I-Apriori：一种基于Spark平台的改进Apriori算法

针对Apriori算法在第二次迭代过程中产生大量候选集的弊端,在Spark大数据框架下,将Apriori算法进行并行化处理。提出一种基于Spark平台的改进Apriori算法——I-Apriori;该算法利用Spark基于内存计算的抽象对象(RDD)存储频繁项集,在第二次迭代中,通过使用改进的布隆过滤器存储频繁1项集,消除候选集生成,减少数据库扫描次数,提高算法效率。实验结果表明,相比基于Spark平台的Apriori算法进行性能评估,I-Apriori算法具有更优的性能,能够较大程度地提高大数据关联规则挖掘的效率。     

基于Spark的Apriori并行算法优化实现

针对传统Apriori算法处理速度和计算资源的瓶颈,以及Hadoop平台上Map-Reduce计算框架不能处理节点失效、不能友好支持迭代计算以及不能基于内存计算等问题,提出了Spark下并行关联规则优化算法.该算法只需两次扫描事务数据库,并充分利用Spark内存计算的RDD存储项集.与传统Apriori算法相比,该算法扫描事务数据库的次数大大降低;与Hadoop下Apriori算法相比,该算法不仅简化计算,支持迭代,而且通过在内存中缓存中间结果减少I/O花销.实验结果表明,该算法可以提高关联规则算法在大数据规模下的挖掘效率.     

基于Spark的ISOMAP算法并行化

为了实现大数据环境下非线性高维数据的快速降维,提出了一种基于Spark的并行ISOMAP算法.在该算法中,为了快速构建邻域矩阵,设计并实现了基于精确欧式位置敏感哈希的近邻搜索并行算法;为了实现特征值的快速求解,设计并实现了基于幂法和降阶法交替执行的特征值求解并行算法.为了进一步提高算法的性能,基于Spark的特性,利用Spark的稀疏向量、广播机制和缓存机制对并行ISOMAP算法进行了优化,减少了计算过程中的内存消耗和数据传输.在Swissroll数据集和S-curve数据集上的实验结果表明,基于Spark的并行ISOMAP算法通过并行执行和计算过程的优化,极大地提高了算法的执行效率,能够适用于大规模数据集的降维处理.     

基于MapReduce和Spark的大数据模糊K-means算法比较

从原理和实验2方面对基于MapReduce和Spark的大数据模糊K-均值算法进行分析比较,并对2种大数据开源平台的优缺点进行了总结.由于模糊K-均值算法是一种迭代算法,需要对部分数据进行重复操作以得到最终聚类结果,因此主要从算法执行时间、同步次数、文件数目、容错性能、资源消耗这5方面进行比较,得出的结论对从事大数据研究的人员具有较高的参考价值.     

基于Spark框架的大数据K-prototypes聚类算法

大数据具有数据量大及混合类型的属性,基于MapReduce的K-prototypes并行大规模混合数据方案的缺点是时间和内存的限制,导致这些方案不适合处理大数据.为了解决这个问题,该文提出一种新的基于Spark的k-prototypes聚类方法,该方法使用了重新聚集技术,利用Spark框架的内存操作来构建大规模混合数据分组.在模拟和实际数据集上的实验表明,该文方法可行,且提高了现有K-prototypes方法的效率.     

2种加速K-近邻方法的实验比较

K-近邻(K-NN:K-nearest neighbors)是著名的数据挖掘算法,应用非常广泛.K-NN思想简单,易于实现,其计算时间复杂度和空间复杂度都是O(n),n为训练集中包含的样例数.当训练集比较大时,特别是面对大数据集时,K-NN算法的效率会变得非常低,甚至不可行.本文用实验的方法比较了2种加速K-NN的方法,2种加速方法分别是压缩近邻(CNN:condensed nearest neighbor)方法和基于MapReduce的K-NN.具体地,在Hadoop环境下,用MapReduce编程实现了K-NN算法,并与CNN算法在8个数据集上进行了实验比较,得出了一些有价值的结论,对从事相关研究的人员具有一定的借鉴作用.     

基于spark框架的DBSCAN文本聚类算法

针对DBSCAN算法性能上的瓶颈以及内存和I/O上的消耗严重,提出了一种大数据计算框架的并行聚类方案.选用Spark计算框架对DBSCAN算法进行并行化改进,利用SNN相似度图解决DBSCAN算法对高维数据密度定义模糊的问题,并且将DBSCAN算法运行在spark计算平台上,缓解了内存的不足.实验结果证明,该解决方案相对于单机的DBSCAN算法,聚类精度没有下降,并且通过横向的添加节点增加了运行内存,在缓解内存紧张的前提下降低了算法运行时间,和基于Hadoop的DBSCAN算法相比也有较好的加速比.     

基于Spark的并行ISOMAP算法

为了实现大数据环境下非线性高维数据的降维,提出了基于Spark的并行ISOMAP算法.在该方法中,为了快速求解大规模矩阵的特征值和特征向量,设计并实现了基于Spark的并行块Davidson方法;同时,针对大规模矩阵计算和传输困难的问题,提出了基于RDD分区的行块式矩阵乘法策略,该策略把每个分区中的矩阵行转换成块矩阵,行块式矩阵可不受map算子对RDD逐条计算的限制,并可以利用Spark中的线性代数库参与矩阵级别的运算.实验结果表明,行块式矩阵乘法策略有效提高了矩阵运算的效率,并行块Davidson方法能够快速求解大规模矩阵特征值和特征向量,有效提高了并行ISOMAP算法的性能,表明并行ISOMAP算法可以适应大数据环境下的降维处理.     

一种用于语音模板产生的无监控聚类算法

将共享近邻(SNN)算法中的近邻概念具体化,为K-均值算法(KMI)设计了一种初始类心选取方案,并把改进的共享近邻算法(MSNN)和改进的K-均值算法(MKMI)合并到一起形成一种不需外界干预的综合聚类算法(CCA).用两组语音数据进行了比较试验,结果表明,MKMI和CCA的性能比KMI的分别高57％和108％;MSNN是一种比较有效的粗分类算法。     

一种面向大数据分析的快速并行决策树算法

为了提高基于大规模数据的决策树训练效率,提出了一种基于Spark平台的并行决策树算法(SPDT).首先,采用数据按列分区的方法,把单个属性列完整地保留在一个分区内,使缓存该分区数据的数据节点能独立完成信息熵的计算,以减少数据节点之间的信息交流造成的网络资源的占用.然后,数据在按列分区后以稠密向量的形式缓存于内存中,SPDT对数据进行压缩,以减少对内存的占用.最后,SPDT采用基于边界点类别判定的连续属性离散化方法来处理连续属性,减少决策树训练过程中信息熵计算的频次,并提出使用信息增益比划分训练数据集的方法,以减少信息增益计算对多属性值属性的依赖.实验结果表明,在树的训练效率方面,SPDT在保持分类精度的情况下,比Apache Spark-MLlib决策树算法(MLDT)以及基于Spark平台的垂直划分决策树算法(Yggdrasil)有明显的提升.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the