Mechanochemical leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate by sulfuric acid

This study aimed to introduce a new cost-effective methodology for increasing the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite concentrates at ambient temperature and pressure. Mechanical activation was employed during the leaching (mechanochemical leaching) of chalcopyrite concentrates in a sulfuric acid medium at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. High energy ball milling process was used during the leaching to provide the mechanochemical leaching condition, and atomic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to determine the leaching behavior of chalcopyrite. Moreover, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the chalcopyrite powder before and after leaching. The results demonstrated that mechanochemical leaching was effective; the extraction of copper increased significantly and continuously. Although the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite was very low at ambient temperature, the percentages of copper dissolved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) after 20 h of mechanochemical leaching reached 28% and 33%, respectively. Given the efficiency of the developed method and the facts that it does not require the use of an autoclave and can be conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, it represents an economical and easy-to-use method for the leaching industry.     

Ultra fast microwave-assisted leaching for the recovery of copper and tellurium from copper anode slime

The decomposition of copper anode slime heated by microwave energy in a sulfuric acid medium was investigated. Leaching experiments were carried out in a multi-mode cavity with microwave assistance. The leaching process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the leaching efficiencies of copper and tellurium were 99.56% ±0.16% and 98.68% ±0.12%, respectively. Meanwhile, a conventional leaching experiment was performed in order to evaluate the influence of microwave radiation. The mechanism of microwave-assisted leaching of copper anode slime was also investigated. In the results, the microwave technology is demonstrated to have a great potential to improve the leaching efficiency and reduce the leaching time. The enhanced recoveries of copper and tellurium are believed to result from the presence of a temperature gradient due to the shallow microwave penetration depth and the superheating at the solid-liquid interface.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline NiTi intermetallics formed by mechanosynthesis

The formulation of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys has potential effects in mechanical stimulation and medical implantology. The present work elucidates the effect of milling time on the product's structural characteristics, chemical composition, and microhardness for NiTi synthesized by mechanical alloying for different milling durations. Increasing the milling duration led to the formation of a nanocrystalline NiTi intermetallic at a higher level. The formation of nanocrystalline materials was directed through cold fusion, fracturing, and the development of a steady state, which were influenced by the accumulation of strain energy. In the morphological study, uninterrupted cold diffusion and fracturing were visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Particle size analysis revealed that the mean particle size was reduced to~93 μm after 20 h of milling. The mechanical strength was enhanced by the formation of a nanocrystalline intermetallic phase at longer milling time, which was confirmed by the results of Vickers hardness analyses.     

Ultrasound effects on zinc recovery from EAF dust by sulfuric acid leaching

In this work, an ultrasound-assisted leaching process was studied for the recovery of zinc from electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, in which zinc was mainly present in the form of franklinite (60%). Hydrometallurgy is emerging as a preferred process for the recovery of a variety of metals, and the use of ultrasound could offer advantages over the conventional leaching process, especially for the dissolution of franklinite. Franklinite is a refractory phase that is difficult to leach and represents the main obstacle in conventional hydrometallurgy processing. Atmospheric leaching with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0.2-2.0 M) at two temperatures (323 and 353 K) was performed. The tests were conducted using both conventional and ultrasound-assisted leaching. After the leaching tests, the solid residues were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, whereas the leach liquor was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The use of ultrasound facilitated the dissolution of franklinite at low acid concentrations and resulted in a greater zinc recovery under all of the investigated operating conditions.     

Extraction of vanadium from high calcium vanadium slag using direct roasting and soda leaching

The extraction of vanadium from high calcium vanadium slag was attempted by direct roasting and soda leaching. The oxidation process of the vanadium slag at different temperatures was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, Na₂CO₃ concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time, and liquid to solid ratio on the extraction of vanadium were studied. The results showed that olivine phases and spinel phases in the vanadium slag were completely decomposed at 500 and 800℃, respectively. Vanadium-rich phases were formed at above 850℃. The leaching rate of vanadium reached above 90% under the optimum conditions:roasting temperature of 850℃, roasting time of 60 min, Na₂CO₃ concentration of 160 g/L, leaching temperature of 95℃, leaching time of 150 min, and liquid to solid ratio of 10:1 mL/g. The main impurities were Si and P in the leach liquor.     

