北半球夏季的斜压波包个例分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,使用局地能量诊断和三维准地转波动通量等工具分析了2002年北半球夏季的一次斜压波包过程。结果表明：波包发展的能量来源主要依靠斜压转换获得,频散项对波包的影响很小;波包进入衰减期以后,波包的东侧和南侧作为垂直方向的波动源,向下传播波动通量;向下的波通量进入对流层低层气旋范围,对气旋的维持起到重要作用。     

2010年夏季北半球气温异常偏高现象及其成因

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2010年夏季6-8月北半球异常高温现象进行了分析.结果表明,夏季北半球大部分地方地面气温偏高,局部地区气温异常偏高,地而气温距平值达+6℃;北半球对流层平均气温正距平值达近30年以来最大值,并且各月平均气温异常偏高的区域,在对流层各层次都表现为一致的偏高;北半球对...     

GCM模式中斜压波包的动力学特征

利用时间滞后相关和波包的复分解方法,分析了GCM模式资料300hpa的经向风扰动。计算了波包的波长、波数、相速和群速等物理量,揭示了波包的基本动力学特征。斜压波包的波长为数千公里,相速为10m/s左右。波包包络的传播速度为相速的2～3倍,下游发展仍是斜压波包的主要特征。同时,斜压波包在传播过程中显示出较好的相干性,即波包的包络能较长时间内维持其形状不变。详细分析了波包性质的季节变化和南北半球的差异,并将模式资料的结果与实测资料做了比较。     

GCM模式中斜压波包的动力学特征

利用时间滞后相关和波包的复分解方法,分析了GCM模式资料300?hpa的经向风扰动.计算了波包的波长、波数、相速和群速等物理量,揭示了波包的基本动力学特征.斜压波包的波长为数千公里,相速为10?m/s左右.波包包络的传播速度为相速的2～3倍,下游发展仍是斜压波包的主要特征.同时,斜压波包在传播过程中显示出较好的相干性,即波包的包络能较长时间内维持其形状不变.详细分析了波包性质的季节变化和南北半球的差异,并将模式资料的结果与实测资料做了比较.     

“5.20”暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料,T213数值预报产品、FY2D卫星云图等从影响系统、物理量场诊断等方面对2009年5月20日发生在江西赣中、赣东北的区域性暴雨、局部大暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果显示这次暴雨过程是在高空低槽、中低层切变线、地面静止锋等天气尺度系统共同影响下产生的,暴雨区与垂直速度及涡度所表现的强烈上升区对应,并伴有高能高湿条件;地面弱冷空气入侵,导致行星边界层能量锋区加强;由于高空槽前强的正涡度平流和斜压性,高空槽云系发展成典型的斜压叶状云型,对应地面锋生和江淮气旋生成,降水加强。     

北半球冬季准定常行星波传播的年代际变化

通过利用NCEPNCAR再分析资料对1958—2004年共46个冬季北半球大气准定常行星波传播的年代际变化进行分析，发现气候态意义下的准定常行星波沿高纬度由对流层向平流层的传播和在对流层内向低纬度的传播之间存在显著的反相振荡关系. 进一步的研究还表明，准定常行星波传播的年代际变化与北极涛动有密切的联系；北极涛动的正位相对应于在对流层有异常强的从中高纬度向低纬度对流层顶附近的波动传播，同时通过极地波导向平流层的传播明显减弱.其结果不仅说明大气内部的准定常行星波与纬向平均流相互作用可以产生年代际尺度的变化；而且提供了平流层变化影响对流层大气环流长期变化的一种动力学机制.     

热带下平流层重力波的季节和年际变化特征

利用位于热带太平洋中的Truk岛（7.4°N，151.8°E）长达7年的（1998—2004年）高垂直分辨率探空观测资料分析了热带地区下平流层（18—25km）重力波活动的气候特征.分析结果显示，在该高度范围内，重力波活动表现出明显的季节变化，总能量在一月份达到最大，6月份最小；这种变化与北半球西风带向南扩张从而加强当地对流活动的气候特征是一致的.研究结果还表明，重力波活动还有显著的与赤道QBO周期一致的年际变化.赤道QBO的东风位相向西风位相转变的时段，重力波能量总是达到异常的最大，此地区重力波活动的年际变化与QBO密切相关.此外还介绍了重力波的其他参数，如固有频率，垂直波长和传播方向.     

北半球对流层气候异常对热带印度洋海温偶极子型振荡的响应及动力机制解释

利用诊断和数值模拟的方法,探讨了印度洋海温偶极子型振荡（Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD）和北半球对流层气候异常之间的遥相关模态及动力机制。研究结果显示：北半球对流层位势高度异常场存在和IOD变化密切联系的遥相关作用中心,该作用中心呈正负相间的Rossby波列形状分布,该Rossby波列从印度东北部出发,向东北方向发展,进入北半球中高纬度和北极地区。在北极地区该遥相关的特征最为明显。研究结果还进一步显示了大气行星波的能量传播是IOD和北半球对流层气候异常之间遥相关的一种可能的联系方式。     

北半球对流层气候异常对热带印度洋海温偶极子型振荡的响应及动力机制解释

利用诊断和数值模拟的方法,探讨了印度洋海温偶极子型振荡(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)和北半球对流层气候异常之间的遥相关模态及动力机制.研究结果显示:北半球对流层位势高度异常场存在和IOD变化密切联系的遥相关作用中心,该作用中心呈正负相间的Rossby波列形状分布,该Rossby波列从印度东北部出发,向东北方向发展,进入北半球中高纬度和北极地区.在北极地区该遥相关的特征最为明显.研究结果还进一步显示了大气行星波的能量传播是IOD和北半球对流层气候异常之间遥相关的一种可能的联系方式.     

