生料酿酒过程中导致产品味苦的若干因素初探

生科酿酒是上世纪80年代后期从日本传人的。由于这个技术操作简单，投资少，酒质好，深受广大厂家和消费的喜爱。但也存在着很多不足，尤其是酒中的苦(涩)味物质一直是困扰广大厂家的难题。本着重阐述酒中苦(涩)物质的产生原因。并对苦味物质的控制进行了初步研究。     

合江传统工艺小曲酒销往海南

日前,合江县传统白酒厂家,收到第一笔销售海南订单的预付款,这是全县传统小曲清香酒首次批量销往海南(消费对象主要是渔民)。为保证该批酒的质量和合法流通,县酒管局积极协调,从基酒、包装、品牌一条龙服务,完善相关手续。     

卵清蛋白沉淀法分析干红葡萄酒的涩感质量

为了正确评价干红葡萄酒涩感质量,实验以贺兰山东麓产区9款单宁含量有差异的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,分析供试酒样的多酚、单宁含量,培训品评员,进行供试酒样的涩感特征的感官量化分析,同时模拟口腔唾液蛋白与葡萄酒单宁的结合反应,添加不同卵清蛋白溶液(0～8.0g/L)絮凝单宁,分析A₂₈₀下降趋势。结果表明,干红葡萄酒的干涩与糙涩之间极显著正相关,并且它们与多酚、单宁含量极显著正相关,也与添加卵清蛋白引起A₂₈₀下降的速率a值极显著正相关；干红葡萄酒的绒涩感与苦味之间显著负相关,它们与干涩、糙涩、多酚、单宁以及a值之间无显著相关性,绒涩感可能与合适的橡木桶陈酿之间有联系。干涩和糙涩主要来源于多酚和单宁,基于蛋白沉淀法预测葡萄酒的涩感质量具有局限性,绒涩感可能产生于合理陈酿中的单宁柔化过程。     

使用黄水、酒尾加大曲多酵串蒸试验报告

<正>黄水和酒尾是生产白酒(浓香型大曲酒)中的产物。黄水中含有丰富的有机物质和有益的微生物;而酒尾中含有较多的高沸点芳香物质,酸、酯含量高,还含有高沸点杂质。为使八一酒厂的优质老窖的黄水及酒尾充分利用,我们对黄水、酒尾进行了加曲多酵串蒸试验,其试验、分析与结果如下。 一、黄水的主要成分 黄水是酒醅淋浆得到,其酸度是5.3,     

基于反应型纸基芯片的酒品香气现场快速检测

<正>酒类作为一种国际性饮料,深受世界各国广大消费者的喜爱,酒类品质的一个重要特征是酒的风味。风味主要包括滋味和气味2种:滋味来源于食品中的呈味物质如无机盐、游离氨基酸、小肽和核酸代谢产物等;气味则主要由食品中的不饱和醛、酮、含硫化合物以及一些杂环化合物等挥发性物质产生。酒的风味特征在很大程度上取决于其香气成     

今宵酒醒何处

酒是谁发明的?古希腊人认为酒是酒神狄奥尼苏斯带到人间来的;古埃及人认为酒是由死神的庇护神奥西里斯发明的;中国人认为酒是古代华夏聪明人发明的,《战国策》说:“帝女令仪狄作酒而美”。 酒这东西,是甜、是苦、是辣、是酸?这滋味谁说得清     

食品的滋味与化学结构

世界各国对味觉的分类并不一致.如日本分为五味,即咸、酸、甜、苦、辣.在欧美各国分为六味,即甜、酸、咸、苦、辣、金属味.在印度分为甜、酸、咸、苦、辣、浅、涩、不正常味等八味.我国分为酸、咸、甜、苦、辣五味,再加上鲜味和涩味,共为七味.在生理学上只有酸、甜、苦、咸四种基本味.而辣味、涩味是由于刺激触觉神经末梢产生的,它们与四种味有所不同.辣味刺激口腔粘膜引起痛觉,也伴有鼻腔粘膜的痛觉,同时其它皮肤等处也可感到痛觉.涩味是舌头粘膜的收敛作用.因此就食物的调味而言,辣味和涩味应看成两种独立的味.关于鲜味则是与其它味相配合,能使食品的整个风味比它原来的风味更美.在欧美,把鲜味物质列为风味的强化剂或增     

黄酒的非生物混浊及防治措施

黄酒中含有丰富的糖、含氮物质、酯类、酚类、醇及多种维生素,这些物质在各种因素作用下,会使酒产生混浊及沉淀,影响外观和商品价值,对产品(特别是瓶装酒)销售产生不利影响.由微生物引起的混浊,只要在生产过程中严格杀菌,并密封包装,就能防止;而非生物混浊引起因素很多,已成为当今酿酒行业的一大研究课题.     

苦物质引起去甲肾上腺素预收缩的大鼠主动脉平滑肌舒张的作用机理研究

为研究苦物质舒张预收缩的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌的作用机制,以测定肌张力为主要手段,结合多种细胞信号通路阻断剂研究了苦物质的作用通路.结果表明:苦物质对于去甲肾上腺素介导的大鼠胸主动脉的收缩具有高效、快速的舒张作用,此舒张作用与IP3受体和L型钙通道的阻断密切相关.故以氯喹和苦精为代表的苦物质因对血管平滑肌具有良好的舒张作用,有望成为针对高血压等血管相关疾病的新的治疗药物.     