Up-grading of natural ilmenite ore by combining oxidation and acid leaching

Rutile (TiO₂) is heavily used in pigments and colorants, and the most abundant source of rutile is ilmenite. Upon oxidation of ilmenite, rutile can be formed with modest energy consumption; furthermore, after leaching, only a few byproducts are formed. Unfortunately, one drawback is the necessarily long oxidative process of typically used methods. In this study, we show that a fluidized bed reactor can be used to oxidize ilmenite ore to rapidly form rutile and pseudobrookite (Fe₂TiO₅) phases. Ilmenite was oxidized with 5vol% O₂ in Ar at temperatures of 1173 K or 1223 K and subsequently leached using a diluted H₂SO₄ solution to dissolve the pseudobrookite phase. The effects of acid concentration, temperature, and cooling rate after oxidation were investigated. We show that the ilmenite was rapidly oxidized to form rutile and pseudobrookite phases at 1173 and 1223 K in a 5vol% O₂/95vol% Ar environment within 40 min. The final maximum rutile yield was 84.2mol% after leaching in (1 + 1) H₂SO₄ solution at 393 K for 12 h.     

硫酸中香蕉皮还原低品位锰矿的浸出行为及动力学模型

Manganese was leached from a low-grade manganese ore (LGMO) using banana peel as the reductant in a dilute sulfuric acid medium. The effects of banana peel amount, H₂SO₄ concentration, reaction temperature, and time on Mn leaching from the complex LGMO were studied. A leaching efficiency of ~98% was achieved at a leaching time of 2 h, banana peel amount of 4 g, leaching temperature of 120°C, manganese ore amount of 5 g, and sulfuric acid concentration of 15vol%. The phase, microstructural, and chemical analyses of LGMO samples before and after the leaching process confirmed the successful leaching of manganese. Furthermore, the leaching process followed the shrinking core model and the leaching rate was controlled by a surface chemical reaction (1 ? (1 ? x)1/3 = kt) mechanism with an apparent activation energy of 40.19 kJ·mol?1.     

Hydrometallurgical leaching and kinetic modeling of low-grade manganese ore with banana peel in sulfuric acid

Manganese was leached from a low-grade manganese ore(LGMO) using banana peel as the reductant in a dilute sulfuric acid medium. The effects of banana peel amount, H_2SO_4 concentration, reaction temperature, and time on Mn leaching from the complex LGMO were studied. A leaching efficiency of ～98% was achieved at a leaching time of 2 h, banana peel amount of 4 g, leaching temperature of 120°C,manganese ore amount of 5 g, and sulfuric acid concentration of 15 vol%. The phase, microstructural, and chemical analyses of LGMO samples before and after the leaching process confirmed the successful leaching of manganese. Furthermore, the leaching process followed the shrinking core model and the leaching rate was controlled by a surface chemical reaction(1-(1-x)~(1/3)=kt) mechanism with an apparent activation energy of 40.19 k J·mol~(-1).     

Leaching of a copper flotation concentrate with ammonium persulfate in an autoclave system

The leaching behavior of a copper flotation concentrate was investigated using ammonium persulfate (APS) in an autoclave system. The decomposition products of APS, active oxygen, and acidic medium were used to extract metals from the concentrate. Leaching experiments were performed to compare the availability of APS as an oxidizing agent for leaching of the concentrate under atmospheric conditions and in an autoclave system. Leaching temperature and APS concentration were found to be important parameters in both leaching systems. Atmospheric leaching studies showed that the metal extractions increased with the increase in APS concentration and temperature (up to 333 K). A similar tendency was determined in the autoclave studies up to 423 K. It was also determined that the metal extractions decreased at temperatures above 423 K due to the passivation of the particle surface by molten elemental sulfur. The results showed that higher copper extractions could be achieved using an autoclave system.     

Granular activated carbons from palm nut shells for gold di-cyanide adsorption

Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. The proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. The volumes of total pores, micropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.     