南海及其附近地区中层气旋的分析研究

中层气旋是发生在对流层中层的低纬度天气系统之一。它对低纬度地区的天气有着重要的影响。国内外的一些气象工作者曾对它进行过一些研究。近年来发现,在我国南海及其附近地区,夏半年经常有中层气旋活动,而且往往带来大范围的降水、雷暴等天气,特别是有的中层气旋发展成台风后更带来恶劣天气,对华南地区造成严重影响。因此,对中层气旋的研究,是热带天气系统研究的一个重要课题,对我国社会主义革命和建设有着重要的意义。本文所涉及的中层气旋,主要是指发生在700或500毫巴等压面上的气旋,它     

南半球夏季长生命期斜压波包的观测研究

利用Hillbert变换和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究南半球夏季长生命期的斜压波包的结构和传播特征。结果表明,波包位相速度平均为11.2°/d,波包的包络传播速度（群速度）平均约为25.4°/d,群速约为相速的2.3倍。波包的位相垂直分布在波包发展阶段、成熟时期和衰减阶段是不同的。在发展阶段,波包位相在对流层低层西倾;对流层低层至高层波包位相随高度是近于垂直的;在对流层高层,其位相又开始西倾。在波包成熟阶段,在对流层低层仍然是西倾,对流层中低层以上其位相近于垂直。在波包衰减阶段,其位相在整个对流层都是近于垂直的。波包传播过程中其能量随时间变化比较复杂。有时波包呈现出一次“增长－成熟－衰减”过程,但有时却呈现出多次“增长－成熟－衰减”过程。     

Features of the EAP events on the medium-range evolution process and the mid- and high-latitude Rossby wave activities during the Meiyu period

In this paper, features for the evolution of the East Asia/Pacific （EAP） events and their association with high- and mid-latitude Rossby waves during the Meiyu period are analyzed on the medium-range time scale, it is shown that life cycles of the positive and negative EAP events cannot be simply regarded as ＂mirror＂ each other. In the upper troposphere, downward propagations of Rossby wave packets both over high- and mid-latitude regions of Eurasian continent and over the Asian jet region are responsible for generating basic patterns of high- and mid-latitude anomaly centers of the events. In this layer, Rossby wave packets also propagate from the mid-latitude anomaly center to the high-latitude one. In the middle and lower troposphere, the formation of the subtropical anomaly center of the event is mainly attributed to the anomalous convective activity in the tropical Pacific warm pool. The northward Rossby wave energy dispersion from this center is favorable to the enhancement and maintenance of the mid-latitude anomaly center in the same layer. Finally, it might be hypothesized that typical features of the positive and negative EAP events in their mature phase result from the interaction between （or phase-locking of） respective anomalous circulations induced both by quasi-zonal Rossby wave packets embedded in upper troposphere westerly and by quasi-meridional Rossby wave packets in the background flow of the East Asian summer monsoon in the middle and lower troposphere.     

南海夏季风活动激发的大气遥相关型

北半球夏季,南海地区是全球大气热状况变化最为激烈的区域之一,而南海夏季风则是该地区最为活跃的天气事件,它的演变必将导致其它地区大气环流的响应．通过相关计算、合成分析等手段,揭示与南海夏季风活动相关联的北半球大气遥相关型的存在．该波列状的遥相关型与东亚地区相连,经北太平洋延伸至北美西岸．最高的相关位于西太平洋副热带高压区域,因而它可能对我国旱涝天气产生重要影响．     

Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere

The Gulf Stream transports large amounts of heat from the tropics to middle and high latitudes, and thereby affects weather phenomena such as cyclogenesis and low cloud formation. But its climatic influence, on monthly and longer timescales, remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how the warm current affects the free atmosphere above the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Here we consider the Gulf Stream's influence on the troposphere, using a combination of operational weather analyses, satellite observations and an atmospheric general circulation model. Our results reveal that the Gulf Stream affects the entire troposphere. In the marine boundary layer, atmospheric pressure adjustments to sharp sea surface temperature gradients lead to surface wind convergence, which anchors a narrow band of precipitation along the Gulf Stream. In this rain band, upward motion and cloud formation extend into the upper troposphere, as corroborated by the frequent occurrence of very low cloud-top temperatures. These mechanisms provide a pathway by which the Gulf Stream can affect the atmosphere locally, and possibly also in remote regions by forcing planetary waves. The identification of this pathway may have implications for our understanding of the processes involved in climate change, because the Gulf Stream is the upper limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which has varied in strength in the past and is predicted to weaken in response to human-induced global warming in the future.     

