鹅耳枥属树种叶绿体基因组结构及变异分析

[目的]了解鹅耳枥属(Carpinus)树种叶绿体基因组基因组成及结构特征,为鹅耳枥属的系统发育及基因组进化研究提供参考.[方法]获取鹅耳枥属16个树种的叶绿体基因组,对其进行基因注释,利用生物信息学方法比较叶绿体基因组间的结构特征与变异程度,并以麻栎(Quercus acutissima)为外类群分析了鹅耳枥属的系统...     

Construction of fine SNP haplotypes and haplotype blocks in 5 genes in the centromere of chromosome 15 in Chinese Han subjects

Recent advances have shown that the majorityof the nucleotide variation in human genome is single nucleo-tide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using SNPs each chromosomecan be divided into different haplotype blocks, and there arelimited common haplotypes in each block. This provides apowerful approach for whole genome scan for disease-asso-ciated genes/variants. However, most data available todayare based on the large-scale genomic analyses, data concern-ing individual genes for fine mapping with high density SNPsare relatively lacking. We have sequenced 7 genes and theirflanking regions, identified 34 novel SNPs, constructed highdensity SNP haplotypes and haplotype blocks in 5 genes inthe centromeric region of chromosome 15 in I00 ChineseHart subjects. Our results show that there is a great hetero-geneity in the haplotypes and haplotype block structureswithin and between these genes, which are in close physicalproximity. Data obtained in this study provide a useful toolfor candidate gene approach at the fine scale for identifyingdisease contributing variants in the genes/regions.     

林木分子育种研究的基因组学信息资源述评

分子育种是指利用与性状相关的DNA标记进行选育,也称标记辅助选择或标记辅助育种,广义上还包括基因工程育种和基因组学辅助育种。林木分子育种为早期选择和加速育种提供了极具潜力的高效手段。笔者对林木分子育种研究的基因组学信息资源进行了进展综述和前景展望。近30年来,林木分子标记技术从早期的低通量方法发展到目前基于微阵列芯片和新一代测序的高通量技术,如测序分型、转录组测序、重测序、扩增子测序和外显子组测序等,并广泛用于连锁作图、关联分析和基因组选择等林木性状相关的DNA变异检测研究。随着2006年毛果杨基因组序列的发表,已有50余个树种完成了基因组测序。基于连锁作图和关联研究检测了林木10余个属生长、材性和抗逆及非木质产品品质等性状相关的大量基因组位点,主要趋势表现为：① 表型广泛,涵盖经济性状、生理指标和代谢成分等;②标记数量成千上万甚至上百万,覆盖全基因组;③转录组和降解组等多组学的分子变异开始应用;④ 利用大群体以提高位点检测的精度;⑤ 重视环境的影响,大田试验设置多个地点,解析QTL与环境、年份的互作效应;⑥ 结合参考基因组序列和/或转录组差异表达基因进一步挖掘性状相关的候选基因,建立了桉属、松属和云杉属等主要造林树种的基因组选择模型。此外,积累了泛基因组、相关软件和算法、功能基因、基因组编辑技术及网站和数据库等其他信息资源。林木分子育种面临的挑战主要包括：① 如何获得稳定性好的性状相关基因组位点和基因组选择（GS）模型;② 缺乏自动化、无损和高通量的表型测定技术;③对大基因组的针叶树和一些多倍体树种,仍难获得高质量的基因组序列;④ 标记辅助选择增加了常规育种之外的费用,且存在不确定性;⑤多数树种的加速育种仍较困难。后基因组时代的林木分子育种将有效结合到常规育种程序中,显著促进遗传增益的提高。     

