Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A

We have cloned and sequenced the complete complementary DNA of the oestrogen receptor (ER) present in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The expression of the ER cDNA in HeLa cells produces a protein that has the same relative molecular mass and binds oestradiol with the same affinity as the MCF-7 ER. There is extensive homology between the ER and the erb-A protein of the oncogenic avian erythroblastosis virus.     

Nucleotide sequence of epidermal growth factor cDNA predicts a 128,000-molecular weight protein precursor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo, and has been shown to be a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells, of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin (see ref. 1 for review). This 53-amino acid polypeptide of known sequence contains six cysteine residues, which are thought to form three intrachain disulphide bonds. Urogastrone, a polypeptide bearing anti-gastric secretory activity isolated from human urine, which is presumably synthesized in submandibular and Brunner's glands, shares extensive sequence homology (70%) with EGF and may represent the human EGF equivalent. Here we present the sequence of a mouse EGF cDNA clone, which suggests that EGF is synthesized as a large protein precursor of 1,168 amino acids. Our data indicate that the discrepancy between EGF levels in male and female mouse submaxillary glands (MSGs) is due to different EGF mRNA levels in these tissues, and suggest that precursor EGF processing may differ from that described previously for other polypeptide hormones.     

Transforming growth factorβ1 and epidermal growth factor decrease the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in endometrial carcinoma cells

Estradiol (E2) is the major molecular form of estrogens. Its biological effects are determined by estrogen receptors and intracellular E2 concentration in target cells. Regulation of intracellular E2 concentration involves the action of 17β(-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) type 2, the enzyme inactivating E2 to estrone. It has been demonstrated that 17HSD type 2 is expressed in normal endometrial epithelia and emdometrial carcinoma cells (RL 95-2). However, the regulatory mechanism of 17HSD type 2 expression in emdometrial cancer cells remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of transforming growth factor-(1 (TGF-β1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on 17HSD type 2 expression in RL 95-2 cells have been investigated using enzyme activity assay and Northern blot analysis. After stimulation with TGF-β1 or EGF, the in vivo oxidative 17HSD activity in RL 95-2 cells was significantly decreased. It appeared that the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 and EGF on the enzyme activity of 17HSD type 2 is dose- and time-dependent. Northern blot analysis further revealed that treatment of cells for 48 h with 10 ng/mL TGF-1β And 50 ng/mL EGF reduced the expression 17HSD type 2 mRNA to 30% and 20% of the control level, respectively. The data demonstrate that 17HSD type 2 expression in endometrial carcinoma cells is down-regulated by certain growth factors.     

Desensitisation of cultured glial cells to epidermal growth factor by receptor down-regulation.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which can be purified from the mouse submaxillary gland or from pregnant human urine, is a potent multiplication-stimulating factor for several types of cultured cells, including human fibroblasts and glial cells. The molecule binds with high affinity and saturation kinetics to a cell-surface receptor, is subsequently internalised and finally degraded. The binding event is accompanied by a reduction in the number of EGF receptors. This phenomenon--'receptor down-regulation'--has been demonstrated with several hormones and may be a general principle for the modulation of binding groups on the outer cell surface. Further, it has been proposed that receptor loss acts to regulate the cellular response to the binding ligand. The present study provides direct experimental support for this hypothesis. It demonstrates that down-regulation of EGF receptors on glial cells causes desensitisation of the mitogenic response of these cells to subsequent stimulation with EGF.     

cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and its expression in tumour cell lines

The amino-acid sequence of the precursor of the human tumour cell line-derived platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain has been deduced from complementary DNA clones and the gene localized to chromosome 7. The protein shows extensive homology to the PDGF B-chain precursor. Expression of the PDGF A-chain gene is independent of that of the PDGF B-chain in a number of human tumour cell lines, and secretion of a PDGF-like growth factor of relative molecular mass 31,000 correlates with expression of A- but not B-chain messenger RNA.     

Human transforming growth factor-beta complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells

The partial amino-acid sequence of purified human transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was used to identify a series of cDNA clones encoding the protein. The cDNA sequence indicates that the 112-amino acid monomeric form of the natural TGF-beta homodimer is derived proteolytically from a much longer precursor polypeptide which may be secreted. TGF-beta messenger RNA is synthesized in various normal and transformed cells.     

Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the invasion of cultured mammalian cells by Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella infection continues to be a major world-wide health problem. One essential pathogenic feature common to all Salmonella is their ability to penetrate the cells of the intestinal epithelium which are normally non-phagocytic. The internalization of Salmonella into mammalian cells is thought to be a receptor-mediated phenomenon and the invasion of cultured epithelial cells depends on several Salmonella genes, but nothing is known about the host determinants participating in this interaction. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation follows stimulation of many cell-surface receptors to initiate signal transduction pathways that stimulate cellular responses. We report here that invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by Salmonella typhimurium induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In contrast, an isogenic strain of S. typhimurium that is defective in invasion owing to a mutation in the invA gene is unable to induce such phosphorylation. Addition of EGF to cultured Henle-407 cells allowed the internalization of the invasion-defective S. typhimurium invA mutant although it did not cause the internalization of an adherent, but non-invasive, strain of Escherichia coli. This result indicates that stimulation of the EGF receptor is involved in the invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by S. typhimurium.     