Differences between dynamics factors for interannual and decadal variations of rainfall over the Yangtze River valley during flood seasons

The prediction of rainfall in the Yangtze River valley, especially, during flood seasons is the main means for scientists in China working on and the understanding of rainfall-associated processes is a crucial component of this effort. It can be derived f…     

Global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a central role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, especially in key processes relating to ozone, hydroxyl-radical (OH) and acid formation. High reactivity of NOx (lifetime of 0.5-2 days) precludes hemispheric-scale transport and it has been proposed that non-methane hydrocarbons present in the troposphere can transform NOx into its organic forms principally as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). PAN is highly stable in the colder regions of the middle and upper troposphere and can provide a mechanism for NOx storage and transport. Once transported, PAN and its homologues can easily release free NOx in warmer atmospheric conditions. PAN is probably ubiquitous and its concentrations could exceed those of NOx in clean tropospheric conditions. Here we present the first view of the global distribution of PAN based on extensive shipboard and aircraft measurements. PAN is more abundant in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere and in the continental than in the marine troposphere. In contrast to its behaviour in polluted atmospheres, PAN mixing ratios in winter greatly exceed those in summer. These measurements provide a basis for assessing the significance of PAN as a reservoir of NOx and for extending and validating reactive nitrogen chemistry theory in the troposphere.     

Interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China around the late-1990s and associated circulation anomalies, internal dynamical causes

Observational study indicated that the summer precipitation over Eastern China experienced a notable interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Accompanying this interdecadal change, the dominant mode of anomalous precipitation switched from a meridional triple pattern to a dipole pattern, showing a "south-flood-north-drought" structure (with the exception of the Yangtze River Valley). This interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China was associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere over East Asia, such as changes in winds and corresponding divergence, vertical motion and moisture transportation (divergence), which all exhibit remarkable meridional dipole structures. Furthermore, on the internal dynamic and thermodynamic aspects, the present study investigated the influence of the midtroposphere zonal and meridional flow changes over East Asia on the interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Results suggested that, during 1999-2010, the East Asia subtropical westerly jet weakened and shifted poleward, forming a meridional dipole feature in anomalous zonal flow. This anomalous zonal flow, on one hand, induced changes in three teleconnection patterns over the Eurasian continent, namely the "Silk Road" pattern along the subtropical upper troposphere westerly jet, the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern along the East Asian coast, and the Eurasia (EU) pattern along the polar jet; on the other hand, it brought about cold advection over Northern China, and warm advection over Southern China in the mid-troposphere. Through these two ways, the changes in the zonal flow induced descent over Northern China and ascent over Southern China, which resulted in the anomalous "south-flood-north-drought" feature of the summer precipitation over Eastern China during 1999-2010.     

大气对流层顶的臭氧时空分布变化

 利用1958~2001年的臭氧垂直分布和NCEP资料,计算出全球对流层顶的气候场,并对其空间分布、季节、年际和年代际演变进行了分析.结果表明:①对流层顶臭氧质量比呈纬向分布的特征明显,南北半球中纬度和南极为高值区,赤道和北极为低值区,且与对流层顶高度和温度场有对应关系;②从400~70 hPa的温度和臭氧质量比垂直经向剖面中,显现出对流层顶的上层和下层由于具有不同的物理和化学过程导致垂直分布存在差异;③对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平场的年代际变率具有不同位相的时空演变尺度,南半球的时空差异比北半球大,南极最不稳定,低纬和赤道地区幅度变化较小,但时间尺度较大;④极地各季节对流层顶的臭氧分布和高度场特征相似,低纬则与温度场分布较一致;⑤对流层顶断裂带中臭氧质量比最大值出现在春季,秋季为最小值,其对应的纬度存在明显的季节空间经向波动,夏季达到最高纬度,冬季到达最低纬度;⑥对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平的季节变率表现出准半年变化趋势,且两半球变化趋势相反.     

1998年夏季江淮地区强暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

为了研究梅雨期江淮流域暴雨发生发展的特征,利用HUBEX资料,根据湿位涡守恒原理和倾斜涡度发展理论,分析了江淮地区2次强暴雨的发生发展的原因。结果表明：2次暴雨是在不同性质的层结状态下发生的,其湿位涡的分布有较大差异。在局地对流稳定条件下,暴雨区上空对流层中、低层Pm1＞0,Pm2＜0,并且（Pm1）的绝对值＞（Pm2）的绝对值,对流层中、低层的垂直风切变和大气的斜压性使垂直涡度显著发展,导致暴雨发生。在局地对流不稳定的条件下,暴雨区上空对流层中、低层Pm1＜0,Pm2＞0,也满足（Pm1）的绝对值＞（Pm2）的绝对值,暴雨过程是对流不稳定和斜压不稳定共同作用的结果。无论是对流稳定或不稳定的强降水过程,Pm1和Pm2均能反映出降水的触发机制和特征,对于暴雨的预报和诊断具有指导意义。