基于深度学习的树种图像自动识别

【目的】为了探究深度学习方法用于林业树种图像智能识别的可行性,提出一种基于深度学习方法的自动识别树种新方法。在TensorFlow框架下,对卷积神经网络(CNN)模型进行改进,对7类树种图像进行自动识别研究。【方法】首先,在图像库建立时,为增加特征选择多样性,选择树木的树皮和树叶图像,保留自然背景;另外,考虑到同一树种在不同树龄条件下树皮图像存在差异,因此加入不同树龄的树皮图像,并用胸径指标来表示树龄大小。其次,对每类树种图像随机挑选100张作为测试集,剩余数据集全部作为训练集。通过反复试验比较不同CNN结构设置、卷积层数量、全连接层层数、学习率等对结果的影响。采用Adam算法代替传统的随机梯度下降(SGD)算法,对模型进行优化,用指数衰减法对学习率进行调节,在交叉熵函数中加入L2正则项对权重进行惩罚,并采用Dropout策略和ReLU激励函数,以避免训练过程中过拟合现象。最后,确定适合试验要求的13层CNN结构,同时比较深度学习方法和传统人工特征识别方法的差异,与已有的树种图像识别方法做对比。【结果】提出的13层树种图像识别模型,对训练集和测试集取得了理想的识别效果,识别率分别为96.78%、91.89%,在未参与训练的验证集上取得了96%的平均准确率。相对于已有的人工特征识别方法,所提出的方法识别效率和准确度更高。【结论】基于改进的卷积神经网络树种识别模型识别效果明显高于传统方法,说明所提出的方法能够应用于树种识别,可为林业树种图像自动识别提供一条新思路。     

Large-scale analysis of the yeast genome by transposon tagging and gene disruption

Economical methods by which gene function may be analysed on a genomic scale are relatively scarce. To fill this need, we have developed a transposon-tagging strategy for the genome-wide analysis of disruption phenotypes, gene expression and protein localization, and have applied this method to the large-scale analysis of gene function in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we present the largest collection of defined yeast mutants ever generated within a single genetic background--a collection of over 11,000 strains, each carrying a transposon inserted within a region of the genome expressed during vegetative growth and/or sporulation. These insertions affect nearly 2,000 annotated genes, representing about one-third of the 6,200 predicted genes in the yeast genome. We have used this collection to determine disruption phenotypes for nearly 8,000 strains using 20 different growth conditions; the resulting data sets were clustered to identify groups of functionally related genes. We have also identified over 300 previously non-annotated open reading frames and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence over 1,300 transposon-tagged proteins. In total, our study encompasses over 260,000 data points, constituting the largest functional analysis of the yeast genome ever undertaken.     

Strain-resolved community proteomics reveals recombining genomes of acidophilic bacteria

Microbes comprise the majority of extant organisms, yet much remains to be learned about the nature and driving forces of microbial diversification. Our understanding of how microorganisms adapt and evolve can be advanced by genome-wide documentation of the patterns of genetic exchange, particularly if analyses target coexisting members of natural communities. Here we use community genomic data sets to identify, with strain specificity, expressed proteins from the dominant member of a genomically uncharacterized, natural, acidophilic biofilm. Proteomics results reveal a genome shaped by recombination involving chromosomal regions of tens to hundreds of kilobases long that are derived from two closely related bacterial populations. Inter-population genetic exchange was confirmed by multilocus sequence typing of isolates and of uncultivated natural consortia. The findings suggest that exchange of large blocks of gene variants is crucial for the adaptation to specific ecological niches within the very acidic, metal-rich environment. Mass-spectrometry-based discrimination of expressed protein products that differ by as little as a single amino acid enables us to distinguish the behaviour of closely related coexisting organisms. This is important, given that microorganisms grouped together as a single species may have quite distinct roles in natural systems and their interactions might be key to ecosystem optimization. Because proteomic data simultaneously convey information about genome type and activity, strain-resolved community proteomics is an important complement to cultivation-independent genomic (metagenomic) analysis of microorganisms in the natural environment.     