Al—12Ti机械合金化过程的结构演变

采用三种不同类型的球磨机对高Ａｌ含量的Ａｌ－Ｔｉ元素进行球磨试验，研究了其结构演变的特点和影响因素．Ａｌ－Ｔｉ混合粉末在高能球磨过程中的结构演变与球磨输入能量有很大关系，输入能量高的球磨方式能导致Ｔｉ完全过饱和固溶于Ａｌ中，甚至形成部分非晶相和Ｌｌ２有序相；中等输入能量只能形成过饱和固溶体，不能形成非晶相；输入能量较低则不能使Ｔｉ完全溶于Ａｌ．球磨输入能量还对最终球磨态粉末的畸变程度和晶粒大小有重要作用，输入能量高的球磨机制备的机械合金化粉末的畸变明显高于另外两种球磨机制备的粉末，且晶粒更细．高的畸变和细的晶粒可能是促进部分非晶化的原因之一．     

高能球磨Fe-TiN间界面反应及磁性

利用X射线衍射(XRD)结合穆斯堡尔谱和宏观磁性测量研究了高能球磨Fe TiN体系的界面反应机制及界面磁性.结果表明：通过高能球磨，部分Fe原子扩散到TiN晶粒中形成顺磁相TiN(Fe)，Fe原子的扩散溶解随球磨时间增加而饱和.同时，部分TiN在球磨过程中分解成Ti和N并溶入Fe晶格形成铁磁性的Fe(Ti，N)固溶体.Ti和N原子溶入后使样品饱和磁化强度产生变化.随固溶量的增加，饱和磁化强度先增大后减小.     

高温煅烧和机械球磨对煤矸石反应活性的影响

天然的高岭石型煤矸石性质稳定,不进行活化处理难以直接提取其中的铝资源。实验对高温煅烧和机械球磨两种提高高岭石反应活性的方法进行了研究。适宜的煅烧或球磨使煤矸石活性显著提高,Al的浸取率分别达到75.31%和88.17%;两种活化方式的搭配使用更有利于提高煤矸石的反应活性,且先球磨后煅烧的煤矸石活性最高。     

铁钛平行分选对微细粒钛铁矿强磁选的影响

采用"铁钛平行分选"工艺对高压辊磨超细碎的-3.2 mm钒钛磁铁矿进行选别实验,研究了强磁选对钛铁矿的分选效果.当磨矿细度为-74μm粒级占80%时,辊压产品选钛给矿的单体解离度较颚破产品高0.58%,辊压产品-19μm+11μm粒级中铁氧化物的单体含量较颚破产品低1.38%.与颚破产品采用"阶段磨矿-阶段分选"工艺相比,"铁钛平行分选"得到的强磁精矿中Ti O2的回收率提高5.11%,-19μm粒级的含量降低2.62%.不同粒级钛铁矿在分选空间中的受力分析表明,当粒度降低时,钛铁矿所受的比阻力急剧增加,而比磁力却有所降低,这增加了钛铁矿颗粒被磁场捕获的难度."铁钛平行分选"能够降低选别过程中微细粒钛铁矿的新生成量,改善钛铁矿的强磁选别效果.     

某铜厂洗净残渣的浸出工艺条件研究

为处理某火法炼铜厂的洗净残渣，提出了湿法两矿一步法。对本工艺中浸出机理进行了叙述。对此工艺中浸出部分的工艺条件进行了摸索，结果表明：温度、浸出时间、液固比分别为80℃、3h、5时浸出结果较好。在浸出过程中，溶液中铁离子的含量对铜锰的浸出起了至关重要的作用，机理有待于进一步研究，可能由于铁离子在反应中起了催化作用，反应呈现出自催化氧化反应的特征。     

Phase transformation and reduction kinetics during the hydrogen reduction of ilmenite concentrate

The reduction of ilmenite concentrate by hydrogen gas was investigated in the temperature range of 500 to 1200℃. The microstructure and phase transition of the reduction products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). It was found that the weight loss and iron metallization rate increased with the increase of reduction temperature and reaction time. The iron metallization rate could reach 87.5% when the sample was reduced at 1150℃ for 80 min. The final phase constituents mainly consist of Fe, M₃O₅ solid solution phase (M=Mg, Ti, and Fe), and few titanium oxide. Microstructure analysis shows that the surfaces of the reduction products have many holes and cracks and the reactions take place from the exterior of the grain to its interior. The kinetics of reduction indicates that the rate-controlling step is diffusion process control with the activation energy of 89 kJ·mol-1.