Subduction dynamics and the origin of Andean orogeny and the Bolivian orocline

The building of the Andes results from the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate underneath the South American continent. However, how and why the Andes and their curvature, the Bolivian orocline, formed in the Cenozoic era (65.5?million years (Myr) ago to present), despite subduction continuing since the Mesozoic era (251.0-65.5?Myr ago), is still unknown. Three-dimensional numerical subduction models demonstrate that variations in slab thickness, arising from the Nazca plate's age at the trench, produce a cordilleran morphology consistent with that observed. The age-dependent sinking of the slab in the mantle drives traction towards the trench at the base of the upper plate, causing it to thicken. Thus, subducting older Nazca plate below the Central Andes can explain the locally thickened crust and higher elevations. Here we demonstrate that resultant thickening of the South American plate modifies both shear force gradients and migration rates along the trench to produce a concave margin that matches the Bolivian orocline. Additionally, the varying forcing along the margin allows stress belts to form in the upper-plate interior, explaining the widening of the Central Andes and the different tectonic styles found on their margins, the Eastern and Western Cordilleras. The rise of the Central Andes and orocline formation are directly related to the local increase of Nazca plate age and an age distribution along the margin similar to that found today; the onset of these conditions only occurred in the Eocene epoch. This may explain the enigmatic delay of the Andean orogeny, that is, the formation of the modern Andes.     

Non-volcanic tremor driven by large transient shear stresses

Non-impulsive seismic radiation or 'tremor' has long been observed at volcanoes and more recently around subduction zones. Although the number of observations of non-volcanic tremor is steadily increasing, the causative mechanism remains unclear. Some have attributed non-volcanic tremor to the movement of fluids, while its coincidence with geodetically observed slow-slip events at regular intervals has led others to consider slip on the plate interface as its cause. Low-frequency earthquakes in Japan, which are believed to make up at least part of non-volcanic tremor, have focal mechanisms and locations that are consistent with tremor being generated by shear slip on the subduction interface. In Cascadia, however, tremor locations appear to be more distributed in depth than in Japan, making them harder to reconcile with a plate interface shear-slip model. Here we identify bursts of tremor that radiated from the Cascadia subduction zone near Vancouver Island, Canada, during the strongest shaking from the moment magnitude M(w) = 7.8, 2002 Denali, Alaska, earthquake. Tremor occurs when the Love wave displacements are to the southwest (the direction of plate convergence of the overriding plate), implying that the Love waves trigger the tremor. We show that these displacements correspond to shear stresses of approximately 40 kPa on the plate interface, which suggests that the effective stress on the plate interface is very low. These observations indicate that tremor and possibly slow slip can be instantaneously induced by shear stress increases on the subduction interface-effectively a frictional failure response to the driving stress.     

Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru-Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements

The subduction zone off the west coast of South America marks the convergence of the oceanic Nazca plate and the continental South America plate. Nazca-South America convergence over the past 23 million years has created the 6-km-deep Peru-Chile trench, 150 km offshore. High pressure between the plates creates a locked zone, leading to deformation of the overriding plate. The surface area of this locked zone is thought to control the magnitude of co-seismic release and is limited by pressure, temperature, sediment type and fluid content. Here we present seafloor deformation data from the submerged South America plate obtained from a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and acoustic transponders. We estimate that the measured horizontal surface motion perpendicular to the trench is consistent with a model having no slip along the thrust fault between 2 and 40 km depth. A tsunami in 1996, 200 km north of our site, was interpreted as being the result of an anomalously shallow interplate earthquake. Seismic coupling at shallow depths, such as we observe, may explain why co-seismic events in the Peruvian subduction zone create large tsunamis.     

汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造与地震火山特征

2022年1月15日西南太平洋的洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山发生了爆炸式的剧烈喷发，吸引了全球的关注。洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山位于汤加-克马德克俯冲带，综合前期研究结果，对汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造特征、地震和火山分布进行初步分析，发现：（1）从汤加-克马德克俯冲带弧前向海方向直到俯冲的太平洋板块，构造上主要表现为大规模正断层。（2）路易斯维尔海山链的俯冲将汤加-克马德克俯冲带分为北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带，沿汤加俯冲带板块汇聚率为67～84 mm/a，沿克马德克俯冲带板块汇聚率为41～58 mm/a，板块俯冲速度的差异造成汤加俯冲带和克马德克俯冲带目前俯冲深度的不同。（3）在路易斯维尔海山链以北，太平洋板块上覆沉积物厚度不足0.4 km，而在南侧达到1 km左右，由于俯冲板块上覆沉积物厚度的差异而造成北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带孕育地震能力的差异。这些认识对研究该俯冲带的火山喷发机制、大地震成因机理及其灾害风险具有重要意义。     