Advances in the study of helminth mitochondrial genomes and their associated applications

Helminths, including flatworms and roundworms, are abundant organisms that have a variety of life histories. Of these, the genera Schistosoma, Echinococcus, Trichinella are notable parasites of veterinary and medical importance, and cause substantial socio- economic losses throughout China and the rest of the world. Genetic markers in the mitochondrial (mt) genome have proven use- ful for systematic, ecological, evolutionary and population studies, and the growth of mt genomic research has increased in the last two decades. Technological improvements, such as the long-polymerase chain reaction method and high-throughput se- quencing have allowed minute amounts of DNA from single worms, biopsy samples or microscopic organisms to be used for whole mt genome characterization. To facilitate the retrieval, annotation and analyses of mitochondrial features, multiple data- bases and specific software have also been designed and established. This review focuses on current progress, applications and perspectives regarding helminth mt genomics. To date, the complete mt genomes for 93 species of helminths have been sequenced and analyzed. Analyses of the mt genes, including gene content, arrangement, composition and variation have revealed unique features among the helminths when compared with other metazoans. This provides important data concerning their functional and comparative mitochondrial genomics, molecular taxonomy and characterization, population genetics and systematics, and evolu- tionary history. Moreover, mt genome data for parasitic helminths are important for diagnosis, epidemiology and ecology of in- fections. Mitochondrial genome data offer a rich source of markers for the systematics and population genetics of socioeconomi- cally important parasitic helminths of humans and other animals.     

The medaka draft genome and insights into vertebrate genome evolution

Teleosts comprise more than half of all vertebrate species and have adapted to a variety of marine and freshwater habitats. Their genome evolution and diversification are important subjects for the understanding of vertebrate evolution. Although draft genome sequences of two pufferfishes have been published, analysis of more fish genomes is desirable. Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of a small egg-laying freshwater teleost, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Medaka is native to East Asia and an excellent model system for a wide range of biology, including ecotoxicology, carcinogenesis, sex determination and developmental genetics. In the assembled medaka genome (700 megabases), which is less than half of the zebrafish genome, we predicted 20,141 genes, including approximately 2,900 new genes, using 5'-end serial analysis of gene expression tag information. We found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at an average rate of 3.42% between the two inbred strains derived from two regional populations; this is the highest SNP rate seen in any vertebrate species. Analyses based on the dense SNP information show a strict genetic separation of 4 million years (Myr) between the two populations, and suggest that differential selective pressures acted on specific gene categories. Four-way comparisons with the human, pufferfish (Tetraodon), zebrafish and medaka genomes revealed that eight major interchromosomal rearrangements took place in a remarkably short period of approximately 50 Myr after the whole-genome duplication event in the teleost ancestor and afterwards, intriguingly, the medaka genome preserved its ancestral karyotype for more than 300 Myr.     

基于最大树法和模糊C-均值算法的聚类分析

对工程上常用的最大树法和模糊C-均值算法的聚类结果进行比较,从算法本身角度分析了其聚类结果的相似和不同之处。通过仿真验证:最大树法比较适合于低维的小样本集;模糊C-均值算法不仅适合于低维的小样本集,而且也适用于团状的、每类样本数相差不大的、类与类间有交叠的高维大样本集,更便于计算机上编程实现。     

外类群对构建基因树的影响

以金缕梅科枫香亚科和睡莲目的分子数据为例，初步探讨了不同的单一外类群、复合外类群和随机外类群对构建基因树的影响．基因树比较的结果表明：与内类群亲缘关系较近的单一外类群能反映较多信息，而复合外类群与其中１个或多个单一外类群的结果相同，应用随机外类群则可获得一个粗略的分支关系．     

The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes

Genomes hold within them the record of the evolution of life on Earth. But genome fusions and horizontal gene transfer seem to have obscured sufficiently the gene sequence record such that it is difficult to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of life. Here we determine the general outline of the tree using complete genome data from representative prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a new genome analysis method that makes it possible to reconstruct ancient genome fusions and phylogenetic trees. Our analyses indicate that the eukaryotic genome resulted from a fusion of two diverse prokaryotic genomes, and therefore at the deepest levels linking prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the tree of life is actually a ring of life. One fusion partner branches from deep within an ancient photosynthetic clade, and the other is related to the archaeal prokaryotes. The eubacterial organism is either a proteobacterium, or a member of a larger photosynthetic clade that includes the Cyanobacteria and the Proteobacteria.     

