LiTaO_3单晶的层向生长机制

对 LiTaO_3单晶的生长机制进行了理论分析。根据提拉法生长条件下的温度分布,预料该晶体的主要生长机制是层向生长,并得到了实验证实。讨论了晶体生长的过程和机制后指出,凡是提拉法生长条件下表面出现生长棱的晶体,均具有层向生长机制。     

霜晶生长的界面演变及机制分析

为了认识冷面结霜的微观机制,对霜晶生长过程中的各种界面演变现象进行了研究。从晶体生长角度解释了各种形状初始霜晶的形成机制;利用界面稳定性理论分析指出:温度场和水蒸气浓度场是影响霜晶生长的主要因素,两者的竞争耦合作用是产生相变和霜晶各种界面演变现象的根本原因;建立了霜晶生长速率与霜晶表面温度及水蒸气分压力相关的数学模型。计算结果表明:随着霜晶温度的降低或环境空气水蒸气分压力的增加,霜晶生长速率增大,这与实验以及基于分子运动论的分析结论是一致的。     

霜晶生长的界面演变及机理分析

为了认识冷面结霜的微观机理,对霜晶生长过程中的各种界面演变现象进行了研究。从晶体生长角度解释了各种形状初始霜晶的形成机制;利用界面稳定性理论分析指出:温度场和水蒸气浓度场是影响霜晶生长的主要因素,两者的竞争耦合作用是产生相变和霜晶各种界面演变现象的根本原因;建立了霜晶生长速率与霜晶表面温度及水蒸气分压力相关的数学模型。计算结果表明:随着霜晶温度的降低或环境空气水蒸气分压力的增加,霜晶生长速率增大,这与实验以及基于分子运动论的分析结论是一致的。     

流化床中氯化钠结晶动力学实验研究

根据流化床作用原理,实验得到氯化钠晶体在流化床内的生长速度分别与晶体粒径、溶液流量和过饱和度之间的关系,初步建立了氯化钠结晶生长动力学模型。     

Optical Property of LiNbO3 Crystal Codoped with In, Mg and Fe

In2O3, MgO and Fe2O3 were doped in LiNbO3 and Czochralski method was used to grow In:Mg:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals. The OH- extension transmission spectra, light scattering resistance ability, two wave coupled diffraction efficiency and response time of the crystal were measured. Codoping In and Mg in crystal will improve its light scattering resistance ability and response time. Doping In can increase the ability to replace antisite Nb and decrease the doping quantity of Mg. All these are propitious to improve the optical homogeneity of crystal. Doping Fe can improve the photorefractive sensitivity for LiNbO3 crystal. We discussed the site of In, Mg and Fe in LiNbO3 crystals and the influence of the absorption peak of OH- transmission spectra on photorefractive property for LiNbO3 crystal.     

LiNbO3晶体小面生长动力学的实验研究

按同成分配比的ＬｉＮｂＯ３的原料中，掺入溶质钇，用提拉法生长晶体时，人为地引入生长层，生长层记录了不同时刻的生长界面形态，借以追溯生长过程中固－液界面的形态和演变过程。晶体沿Ｙ轴生长，ＬｉＮｂＯ３晶体形成小面的｛０１１２｝面族中的（０１１２）面与生长轴的夹角最小，它与凸的固－液界面相切时，形成小面生长区。利用“倾倒法”使晶体和熔体快速分离，在晶体底部观察到平坦的（０１１２）面小面生长区。通过不同的晶体截面，观察了晶体内（０１１２）面小面生长区的形态。测量了小面半径与相应的固－液界面的曲率半径。结果表明：小面半径的平方与相应的固－液界面的曲面的曲率半径成比例，这一结果与小面生长的动力学理论预言的结论相一致。最后讨论了小面生长机制，计算了小面生长比非小面生长所需要增加的过冷度。     

用凝胶法生长KClO4晶体

凝胶法是生长KClO4晶体最合适的方法．实验研究了反应物浓度、凝胶密度、温度、凝胶pH值对KClO4晶体成核数目、大小、形状及质量的影响，得出了生长较大尺寸、完整性好、高质量的KClO4晶体的最佳条件和参数．第一次对KClO4晶体形态、各晶面的显露程度进行定量分析，实验与理论分析相符合．证实了Hartman和Perdok的PBC理论．研究结果为下一步进行晶体生长机理研究打下了基础．     

Status and trend of hydrogeological experiments concerning the side-wall flow effect in porous media

