突变浓度研究

通过测定临床常用抗菌药物对大肠杆菌的防突变浓度(MPC)、耐药突变选择窗(MSW)、及耐药选择性指数(SI),为临床治疗提供抗菌药物用药参考,以降低细菌耐药情况的发生.方法:采用琼脂稀释法分别测定利福平、头孢羟氨苄、头孢地尼对大肠杆菌ATCC25922的MPC及SI.结果:利福平对大肠杆菌的MPC,MSW及SI分别为32μg/mL、12～32μg/mL、2.67;头孢羟氨苄的MPC,MSW及SI分别为30μg/mL、17～30μg/mL、1.76;头孢地尼的MPC、MSW及SI分别为0.5μg/mL、0.28～0.5μg/mL、1.78;结论:头孢地尼的抑菌效果明显高于其余两种药物,且其在较低浓度水平即可抑制耐药菌株的产生、防止耐药情况出现.     

大肠埃希菌ESBLs检测及其耐药性分析

目的探讨本地区大肠埃希菌分离株中超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的阳性率及产酶株对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性。方法采用双纸片协同法检测菌株的ESBLs,并用Kirby-Bauer法检测了415株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对16种β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性,并对其标本来源和病区分布进行了分析。结果ESBLs总检出率为50．8％,其中ESBLs检出率较高的科室为普外科、脑外科、肾内科、骨科、呼吸内科。所有大肠埃希菌分离株均对Imipenem和Meropenem敏感。产ESBLs株对其他14种β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性均高于非产酶株。结论本地区ESBLs检出率较高,分布科室有特殊性,产ESBLs株对抗生素的耐药性高于非产酶株。     

大肠杆菌耐药机制和消除耐药性方法概述

由于广谱抗菌药的滥用以及细菌间耐药基因的转导等因素,导致耐药菌增多,尤其是大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药的发展越来越令人担忧．本文从大肠杆菌耐药的遗传学机制、生物化学机制和开发新抗菌药物及抑制剂方面的研究进行了综述,提供了大肠杆菌耐药特点及其规律的最新研究进展,从而为防治大肠杆菌耐药的产生及合理用药提供理论依据．     

磷酸乙醇胺转移酶MCR1结构与功能的研究

本实验克隆了来源于E.coli的MCR1基因酶催化结构域,以E.coli表达系统表达蛋白.采用亲和层析、阴离子交换层析、分子筛层析等纯化方法获得纯度高、均一性好的蛋白;采用座滴和悬滴法,获得酶催化区域的蛋白质晶体;收集X射线数据后,分子置换法解析出酶催化区域的结构,其分辨率达到1.63埃.反常散射信号检测到4个锌离子信号,结构分析锌离子与周围Thr285、His465、His466、His395位氨基酸联系紧密,且Thr285被磷酸化.Thr285、His465、His466和His395点突变为丙氨酸后,宿主菌粘菌素抗性显著降低,表明该区域与酶活密切相关.本实验解析出MCR1酶活性区域的结构,鉴定出酶活性中心,为寻找抗MCR1靶向药物提供可用信息.     

Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics

Conjugative plasmids were common in enterobacteria isolated before the medical use of antibiotics. Plasmid F of Escherichia coli K-12 was one example and we identified others in over 20% of a collection of strains isolated between 1917 and 1954, the Murray collection. In the past 25 years, conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistances have become common in bacteria of the same genera as those of the Murray Collection--Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Escherichia. The present study was made to show whether the 'pre-antibiotic' plasmids belonged to the same groups, as defined by incompatibility tests (Inc groups), as modern R plasmids. Of 84 such plasmids established in E. coli K-12, none with antibiotic resistance determinants, 65 belonged to the same groups as present resistance (R) plasmids. Thus the remarkable way in which medically important bacteria have acquired antibiotic resistance in the past 25 years seems to have been by the insertion of new genes into existing plasmids rather than by the spread of previously rare plasmids.     

Binding of a non-beta-lactam antibiotic to penicillin-binding proteins

In the search for new beta-lactam antibiotics of natural origin, the discoveries of cephamycins and sulfazecins (monobactams) were important turning points in that they accelerated many screening efforts aimed at other new compounds. In our target-directed screening for beta-lactam antibiotics using beta-lactam hypersensitive mutants, we have examined Gram-negative bacteria isolated from natural habitats and have recently reported several types of beta-lactam antibiotics such as cephabacins and formadicins. Here we report a novel antibiotic, lactivicin, found using this system. Although lactivicin has various biological activities commonly observed in beta-lactam antibiotics, it does not possess a beta-lactam ring in its molecule, but has the unique structure of a dicyclic dipeptide.     