全基因组测序技术研究及其在木本植物中的应用

基因组序列是开展遗传研究重要的信息基础,随着测序技术飞速发展至第3代长片段测序方法,测序读长历经从几十到数万个碱基的提升,对进一步提升基因组组装的完整度以及准确性提供了极大的裨益。现已完成了大量植物种全基因组测序工作,其中木本植物有40多个,还有更多树种的全基因组测序正在进行之中。针对各类测序技术的基因组组装及后续分析,研究人员也开发了大量的生物信息学工具。笔者从测序技术、基因组装技术和全基因组测序生物信息学分析等方面,罗列了目前已完成全基因组测序的木本植物,介绍了全基因组测序技术的发展与应用,以及适用于第3代数据基因组组装的生物学分析软件,为林木基因组研究者提供一定的借鉴。     

人类基因组计划及研究

近年来,采用ＤＮＡ序列测定、基因克隆、基因组文库的构建等方法对人类基因组进行了研究,完成了大部分人类基因组的物理图谱、转录图谱及单核苷酸多态性图谱的分析。进而发现、克隆和研究了许多新基因,如青光眼基因、肿瘤抑制基因等,这些结果使人类第一次在分子水平上认识自我,并有助于从人灰基因组中去除有害基因。最后本文探讨了人类基因组研究可能带来的问题。     

Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae

In studying the genomes of extinct species, two principal limitations are typically the small quantities of endogenous ancient DNA and its degraded condition, even though products of up to 1,600 base pairs (bp) have been amplified in rare cases. Using small overlapping polymerase chain reaction products, longer stretches of sequences or even whole mitochondrial genomes can be reconstructed, but this approach is limited by the number of amplifications that can be performed from rare samples. Thus, even from well-studied Pleistocene species such as mammoths, ground sloths and cave bears, no DNA sequences of more than about 1,000 bp have been reconstructed. Here we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Pleistocene woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. We used about 200 mg of bone and a new approach that allows the simultaneous retrieval of multiple sequences from small amounts of degraded DNA. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the mammoth was more closely related to the Asian than to the African elephant. However, the divergence of mammoth, African and Asian elephants occurred over a short time, corresponding to only about 7% of the total length of the phylogenetic tree for the three evolutionary lineages.     

Variable amplification of immunoglobulin lambda light-chain genes in human populations

The human lambda immunoglobulin locus displays a series of restriction fragment length polymorphisms that are readily detected in small populations of normal individuals. Similar polymorphisms appear in populations of wild mice, suggesting that the lambda locus is subject to rapid variation within a single species. Here we show that the polymorphisms seen in the human lambda locus seem to have arisen from unequal meiotic crossing over, altering the number of lambda from as few as six to as many as nine per haploid genome. This expansion and contraction in the number of human lambda genes is significant in that it may affect an individual's capacity to produce variation among lambda light chain genes.     

Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology

Comparative biology requires a firm phylogenetic foundation to uncover and understand patterns of diversification and evaluate hypotheses of the processes responsible for these patterns. In the angiosperms, studies of diversification in floral form, stamen organization, reproductive biology, photosynthetic pathway, nitrogen-fixing symbioses and life histories have relied on either explicit or implied phylogenetic trees. Furthermore, to understand the evolution of specific genes and gene families, evaluate the extent of conservation of plant genomes and make proper sense of the huge volume of molecular genetic data available for model organisms such as Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum, maize, rice and wheat, a phylogenetic perspective is necessary. Here we report the results of parsimony analyses of DNA sequences of the plastid genes rbcL and atpB and the nuclear 18S rDNA for 560 species of angiosperms and seven non-flowering seed plants and show a well-resolved and well-supported phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms for use in comparative biology.     