西太平洋俯冲带岩石圈变形研究

全球海洋岩石圈的最大弯曲与大地震发生在俯冲带。当弯曲应力超过岩石承受范围，就会产生正断层和地震，海水沿着正断层进入上地幔并发生蛇纹石化，引发浅源地震并可能造成灾难性海啸。选取西太平洋最具代表性的日本、伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳和雅浦俯冲带以及汤加-克马德克俯冲带，归纳近些年的地球物理观测及地球动力学模拟的结果，对比分析了不同俯冲带挠曲正断层的分布特征，并探讨了俯冲板块变形与地震之间的相关性,以揭示俯冲板片弯曲变形及相应的正断层与潜在板块水化特征。     

甘孜-理塘断裂带构造演化与金矿的关系

论述了川西甘孜—理塘断裂带构造演化与金矿床成矿作用的关系,总结了区内金矿化的特征和金矿床类型。研究表明,甘孜—理塘断裂带是由韧性剪切带、逆冲断裂带、断陷盆地带、推覆构造带、脆性破碎带和平移走滑带相互叠加、改造而形成的复杂断裂带。其演化历史主要经历了晚三叠世卡尼期－诺利早期的洋壳俯冲、晚三叠世诺利晚期－瑞替期弧－陆碰撞、侏罗－白垩纪陆内会聚和喜马拉雅期断陷、推覆和平移剪切构造发育演化阶段。区内金矿化、金矿床（点）和金矿体的形成和分布,明显受断裂带的控制。金矿的成矿作用与该断裂带构造发展演化密切相关。     

Seismic reflection imaging of two megathrust shear zones in the northern Cascadia subduction zone

At convergent continental margins, the relative motion between the subducting oceanic plate and the overriding continent is usually accommodated by movement along a single, thin interface known as a megathrust. Great thrust earthquakes occur on the shallow part of this interface where the two plates are locked together. Earthquakes of lower magnitude occur within the underlying oceanic plate, and have been linked to geochemical dehydration reactions caused by the plate's descent. Here I present deep seismic reflection data from the northern Cascadia subduction zone that show that the inter-plate boundary is up to 16 km thick and comprises two megathrust shear zones that bound a >5-km-thick, approximately 110-km-wide region of imbricated crustal rocks. Earthquakes within the subducting plate occur predominantly in two geographic bands where the dip of the plate is inferred to increase as it is forced around the edges of the imbricated inter-plate boundary zone. This implies that seismicity in the subducting slab is controlled primarily by deformation in the upper part of the plate. Slip on the shallower megathrust shear zone, which may occur by aseismic slow slip, will transport crustal rocks into the upper mantle above the subducting oceanic plate and may, in part, provide an explanation for the unusually low seismic wave speeds that are observed there.     

东天山地区韧剪带石英超微组构分析

通过透射电镜研究，对东天山地区五大韧剪带糜棱岩石曲矿物的超微组构进行了鉴定，并统计了自由位错密度亚颗粒粒径，动态重结晶颗粒粒径等参，获得了各韧剪带的古差异流动力应力。古 力值揭示出了各剪强度变化的规律，即从韧中心到外带，韧宵渐减不上，同时也显出各个韧     

Trench-parallel flow and seismic anisotropy in the Mariana and Andean subduction systems

Shear-wave splitting measurements above the mantle wedge of the Mariana and southern Andean subduction zones show trench-parallel seismically fast directions close to the trench and abrupt rotations to trench-perpendicular anisotropy in the back arc. These patterns of seismic anisotropy may be caused by three-dimensional flow associated with along-strike variations in slab geometry. The Mariana and Andean subduction systems are associated with the largest along-strike variations of slab geometry observed on Earth and are ideal for testing the link between slab geometry and solid-state creep processes in the mantle. Here we show, with fully three-dimensional non-newtonian subduction zone models, that the strong curvature of the Mariana slab and the transition to shallow slab dip in the Southern Andes give rise to strong trench-parallel stretching in the warm-arc and warm-back-arc mantle and to abrupt rotations in stretching directions that are accompanied by strong trench-parallel stretching. These models show that the patterns of shear-wave splitting observed in the Mariana and southern Andean systems may be caused by significant three-dimensional flow induced by along-strike variations in slab geometry.     