Hydrogeological experiments provide an important means to understand groundwater seepage and solute transport problems. Basic hydrogeological parame- ters can be obtained for use in assessing groundwater resources. In current porous-media research, studies of side-wall flow are in a preliminary and qualitative phase, and lack systematic and comprehensive understanding. Side-wall flow refers to the non-uniform infiltration and solute transport that occurs near the seepage device boundary. Flow dynamics depends on the fluid under the specific hydraulic conditions, physical properties and chemical composition, medium permeability, the rough- ness of the side wall, geometric features, and physical chemistry. Such phenomena not only occur in indoor water flows and solute transport, but also under natural conditions in the field. Side-wall flow has features both in common as well as distinct from preferential flows. In porous-media experiments, once side-wall flow commences, it affects the groundwater flow field and chemistry field, resulting in parameter values deviating from actual values. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the influence of side-wail flow, a definition of the side-wall flow effect in porous media is given. Three directions of research are identified concern- ing side-wall flow： the mechanism of the side-wall flows effect, the study of its quantitative impact on seepage flow and solute transport, and the methods and measures that need to be taken in hydrogeological experiments to reduce （or prevent） side-wall flow development.     

充气欠平衡钻井水平段环空岩屑运移规律实验研究

基于气-液-固三相流理论以及相似理论和量纲分析原理,自主设计并研制了一套水平环空多相复杂流动物理模拟实验装置。该装置可实现对常规或低密度钻井液携岩环空复杂流动的可视化物理模拟。利用该装置开展了充气欠平衡钻井水平段环空岩屑运移物理模拟实验;并针对气液体积流量比、钻杆旋转与偏心等因素对岩屑运移的影响规律进行了深入的研究。结果表明,对岩屑运移起主导作用的是液相流量,气液体积流量比对岩屑运移的影响相对较小,钻杆偏心或旋转对岩屑运移的影响具有不确定性;但在钻杆处于偏心位置时旋转钻杆,最有利于岩屑的运移。     

Determination of relative growth rates of natural quartz crystals

Although the theory describing crystal growth in the geological environment is well established, there are few quantitative studies that delimit the absolute time involved in the growth of natural crystals. The actual mechanisms responsible for the variation in size and shape of individual crystal faces are, in fact, not well understood. Here we describe a micro-infrared spectroscopic study of a single, gem-quality quartz crystal that allows us to measure the size, shape and relative growth rate of each of the crystal faces that are active throughout its growth history. We demonstrate that the abundances of hydrogen-bearing impurities can serve as 'speedometers' to monitor the growth rate of advancing crystal faces. Our technique can be applied to crystals from a variety of geological environments to determine their growth histories. Within the electronics industry, the technique might facilitate the production of defect-free synthetic crystals required for high-quality resonators and, ultimately, might allow determination of the absolute time involved in geological processes such as the crystallization of magmas, fluid flow in metamorphism and the sealing of open cracks in earthquake rupture zones.     

A modified density based cavitation model for time dependent turbulent cavitating flow computations

The predictive capability of transport equation-based cavitation models including the Kubota cavitation model (Model-1) and interfacial dynamics cavitation model (Model-2), is evaluated for the attached turbulent cavitating flows. In this study, the test problem is the unsteady cloud cavitating flows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil. Based on the evaluations of existing models, we identified the differences between these two vaporization and condensation processes in the affected region, and provided a modified density based cavitation model (Model-3). The numerical results of the cavity shapes, velocity distributions and dynamics of the cavity oscillations were compared to existing experimental data. Compared with the other cavitation models, a significant improvement for the numerical results of unsteady cavitating flows has been obtained with the new model. Our study provides the information for further modeling development.     

流体混合程度对晶体生长速率的影响

运用化学反应工程的观点和方法研究了工业结晶过程中流体的混合状态及其对晶体生长速率的影响。结果表明，对全混流工业结晶器来说，在两种极端的混合（完全离集与最大混合）状态下，晶体生长速率有明显的差异，进而影响晶体产品的粒度及其分布。     

Lattice Boltzmann method and its applications in engineering thermophysics

The lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, a mesoscopic method between the molecular dynamics method and the conventional numerical methods, has been developed into a very efficient numerical alternative in the past two decades. Unlike conventional numerical methods, the kinetic theory based LBM simulates fluid flows by tracking the evolution of the particle distribution function, and then accumulates the distribution to obtain macroscopic averaged properties. In this article we review some work on LBM applications in engineering thermophysics： （1） brief introduction to the development of the LBM; （2） fundamental theory of LBM including the Boltzmann equation, Maxwell distribution function, Boltzmann-BGK equation, and the lattice Boltzmann-BGK equation; （3） lattice Boltzmann models for compressible flows and non-equilibrium gas flows, bounce back-specular-reflection boundary scheme for microscale gaseous flows, the mass modified outlet boundary scheme for fully developed flows, and an implicit-explicit finite-difference-based LBM; and （4） applications of the LBM to oscillating flow, compressible flow, porous media flow, non-equilibrium flow, and gas resonant oscillating flow.     