SARS冠状病毒及相关病毒的分子系统学分析

根据SARS冠状病毒及其相关病毒的基因组核酸序列和3种不同蛋白质序列，应用最大简约法和最小进化法重建系统发育树；并对SARS冠状病毒的11个推测蛋白质(ORF)做BLAST分析。结果表明，SARS冠状病毒和鼠肝炎病毒——牛冠状病毒分支构成姊妹群。其单系群性质得到强有力的统计学支持。这暗示了SARS的爆发可能源自种间屏障的突破事件，该病毒天然宿主可能为猪、牛或鼠。SARS冠状病毒与已知的人冠状病毒分属冠状病毒科的不同分支，因此致病机制可能有很大不同。3个基因的系统树分支格局的一致性表明：SARS冠状病毒这3个主要基因与其他冠状病毒间不存在重组，但全部11个ORF的BLAST分析却认为其基因组上一些小的区段可能与其他病毒存在重组。     

利用乙醇脱氢酶基因证据揭示稻属CCDD异源四倍体中染色体组的起源

对稻属异源四倍体中染色体组C和D以及稻属现存的所有二倍体染色体组A、B、C、E、F的乙醇脱氢酶基因（Adh1）片段分别进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,并以G染色体组序列作为外类群,采用PAUP运算软件中的简约性方法对所测定的序列进行了系统发育分析．结果表明：（1）3个CCDD四倍体是同一次杂交事件的产物;（2）四倍体中的C染色体组和亚洲二倍体中的C染色体组表现出更近的系统发育关系;（3）D染色体组和E染色体组表现出较近的亲缘关系,二者可能有共同的祖先．     

Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts

Photosynthetic eukaryotes, particularly unicellular forms, possess a fossil record that is either wrought with gaps or difficult to interpret, or both. Attempts to reconstruct their evolution have focused on plastid phylogeny, but were limited by the amount and type of phylogenetic information contained within single genes. Among the 210 different protein-coding genes contained in the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes from a glaucocystophyte, a rhodophyte, a diatom, a euglenophyte and five land plants, we have now identified the set of 45 common to each and to a cyanobacterial outgroup genome. Phylogenetic inference with an alignment of 11,039 amino-acid positions per genome indicates that this information is sufficient--but just rarely so--to identify the rooted nine-taxon topology. We mapped the process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree and found that, surprisingly, independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more that 4:1. We identified homologues of 44 different plastid-encoded proteins as functional nuclear genes of chloroplast origin, providing evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer to the nucleus in plants.     

广西5种常见星虫动物的线粒体基因组特征和系统进化分析

为探明广西北部湾星虫动物的线粒体基因组遗传变异和基因序列特征,采用高通量测序测定广西北部湾5种常见星虫动物的线粒体基因组,并对其基因序列特征、遗传变异、系统进化进行分析。结果显示,星虫动物线粒体基因组具有典型的无脊椎动物线粒体基因组的特征,基因排列高度保守,特别是其13个蛋白质编码基因（PCGs）。此外,星虫动物线粒体基因组的基因均编码在H链上,并存在3个高度保守的基因排列区块,与环节动物和螠虫动物线粒体基因组特征较为相似。cox1、cox2和cob等3个基因进化速率最慢、遗传变异水平最低,适合作为星虫动物种属系统进化研究以及不同种间生物条形码构建的分子标记。nad6、nad4、nad5和nad2等4个基因的遗传变异水平较高（大于60%）,变异位点数量较多,适合作为星虫动物种群遗传多样性研究的分子标记。星虫动物线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因的Ka/Ks比值均低于1（0.058 2-0.726 6）,其中cox1、cox3和cob等3个基因的Ka/Ks比值最低（小于0.1）,表明在星虫动物线粒体遗传进化过程中,这3个蛋白质编码基因承受强烈的自然选择压力和功能束缚。基于线粒体基因组蛋白质编码基因系统进化树的研究结果表明,星虫动物可分为方格星虫纲和革囊星虫纲两个进化分支,星虫动物与环节动物的进化地位、亲缘关系较近,而与软体动物的亲缘关系较远。本研究结果不仅为广西北部湾特色星虫动物渔业资源多样性调查和保护提供分子遗传数据,也为星虫动物系统进化研究提供了科学参考。