放牧对野生大熊猫种群及栖息地的影响

近年来,放牧成为大熊猫生境中最主要的人为干扰,对大熊猫的生存造成了较大的影响。为了比较放牧家畜、大熊猫选择生境因子的偏好二者对竹林破坏程度的差异,本研究在四川美姑自然保护区设置了放牧干扰样方和大熊猫利用样方,拟调查生境因子及测定所采集的不同竹龄的竹叶、竹秆、竹枝的常规养分。结果显示:野生大熊猫喜欢海拔较高、灌木高且胸径大的生境,牲畜偏好海拔低、乔木郁闭度高以及草本面积大的生境;大熊猫生境内的竹子营养成分如蛋白、脂肪和灰分等显著高于被牲畜破坏后的干扰生境。     

岷山北部大熊猫栖息地破碎化研究

以全国第三次大熊猫调查数据和2005~2007年的野外调查数据为基础,利用地理信息系统、遥感软件和景观格局分析软件,对岷山北部区域大熊猫生境的分布、适宜性和空间格局进行了分析,结果表明：（1）在岷山北部791445.51 hm2的研究区域内,大熊猫潜在生境的面积为91129.14 hm2,由于人为活动的影响,实际生境面积仅为89113.5 hm2,占研究区域总面积的11.26%;（2）在大熊猫实际生境中,适宜栖息地面积占30.4%,最适合大熊猫取食的竹类盖度（大于50%）的竹林面积仅占实际生境的20.2%     

大熊猫生境选择及与小熊猫在生境上的分割

大熊猫生境选择研究是近20年来一个比较活跃的区域，目前的研究基本集中在微生境与采食场两个空间尺度上．具有平缓的坡度被广泛认为是大熊猫偏好微生境的特征，而在微生境内对采食场的选择则侧重于具有较多喜食食物的部分，如老笋、新笋等的集中处．大熊猫生境选择的模式并不是一成不变的，外来人为干扰可导致大熊猫选择生境的漂移．同域分布的大、小熊猫具有明显不同的生境利用模式，这反映了两种熊猫在生理、生态需求等方面的不同，而非因种间竞争导致的生态调整之结果．     

陕西黄龙山自然保护区冬季褐马鸡取食生境的选择

为了解褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)冬季栖息地的特征,2006年11～12月和2007年1月,在陕西黄龙山采用样线法对褐马鸡冬季取食生境选择性做了研究.在选定的8条样线上一共测定了42个利用样方以及96个对照样方的19种生态因子.结果表明,褐马鸡冬季多偏向针叶林、阳坡和半阴半阳坡以及中下坡位.对利用样方和对照样方进行比较,发现褐马鸡冬季的利用样方以海拔低、接近水源和林边、人为干扰距离较近、乔木盖度和密度较小、乔木高度较低、灌木盖度和高度较大和隐蔽级较小为主要特征.主成分分析表明,前7个主成分的累积贡献率已经达到了78.847%,可以较好地反映褐马鸡的生境特征.第1和2主成分具有较大的信息荷载量,说明海拔、坡位、乔木密度、水源距离、人为干扰距离、乔木盖度、乔木高度、乔木胸径、灌丛盖度和灌丛高度等生态因子在生境选择中有重要作用.     

四川大相岭大熊猫种群及栖息地调查

2001年对大相岭大熊猫及栖息地进行了调查.调查结果表明:大相岭山系有大熊猫栖息地面积353.76km2,数量14只,分布在洪雅和荥经县境内.大熊猫活动痕迹主要分布在海拔2000~2500m的针阔混交林生境.大熊猫栖息地内存在多种人类活动干扰,主要有采笋、历史的采伐和公路,分别占调查样方数的23.2%、22.2%和6.8%.与20世纪80年代进行的第二次调查比较,大熊猫的分布范围发生了较大的改变,当时没有大熊猫分布的荥经县现成为大熊猫的主要分布地.大相岭山系是现存大熊猫栖息地面积最小,数量最少的山系,需加强该地的保护区建设、大熊猫生境廊道建设及有效控制栖息地内的人类干扰活动,从而避免大熊猫种群的衰亡.     

