柔性淹没植被的排列方式对水流特性的影响

采用塑料草模拟河道中的柔性淹没植被,通过室内高精度水槽试验,用三维声学多普勒流速仪对同种淹没度、不同排列方式下柔性淹没植被的水流特性进行测量研究,得到柔性淹没植被时均纵向流速、垂向紊动强度、雷诺应力沿相对水深的分布特征.结果表明:在植被层外部,两种排列方式下时均纵向流速符合"J"形分布,垂向紊动强度、雷诺应力呈递增趋势,近似线性分布;在植被层内部,梅花形排列方式下阻水效应及雷诺应力较之矩形排列明显,矩形排列方式下垂向紊动强度较之梅花形排列剧烈.     

弯道局部非淹没刚性植被水流特性研究

摘要对180°弯道局部长有非淹没刚性植被的水流特性进行了研究．用钢筋来模拟天然河道的刚性植被,采用三维多普勒超声流速仪（ADV）分别对无植被和局部有非淹没刚性植被2种情况下的弯道水流流速场进行了测量,得到了水流沿程各断面的三维流速和紊动能分布,对2种情形的试验资料进行了比较．结果表明：植被的存在使得弯道流速重新分布,水流内部结构发生明显改变．基于等效阻力系数法,采用水深平均模型对局部非淹没刚性植被水流进行了二维数值模拟,计算结果与试验数据基本一致,表明该数值格式能预测弯道植被水流的特性．     

明渠紊流中淹没柔性植被流固耦合大涡数值模拟

水生植被广泛存在于天然河道、湖泊及湿地,是河流生态系统的重要成分.它通过改变明渠水流时均及紊动结构来改变河道水流阻力,并在水流作用下发生弯曲和摆动,形成复杂的流固耦合作用.研究柔性植被在水流作用下的运动响应,能够更精确地解析植被的阻水效应.本文采用基于嵌入式迭代浸入边界法的高效能三维紊流计算程序CgLes,开展流固耦合数值模拟,研究柔性植被在水流作用下的弯曲及运动响应,分析植被涡激振动特性及水流阻力规律.模拟结果表明,植被运动以展向摆动为主导,植被刚度对植被运动轨迹和摆动周期有显著影响,进而影响植被的阻水规律.在水动力条件相同的情况下,植被的摆动周期与植被的弹性模量有关,且不受流场影响.随着刚度系数增大,植被运动模式从准周期性摆动变成周期性摆动,最终发展为刚性情况下的静止直立状态;植被刚度较大且间距较小时,植被存在逆流向弯折现象;在刚度较大时,柔性植被随着水流而摆动,抑制流速发展;但是当柔性植被刚度较小时,植被接近倒伏,明渠的平均流速对比刚性植被情况增大;本文算例中植被刚度对平均流速的影响最大约为2.47%.植被间距对植被的下弯幅度影响较小,但对展向摆幅作用显著;平均流速随植被间距增大...     

异侧竖缝式鱼道水力特性试验研究

对异侧竖缝式鱼道的水力特性进行了试验研究.在试验室的水槽中,通过三维超声波流速仪(ADV)测得鱼道池室中的流速数据,对流量为5.61L/s和9.31L/s池室中不同水深时的流速场、紊动能和雷诺剪切应力等水力参数进行了初步分析研究.结果表明:鱼道池室中流速沿垂向的分量很小,几乎为零;同等流量下随着水深的增加,流速有减小的趋势,而紊动能和雷诺剪切应力有增大的趋势;而随着流量的增加,池室中相同部位的流速、紊动能和雷诺剪切应力也会相应的增大.     

柔性淹没植被对生态河道洪水波影响研究

为了研究生态河道中的植被对河道水流产生的阻力问题,分析了糙率与平均流速、水深、植被密度之间的关系,总结出柔性淹没植被情况下的糙率公式,并通过数值计算求解一维圣维南方程,从流量、水位、流速三个方面来分析柔性植被对洪水波传播的影响.研究结果表明:植被的存在虽然会增大河床糙率,但当水位和流速增大时,植被对糙率的影响会降低;从糙率对洪水波影响来看,若糙率越大,则流量、流速越小,水位越高.     

非浸没式刚性植被群分布对弯道水流的影响

为分析不同刚性非浸没式植被群分布对弯道水动力特性的影响,采用180°U形折叠往返式水槽模拟天然弯道河流,运用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)进行测量,通过测量数据计算弯道水流水位、纵向流速分布、湍流动能(TKE)、环流强度以及弥散系数等.结果表明:植被存在情况下水位增高,在植被的"阻滞"作用下,植被区的流速远小于非植被区的流速,但在植被区域和非植被区域之间产生大的流速梯度;植被和弯道都会加剧水流紊动效应,植被区和非植被区交界处的湍流动能最大,且沿弯道出现湍流动能的重分布现象;由于植被对于弯道环流有阻碍作用,使得弯道环流在非植被区很强,而在植被区很弱;植被对横向弥散系数影响较小,非均匀植被对纵向弥散系数影响较大.     

顺直微弯型分汊河道水流的紊动特性试验研究

对顺直微弯型分汊河道的水流紊动特性进行了试验研究,构建了分汊河道的物理模型试验系统,探究了在不同汊道宽度比和上游来流量条件下,水流在分汊河道沿程不同断面的紊动能分布特征.试验结果表明:在平面上,水流紊动最为剧烈的区域发生在支汊进口段凹岸的回流区与凸岸的高流速区之间的过渡地带,表、中、底3层的高紊动区的强度和范围以中层为...     

梯形河道护岸糙率及水流时均与紊动特性

采用仿真草皮和三棱柱砖块模拟生态护岸,通过在室内非对称式梯形水槽内设置变流量和变底坡工况,对不同护岸型式下的梯形河道的糙率、流速分布和紊动强度进行了研究.结果表明:河道综合糙率随水深的增加而增大,改变流量或底坡对护岸糙率值影响不明显;主槽和斜边坡上,纵向流速的垂向分布均符合对数分布规律,横向分布呈现沿主槽向边滩逐渐减小的趋势,流速的横向梯度受河道底坡和护岸型式的影响较大;在主槽区,紊动强度沿垂向线性递减,而边坡区则先增大后减小;紊动能沿横向先增大后减小,在主槽与边坡交界区达到最大,表明交界区的紊动交换最强.     

明渠减速流下床面摩阻流速研究

针对明渠非均匀流,采用立面二维数值试验的方法,并将雷诺应力垂线分布计算结果延伸至床面,以此计算减速流情况下床面摩阻流速,得到了不同壅水下床面摩阻流速的计算结果.研究表明:在壅水情况下,当流量和底坡相同时,壅水段摩阻流速随水深的增加而逐渐减小;在相同水深和底坡下,摩阻流速随流量的增加而增大;在相同流量和水深下,摩阻流速随底坡的增大而增大.为满足工程中计算的需要,根据数值试验结果拟合得到了明渠水流壅水情况下床面摩阻流速的实用计算式.     

弯道水流紊动强度

采用先进的三维声学多普勒流速仪对水力光滑壁面的弯道水流紊动特性进行了系统的试验研究，较为全面地测量了弯道水流的三维时均流速和脉动强度等．根据试验数据，探讨了弯道水流的紊动机理，分析了弯道水流的紊动特性，得出了弯道水流纵向相对紊动强度的数学表达式；同时还对弯道水流纵向、横向及垂向的紊动强度分布特点进行了比较．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.