A chimaeric receptor allows insulin to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor

The cell surface receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) appear to share a common evolutionary origin, as suggested by structural similarity of cysteine-rich regions in their extracellular domains and a highly conserved tyrosine-specific protein kinase domain. Only minor similarity is found outside this catalytic domain, as expected for receptors that have different ligand specificities and generate different biological signals. The EGF receptor is a single polypeptide chain but the insulin receptor consists of distinct alpha and beta subunits that function as an alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric receptor complex. Provoked by this major structural difference in two receptors that carry out parallel functions, we have designed a chimaeric receptor molecule comprising the extracellular portion of the insulin receptor joined to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the EGF receptor to investigate whether one ligand will activate the tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor for the other ligand. We show here that the EGF receptor kinase domain of the chimaeric protein, expressed transiently in simian cells, is activated by insulin binding. This strongly suggests that insulin and EGF receptors employ closely related or identical mechanisms for signal transduction across the plasma membrane.     

人表皮生长因子（hEGF）基因合成及在枯草杆菌BS9920中分泌表达

采用PCR技术人工合成了一段长约175bp的人表生长因子（hEGF)的基因片段，为了便于克隆，在该片段的5′端设计了Pst I的酶切位点及与pUS186载体signal sequence相连接的碱基部分，在3′端设计了HindⅢ的酶切位点及终止密码子，经DNA分析，合成的片段与已发表的hEGF在序列上完全一致，之后将其克隆至枯草杆菌分泌型质粒载体pUS186上，构建重组载体pUSE并转化一株枯草杆菌突变菌株BS9920感受态细胞，以PCR法快速筛选重组菌落，RIA检测结果表明BS9920阳性转化子能够表达和分泌hEGF。     

人胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅱ基因cDNA克隆与序列分析

本研究通过RT-PCR技术从人胎盘组织中扩增出长为841bp的胰岛素样生长因子-ⅡcDNA,PCR产物经凝胶回收纯化后,克隆在PGEM-T载体的T位点.测序结果和序列分析表明,本人已成功地扩增、克隆了人胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅱ基因cDNA序列.     

正常人口腔粘膜中表皮生长因子及其受体的表达

目的：研究人口腔粘膜中表皮生长因子（EGF）及其受体（EGF－R）的分布状态,方法：采用免疫组织化学方法,结果：EGF主要分布于口腔上皮底层细胞中,并随细胞向上分化而逐渐减少,其免疫染色出现在细胞浆中,EGF－R也主要在基底层细胞表达,除存在于细胞浆外,在细胞核中亦见表达,结论：表皮生长因子及其受体对口腔上皮细胞生长,分化的调节有重要作用,但EGF－R在细胞核中的表达,其作用尚需深入研究。     

Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences

Each of six peptides derived from the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor very closely matches a part of the deduced sequence of the v-erb-B transforming protein of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). In all, the peptides contain 83 amino acid residues, 74 of which are shared with v-erb-B. The AEV progenitor may have acquired the cellular gene sequences of a truncated EGF receptor (or closely related protein) lacking the external EGF-binding domain but retaining the transmembrane domain and a domain involved in stimulating cell proliferation. Transformation of cells by AEV may result, in part, from the inappropriate acquisition of a truncated EGF receptor from the c-erb-B gene.     

Human chromosomal mapping of genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II and epidermal growth factor

Many of the actions previously attributed to pituitary-derived growth hormone are mediated by polypeptide growth factors. These include the insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), which are members of the insulin family of proteins. We report here the chromosomal mapping of the human genes for IGF-I and IGF-II. IGF-II maps to the short arm of chromosome 11, which also contains the gene for insulin and the proto-oncogene c-Ha-ras1 (ref. 9). IGF-I maps to chromosome 12, which is evolutionarily related to chromosome 11 and carries the gene for the proto-oncogene c-Ki-ras2 (refs 10,44). We have also localized the human gene for an unrelated polypeptide hormone, epidermal growth factor, to chromosome 4q, in the same region as another specialized growth factor, T-cell growth factor. We speculate that these map assignments reflect the existence of gene families involved in growth control.     

暴马桑黄MVD基因cDNA全长克隆及表达特性分析

对暴马桑黄中参与三萜合成途径的关键酶——甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶（MVD）基因进行克隆及表达特性分析,以了解暴马桑黄三萜合成的调控机制。     

重组人表皮生长因子在毕赤酵母X33中的构建、表达和纯化

在毕赤酵母X33中表达人表皮生长因子并纯化,对表皮生长因子(EGF)进行密码子优化,构建pPICZa A-EGF真核表达质粒,转化X33感受态细胞;利用抗性筛选以及PCR鉴定阳性菌株。经过甲醇诱导和镍柱纯化,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测蛋白分泌表达情况。成功构建了表达pPICZa A-EGF真核表达质粒,转入X33中获得阳性菌株,成功诱导蛋白分泌表达并纯化。在毕赤酵母X33中成功表达人表皮生长因子,纯化后纯度为80%,收率为5.8 mg/L。