不均匀胶层对CFRP板加固梁的界面应力影响

采用数值试验研究了CFRP板加固钢筋混凝土梁中不均匀胶层的应力及加固界面应力.被加固梁界面上设置缺口改变胶层的局部厚度,根据缺口的深度、宽度、位置建立6种分析工况.研究表明,缺口距离CFRP板端部较近时,界面峰值应力会高于无缺口工况,缺口远离CFRP板端部位置时,峰值界面应力几乎不受影响;缺口距离CFRP板端部为CFRP板长的0.83%和1.25%时,峰值界面剪应力和正应力分别达到最大值;当缺口的长度或深度增大时,峰值界面剪应力和界面正应力均增大,界面应力对于缺口深度更敏感;在远离CFRP板端部区域,胶层中的应力沿其厚度方向均匀分布;当缺口出现在CFRP板端部附近时,CFRP板端部胶层中的应力沿厚度方向变化更大且应力在缺口区域内分布更加不均匀.     

Indentation tectonics in the accretionary wedge of middle Manila Trench

Based on the multibeam morpho-tectonic analysis of the Manila Trench accretionary wedge and its indentation tectonics and the contrasting researches with other geological and geophysical data, three tectonic zones of the wedge are established, faulting features, tectonic distribution and stress mechanism for the indentation tectonics are analyzed, oblique subduction along Manila Trench with convergent stress of NW55~ is presented, and the relationship of the ceasing of Eastern Subbasin spreading of South China Sea Basin to the formation of subduction zone of Manila Trench is discussed. By the model analysis and regional research, it is found that the seamount subduction along Manila Trench does not lead to the erosion of the accretionary wedge and the oblique subduction actually is a NWWtrending obduction of Luzon micro-plate that results from the NWW-trending displacement of the Philippine Sea plate.     

Geological record of fluid flow and seismogenesis along an erosive subducting plate boundary

Tectonic erosion of the overriding plate by the downgoing slab is believed to occur at half the Earth's subduction zones. In situ investigation of the geological processes at active erosive margins is extremely difficult owing to the deep marine environment and the net loss of forearc crust to deeper levels in the subduction zone. Until now, a fossil erosive subduction channel-the shear zone marking the plate boundary-has not been recognized in the field, so that seismic observations have provided the only information on plate boundary processes at erosive margins. Here we show that a fossil erosive margin is preserved in the Northern Apennines of Italy. It formed during the Tertiary transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision, and was preserved by the late deactivation and fossilization of the plate boundary. The outcropping erosive subduction channel is approximately 500 m thick. It is representative of the first 5 km of depth, with its deeper portions reaching approximately 150 degrees C. The fossil zone records several surprises. Two décollements were simultaneously active at the top and base of the subduction channel. Both deeper basal erosion and near-surface frontal erosion occurred. At shallow depths extension was a key deformation component within this erosive convergent plate boundary, and slip occurred without an observable fluid pressure cycle. At depths greater than about 3 km a fluid cycle is clearly shown by the development of veins and the alternation of fast (co-seismic) and slow (inter-seismic) slip. In the deepest portions of the outcropping subduction channel, extension is finally overprinted by compressional structures. In modern subduction zones the onset of seismic activity is believed to occur at approximately 150 degrees C, but in the fossil channel the onset occurred at cooler palaeo-temperatures.     

Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano

Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the 'Walker' circulation). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum--marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments--appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth's precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.     

Some thoughts on seismotectonics of major earthquake occurrence zones in China

A major earthquake occurrence zone means a place where M≥6 events have occurred since the Holocene and similar shocks may happen again in the future. The dynamic context of the major earthquake occurrence zones in China is primarily associated with the NNE-directed push of the India plate,next with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. The Chinese mainland is a grand mosaic structure of many crust blocks bounded by faults and sutures. When it is suffered from boundary stresses,deformation takes place along these faults or sutures while the block interiors remain relatively stable or intact. Since the Quaternary,for example,left slip on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone in southwestern China has produced a number of fault-depression basins in extensional areas during periods Q1 and Q2. In the Q3,the change of stress orientation and enhancement of tectonic movement made faults of varied trends link each other,and continued to be active till present day,producing active fault zones in this region. Usually major earthquakes occur at some special locations on these active fault zones. During these events,in the epicenter areas experience intensive deformation characterized by large-amplitude rise and fall of neighboring sections,generation of horst-graben systems and dammed rivers. The studies on palaeoearthquakes suggest that major shocks of close magnitudes often repeated for several times at a same place. By comparison of the Chi-Chi,Taiwan event in 1999 and Yuza,Yunnan event in 1955,including contours of accelerations and intensities,destruction of buildings,and in contrast to the Xigeda formation in southwestern China,a sandwich model is established to account for the mechanism of deformation caused by major earthquakes. This model consists of three layers,i. e. the two walls of a fault and the ruptured zone intercalated between them. This ruptured zone is just the loci where stress is built up and released,and serves as a channel for seismic waves.     