空间微重力环境中的晶体生长研究进展

 随着信息技术和生物技术的发展, 人们对于结构完整、性能完美的高品质光电子晶体和蛋白质晶体的需求愈加迫切。地面重力条件下存在自然对流,它显著地影响热量和溶质的输运过程以及晶体/溶液界面边界层特性,进而影响晶体的品质和性能。空间微重力环境提供了纯扩散晶体生长的理想条件,在此条件下有可能生长出高性能的单晶体。在过去30多年的微重力实验中,科学家通过搭载卫星、飞船和空间站等航天器,开展了一系列空间晶体生长研究。本文综述几种主要晶体的实验研究进展,内容包括：半导体晶体、特殊功能晶体、非线性光学晶体、蛋白质晶体和食盐晶体。     

低腐蚀隧道密度压电石英晶体

小型化高频器件的发展 ,需要一些低隧道密度压电石英晶体 .本文分析了低隧道密度石英晶体的特点 ,用水热法生长了低隧道密度石英晶体 .报道了生长这种晶体的工艺条件 ,对产品的性能进行了测试 .讨论了工艺和技术条件对产品质量的影响 .     

晶体生长温控仪的程控化改造

对提拉法晶体生长中所使用的温度控制仪器ＤＷＴ七０ 二精密温度自动控制仪进行程序化改造．改装后的程序化控制系统对本拉晶工艺适用,方便,降低了操作人员的劳动强度,改善了晶体的质量     

在空间微重力条件下斑头雁血红蛋白晶体生长

为获得高质量的斑头雁血红蛋白晶体,在我国返回式卫星FSW-2上进行了两次蛋白质晶体生长实验。首次在1992年实验中生长出了小晶体;在进一步改进样品准备和精化结晶条件基础上,在1994年第2次实验中获得了适合于X射线分析的晶体。经收集X射线衍射数据和统计分析表明,空间微重力条件有利长出优于地面对照组的晶体,其衍射分辨率比地面高约0.06nm。在相同的晶体生长条件下,空间易生长出正交晶系的、c轴方向周期较长的血红蛋白晶体。     

Optical Property of LiNbO3 Crystal Codoped with In, Mg and Fe

In2O3, MgO and Fe2O3 were doped in LiNbO3 and Czochralski method was used to grow In:Mg:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals. The OH- extension transmission spectra, light scattering resistance ability, two wave coupled diffraction efficiency and response time of the crystal were measured. Codoping In and Mg in crystal will improve its light scattering resistance ability and response time. Doping In can increase the ability to replace antisite Nb and decrease the doping quantity of Mg. All these are propitious to improve the optical homogeneity of crystal. Doping Fe can improve the photorefractive sensitivity for LiNbO3 crystal. We discussed the site of In, Mg and Fe in LiNbO3 crystals and the influence of the absorption peak of OH- transmission spectra on photorefractive property for LiNbO3 crystal.     

Simulating micrometre-scale crystal growth from solution

Understanding crystal growth is essential for controlling the crystallization used in industrial separation and purification processes. Because solids interact through their surfaces, crystal shape can influence both chemical and physical properties. The thermodynamic morphology can readily be predicted, but most particle shapes are actually controlled by the kinetics of the atomic growth processes through which assembly occurs. Here we study the urea-solvent interface at the nanometre scale and report kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the micrometre-scale three-dimensional growth of urea crystals. These simulations accurately reproduce experimentally observed crystal growth. Unlike previous models of crystal growth, no assumption is made that the morphology can be constructed from the results for independently growing surfaces or from an a priori specification of surface defect concentration. This approach offers insights into the role of the solvent, the degree of supersaturation, and the contribution that extended defects (such as screw dislocations) make to crystal growth. It also connects observations made at the nanometre scale, through in situ atomic force microscopy, with those made at the macroscopic level. If extended to include additives, the technique could lead to the computer-aided design of crystals.