鱼源Ⅲ型抗冻蛋白的生物学活性

为了通过细菌低温保护实验测定鱼源Ⅲ型抗冻蛋白（AFPⅢ）对大肠杆菌的低温保护效果,利用前期构建的原核表达质粒pET32a（＋）-AFPⅢ转化大肠杆菌,目的蛋白以融合his标签的形式在大肠杆菌中表达,经NI柱亲和层析得到较高纯度的AFPⅢ-his融合蛋白。细菌抗冻实验的结果表明,外加一定浓度范围内的纯化的AFPⅢ融合蛋白对细菌有明显保护作用,但是抗冻蛋白的浓度对细菌的保护力不成一致的线性关系。鱼源Ⅲ型抗冻蛋白的浓度在50μg／mL时抗冻效果最好,并且随着温度的下降,抗冻蛋白对细菌的保护能力与Glycerol对细菌的保护能力的差距逐渐减少,在-80℃时基本可以代替甘油用于菌种保存。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌ATCC 33277菌株外切聚磷酸酶的表达、纯化和结晶

外切聚磷酸酶(exopolyphosphatase,PPX)对于细菌在恶劣环境下引起的严紧反应、病原菌的致病性和抗生素耐药性等生物学过程必不可少。牙龈卟啉单胞菌是与牙周炎关系最密切的病原菌。为解析牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)ATCC 33277菌株的外切聚磷酸酶(PgPPX)的结构,首先利用大肠杆菌对PgPPX蛋白基因进行克隆与蛋白表达,然后依靠谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶标签对融合蛋白亲和层析后,采用阴离子交换色谱、凝胶过滤色谱得到表面电荷、聚合形态均一的PgPPX蛋白,最后对纯化后的目的蛋白进行结晶条件筛选。结果表明:PgPPX蛋白在溶液中表现为二聚体形式,纯度大于98%,表达量高达30 mg/L,且该蛋白在0.2 mol/L MgSO_4·6 H_2O、20%PEG3350(m/V)条件下获得的晶体形状较好。     

Refined crystal structure of beta-lactamase from Citrobacter freundii indicates a mechanism for beta-lactam hydrolysis

Beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6, 'penicillinases') are a family of enzymes that protect bacteria against the lethal effects of cell-wall synthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and related antibiotic agents, by hydrolysing the beta-lactam antibiotics to biologically inactive compounds. Their production can, therefore, greatly contribute to the clinical problem of antibiotic resistance. Three classes of beta-lactamases--A, B and C--have been identified on the basis of their amino-acid sequence; class B beta-lactamases are metalloenzymes, and are clearly distinct from members of class A and C beta-lactamases, which both contain an active-site serine residue involved in the formation of an acyl enzyme with beta-lactam substrates during catalysis. It has been predicted that class C beta-lactamases share common structural features with D,D-carboxypeptidases and class A beta-lactamases, and further, suggested that class A and class C beta-lactamases have the same evolutionary origin as other beta-lactam target enzymes. We report here the refined three-dimensional structure of the class C beta-lactamase from Citrobacter freundii at 2.0-A resolution and confirm the predicted structural similarity. The refined structure of the acyl-enzyme formed with the monobactam inhibitor aztreonam at 2.5-A resolution defines the enzyme's active site and, along with molecular modelling, indicates a mechanism for beta-lactam hydrolysis. This leads to the hypothesis that Tyr 150 functions as a general base during catalysis.     

D-海因酶基因重组子的构建和酶的表达活性

以中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium morelense)SS—ori总DNA为模板，用PCR法扩增D-海因酶基因，分别克隆到5种不同的载体，并转入5种不同的Escherichia coli菌株，获得25株工程菌，进行培养与诱导表达．细胞经超声处理后，通过SDS—PAGE和酶活性两种指标比较表达产物．结果表明，除3株工程菌具有D-海因酶活性外，其它均为无酶活性的不溶性包涵体，包涵体经变性、复性后，可部分获得有活性的D-海因酶，其比活为0．90U／mg，复性率约为20％．此外，对包涵体产生的原因及可能解决办法也进行了讨论．     

A transposon, Tn732, encoding gentamicin/tobramycin resistance.