地幔柱的发生机制研究——以Ferrar为例

利用三维数值模拟方法,根据地幔对流控制方程,以180 Ma喷发的Ferrar大火成岩省(LIP)为例,在模型中引入Pangea超大陆、大型横波低速带(LLSVPs)和Pangea超大陆边缘的俯冲带,模拟地幔对流过程,研究其对应地幔热柱从地球内部热边界层(例如核幔边界)的生成过程,并讨论导致该地幔柱产生的相关因素.结果表...     

Low-frequency earthquakes in Shikoku, Japan, and their relationship to episodic tremor and slip

Non-volcanic seismic tremor was discovered in the Nankai trough subduction zone in southwest Japan and subsequently identified in the Cascadia subduction zone. In both locations, tremor is observed to coincide temporally with large, slow slip events on the plate interface downdip of the seismogenic zone. The relationship between tremor and aseismic slip remains uncertain, however, largely owing to difficulty in constraining the source depth of tremor. In southwest Japan, a high quality borehole seismic network allows identification of coherent S-wave (and sometimes P-wave) arrivals within the tremor, whose sources are classified as low-frequency earthquakes. As low-frequency earthquakes comprise at least a portion of tremor, understanding their mechanism is critical to understanding tremor as a whole. Here, we provide strong evidence that these earthquakes occur on the plate interface, coincident with the inferred zone of slow slip. The locations and characteristics of these events suggest that they are generated by shear slip during otherwise aseismic transients, rather than by fluid flow. High pore-fluid pressure in the immediate vicinity, as implied by our estimates of seismic P- and S-wave speeds, may act to promote this transient mode of failure. Low-frequency earthquakes could potentially contribute to seismic hazard forecasting by providing a new means to monitor slow slip at depth.     

粘贴片材加固曲梁的界面剪应力计算研究

针对工程中广泛存在的曲梁加固问题,其剥离失效主要和贴片层与原梁之间的界面应力有关。研究了一种粘贴片材加固曲梁的界面剪应力计算解析法。根据粘贴片材加固梁的变形协调条件,从推导片材加固一般梁的界面剪应力微分控制方程出发,引入粘贴片两端部的边界条件,推导出界面剪应力的一般解析解显示表达式,并将其应用于加固曲梁的界面剪应力分析。对于不同的载荷条件与梁结构,只需计算出原梁结构所承受的剪力、弯矩和轴力即可采用所推导的解析解计算加固梁的界面剪应力。最终利用所研究的方法分析两种载荷作用下,不同曲率半径的曲梁采用碳纤维增强复合材料加固的界面剪应力的分布。数值算例表明该方法计算简便,求解精度高。     

粘钢加固混凝土梁的解析分析

本文根据弹性梁理论和部分组合截面假定，对受３种荷载作用的粘钢加固混凝土简支梁，推导出钢板与混凝土梁之间的结剪应力和法向应力的解析解，还给出钢板拉应力和加固梁找度的解析解，由例题梁的计算分析，得到了降低钢板端部处应力集中的方法（采用刚度较低的粘结剂层）。     

内蒙古达茂旗乌德缝合带特征及大地构造意义

乌德缝合带位于华北地块和北缘增生带之间，显示早古生代属于典型的沟－弧－盆体系。与碰撞造山作用同时，形成区域性构造混杂带，地层学和同位素地质年代资料表明，造山作用发生于加里东期，造山作用的动力学过程主要表现为由北向南的洋壳俯冲和向北的陆壳仰冲，并伴随右旋剪切滑移运动。     

标准砂-钢板接触面剪切失效机理的宏细观研究

为探究标准砂-钢板相互作用失效机理,分析接触面受力变形情况,使用特制的带有观察窗的半模直剪仪对标准砂-钢板进行单调剪切试验,对其应力变形特性进行研究,并利用MiVnt和PFC2D进行细观分析。试验结果表明:标准砂-钢板接触面的剪应力-位移曲线呈现加工硬化,可视为理想弹塑性模式,曲线划分为线性增长、缓慢增长和水平发展三阶段;剪切过程中接触带孔隙率的变化规律和孔隙大小的变化规律相吻合;单调剪切过程中,接触面颗粒运动状态分为三类,对应剪应力-位移曲线的三个阶段,接触面通过颗粒的运动传递剪应力。