杭州不同城市生境杂草群落分布格局及其成因

在杭州城市化进程下,调查了8种城市生境类型中杂草群落的种类组成与结构.通过测定光照强度、土壤pH值、土壤电导率、土壤紧实度、土壤总氮、土壤总磷、土壤有机质及干扰类型等生境因子,分析了杂草群落物种组成与生境因子的关系.结果表明:调查的1665个杂草样方中,森林空隙和草坪是最为常见的生境类型,涵盖的群落类型数量分别占总数的...     

佛坪自然保护区野生大熊猫对保护区内简易建筑的利用

2003年对陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区大熊猫生境选择行为进行了调查,发现大熊猫冬春季节经常在保护区内一些村民烘烤香菇的土坯房及他们晾晒香菇的棚子附近活动.相对于林下竹林中大熊猫的栖息地,这些地点植被破坏严重,但大熊猫活动痕迹清晰多见,逗留时间反而较长.另外根据粪便的新鲜程度,推测野生大熊猫经常光顾这些土坯房或棚子等简易建筑.排除食物因素的影响,相对温暖、避风的环境可能是导致野生大熊猫频繁光顾这些简易建筑并做长时间停留的主要原因.     

广西元宝山自然保护区黑熊春季觅食生境选择分析

2008年12月至2009年3月,对元宝山自然保护区黑熊春季觅食地生境选择进行分析.野外设置了111个20 m×20 m样方和16个生态因子,其中利用样方82个,对比样方29个,主成分分析结果表明:黑熊觅食地生境特征的主要因子为水源距离、海拔和灌木密度;次要因子为食物丰富度因子(树径、乔木密度、乔木距离、灌木距离)、地理性因子(坡向、坡位、坡度)、干扰性因子(树桩密度、树桩距离、倒木距离、人为干扰距离)和微生境因子(避风性、郁闭度).聚类结果分析和分布频次分析表明:水源距离、海拔、乔木密度、灌木密度、人为干扰距离、郁闭度、乔木距离和灌木距离共8个生态因子对黑熊觅食生境选择有重要影响.     

褐翅鸦鹃春季生境选择初步研究

2012年2～4月,对广西宜州市的褐翅鸦鹃(Centropussinensis)生境选择进行了初步研究.共测量了70个20 m×20 m样方11个生态因子,对照样方88个,运用频次分析表明:褐翅鸦鹃选择利用郁闭度良好,避风性良好,水源距离10～100 m,乔木密度4～40株,灌木密度10～100株,乔木距离<1 m,灌木距离>1 m,树径<0.4 m,人为干扰距离10～100 m,食物丰富的生境.主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的选择特征值均大于1,其累计贡献率达70.342%,影响春季生境选择的主要因子为隐蔽性因子,次要因子是安全性和地理性因子、食物和水源因子和干扰性因子.减少人类活动对鸟类生境的破坏是促进褐翅鸦鹃种群数量和分布增加的重要途径.     

基于MAXENT模型的唐家河自然保护区大熊猫生境适宜性评价

基于MAXENT模型,依据保护区已知的大熊猫分布点信息和保护区影响大熊猫生境的12个环境要素,对唐家河国家级自然保护区大熊猫生境进行了适宜性评价和预测.结果表明大熊猫偏好在远离人类活动干扰、海拔2 000~2 500 m、靠近河流的针叶林和针阔混交林中活动;保护区最适宜、较适宜和不适应生境面积分别为56、148、196 km~2,分别占保护区总面积的14%、37%、50%.为更好地保护大熊猫,必须加强大熊猫适宜生境的保护;控制人为干扰,以提高大熊猫生境的连通性和适宜性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that