Gentamicin and tobramycin are important antibiotics in the treatment of hospital infections because of their activity against a wide range of bacterial genera. With their increasing use, bacteria resistant to these drugs have appeared, the resistance being frequently plasmid determined. The resistance genes determine various enzymes that modify and inactivate the drugs and there is association between particular gentamicin/tobramycin resistance genes and plasmids of particular groups, implying that acquisition of such a gene by any plasmid is a rare event. We now report the identification of a transposon or 'jumping gene' encoding the gentamicin/tobramycin adenylylating enzyme, ANT(2"), on a plasmid of incompatiblity group FII (IncFII).     

养禽场周围水环境中磺胺类抗性菌、抗性基因分布

为进行养禽场周围水环境中磺胺类抗性菌、抗性基因分布的研究,从3家养禽场多个区域水环境中分离的56株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli),应用肉汤微量稀释法分析磺胺类药物敏感性,应用PCR方法检测磺胺类药物抗性基因。结果有18株(32.14%)磺胺类抗性菌,对利福平的耐受性最弱,对氯霉素的耐受能性最强;共检测到64个抗性基因,三个养禽场分别为:19(29.69%)、29(45.31%)、16(25.00%);分别为sul1 18(28.12%)、sul2 13(20.32%)、sul3 7(10.94%)、Int1 18(28.12%)、Int2 8(12.50%)。含一种抗性基因的菌株为1株、含2种抗性基因的菌株为1株、含三种抗性基因的菌株为6株、含四种抗性基因的菌株为5株、含五种抗性基因的菌株为4株,而1株无抗生素抗性的菌株检出抗性基因。结果表明在养禽场场内检测到抗性基因和抗性菌株数量较高、养禽场周围水环境中存在磺胺类抗性菌株,且具有多重抗性,可能对生态环境的产生一定的不良影响。     

尿路感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：探讨尿路感染的病原菌构成及耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法：收集我院2006年1月至2007年12月尿路感染患者清洁中段尿培养阳性588株细菌进行鉴定,并用K—B纸片法作药敏分析。结果：尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主（63．8％）,前4位分别是大肠埃希菌（45．7％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11.6％）、假丝酵母菌（11．1％）、肠球菌（7．8％）。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺胺酶（ESBLS）检出率分别为29％和32.1％,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率为41．2％。结论：革兰阴性杆菌是尿路感染的主要病原菌,对常规抗菌药物的耐药性呈上升趋势,细菌分离培养鉴定及药敏试验对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

水貂源大肠杆菌对9种抗菌药物敏感性试验

为了解水貂源大肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,指导兽医临床有效防治大肠杆菌病.采集山东省某水貂养殖场水貂粪便;采用常规的分离、鉴定方法获得8株大肠杆菌菌株;采用K-B纸片扩散法检测菌株对9种抗菌药物的药物敏感性.结果表明,菌株对9种药物呈不同水平的耐药性(耐药率范围25.0~100.0%),对妥布霉素、阿米卡星100%耐药;对粘杆菌素、氟喹诺酮类呈较低耐药率;62.5%的菌株对所检测的8种药物耐药.以上结果说明了本次检测的水貂源大肠杆菌耐药性非常严重,临床上应根据药敏试验结果,合理和谨慎地使用抗菌药物以控制水貂大肠杆菌病.     

Transposition of an antibiotic resistance element in mycobacteria

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is often plasmid-mediated and the associated resistance genes encoded by transposable elements. Mycobacteria, including the human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, are resistant to many antibiotics, and their cell-surface structure is believed to be largely responsible for the wide range of resistance phenotypes. Antibiotic-resistance plasmids have so far not been implicated in resistance of mycobacteria to antibiotics. Nevertheless, antibiotic-modifying activities such as aminoglycoside acetyltransferases and phosphotransferases have been detected in fast-growing species. beta-lactamases have also been found in most fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. To date no mycobacterial antibiotic-resistance genes have been isolated and characterized. We now report the isolation, cloning and sequencing of a genetic region responsible for resistance to sulphonamides in M. fortuitum. This region also contains an open reading frame homologous to one present in Tn1696 (member of the Tn21 family) which encodes a site-specific integrase. The mycobacterial resistance element is flanked by repeated sequences of 880 base pairs similar to the insertion elements of the IS6 family found in Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. The insertion element is shown to transpose to different sites in the chromosome of a related fast-growing species, M. smegmatis. The characterization of this element should permit transposon mutagenesis in the analysis of mycobacterial virulence and related problems.