竹纤维替代糠壳生产清香型大曲酒工艺研究

为了减轻糠壳给酒体带来的异杂味,同时增加竹子特有的风味成分,以竹纤维替代糠壳作为辅料进行固态白酒酿造来制备清香型大曲酒。在传统清香型大曲酒酿造工艺的基础上,研究竹纤维替代糠壳的比例(0%、25%、50%、75%和100%)对发酵过程中理化指标(糟醅温度、水分、酸度、淀粉和还原糖含量)、出酒率和白酒感官品质的影响,并运用HS-SPME-GC/MS法检测了白酒的风味成分。研究发现:竹纤维的最佳添加量为50%,此时发酵前后的理化指标变化更合理;出酒率达到最高、为31. 5%;所得白酒酒体清香纯正,醇甜柔和,具有明显的竹子风味;香气成分最丰富,共具有34种(主要含21种酯类物质、5种醇类物质和5种醛类物质),比传统清香型大曲酒新增了14种香气成分,说明竹纤维代替糠壳作为辅料对酒体风味有明显影响;己酸乙酯含量达到3. 3029 g/L。研究为竹纤维替代糠壳酿造清香型大曲酒提供了基础数据支撑。     

A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse

The gustatory system of mammals can sense four basic taste qualities, bitter, sweet, salty and sour, as well as umami, the taste of glutamate. Previous studies suggested that the detection of bitter and sweet tastants by taste receptor cells in the mouth is likely to involve G-protein-coupled receptors. Although two putative G-protein-coupled bitter/sweet taste receptors have been identified, the chemical diversity of bitter and sweet compounds leads one to expect that there is a larger number of different receptors. Here we report the identification of a family of candidate taste receptors (the TRBs) that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells. A cluster of genes encoding human TRBs is located adjacent to a Prp gene locus, which in mouse is tightly linked to the SOA genetic locus that is involved in detecting the bitter compound sucrose octaacetate. Another TRB gene is found on a human contig assigned to chromosome 5p15, the location of a genetic locus (PROP) that controls the detection of the bitter compound 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in humans.     

苯硫脲与其它物质苦味味觉遗传相关性阈值分析

为研究苯硫脲尝味能力与硫酸奎宁、苦味酸和糖精钠苦味味觉的关系．对同一中国汉族青年人群，用阀值法进行了各物质尝味阀值的测定．结果表明苯硫脲味盲与尝味者对其它三种物质的苦味感觉与苯硫脲味觉无关。不同类型人群的尝味阀值分布性比较，经相关系数检验，Ｐ＜０．０５．苯硫脲味盲与尝味者对其它三种物质感受的平均尝味阀值间经ｔ测验表明没有显著性差异．另外，还对汉族中这四种物质苦味感觉的最小阀值、平均尝味阀值予以报告．在我们的调查中没有发现硫酸奎宁、苦味酸、糖精钠苦味的典型味盲存在．     

The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste

The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Bitter taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of toxic and noxious substances. T2Rs are a family of approximately 30 highly divergent G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are selectively expressed in the tongue and palate epithelium and are implicated in bitter taste sensing. Here we demonstrate, using a combination of genetic, behavioural and physiological studies, that T2R receptors are necessary and sufficient for the detection and perception of bitter compounds, and show that differences in T2Rs between species (human and mouse) can determine the selectivity of bitter taste responses. In addition, we show that mice engineered to express a bitter taste receptor in 'sweet cells' become strongly attracted to its cognate bitter tastants, whereas expression of the same receptor (or even a novel GPCR) in T2R-expressing cells resulted in mice that are averse to the respective compounds. Together these results illustrate the fundamental principle of bitter taste coding at the periphery: dedicated cells act as broadly tuned bitter sensors that are wired to mediate behavioural aversion.     

The detection of carbonation by the Drosophila gustatory system

There are five known taste modalities in humans: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster tastes sugars, salts and noxious chemicals, the nature and number of taste modalities in this organism is not clear. Previous studies have identified one taste cell population marked by the gustatory receptor gene Gr5a that detects sugars, and a second population marked by Gr66a that detects bitter compounds. Here we identify a novel taste modality in this insect: the taste of carbonated water. We use a combination of anatomical, calcium imaging and behavioural approaches to identify a population of taste neurons that detects CO2 and mediates taste acceptance behaviour. The taste of carbonation may allow Drosophila to detect and obtain nutrients from growing microorganisms. Whereas CO2 detection by the olfactory system mediates avoidance, CO2 detection by the gustatory system mediates acceptance behaviour, demonstrating that the context of CO2 determines appropriate behaviour. This work opens up the possibility that the taste of carbonation may also exist in other organisms.     

苦瓜系列产品的研制

苦瓜具有良好的食用和药用价值 ,但由于其带有明显的苦味 ,而不容易被消费者接受。采用新鲜苦瓜为原料 ,通过控制苦瓜成熟度及采用酶处理、调配、热烫等加工方法 ,解决了苦瓜明显苦味所带来的口感缺陷 ,保持了苦瓜特有的清香 ,研制出多种风味独特的苦瓜系列产品     

催陈酒的氨基酸分析

对新生产的未经催陈处理的酒,自然陈酿3年的出厂成品酒、经催陈处理的0.33t中试酒及4.5t生产性实验的酒样,测定其17种游离氨基酸的含量,并对氨基酸含量的增减及味感进行分类,结果表明,甜味氨基酸增加较多,苦味氨基酸减少较多,结果使酒的苦涩味减少,口感更加舒适、协调,达到了陈化的目的.     

高原严寒地区观察哨楼连续式太阳能供暖系统

针对高原严寒地区边防执勤哨楼燃料缺乏，无法正常供暖的实际困难，提出了将被动式太阳房技术、主动式太阳能集热技术、相变材料蓄热技术集为一体的连续式太阳能供暖系统，并对该系统进行了研究。使得单纯利用太阳能向室内连续供暖成为可能。通过在高原严寒地区边防执勤哨楼的应用，表明该系统能够实现向室内不间断供暖。     

The development of taste transduction and taste chip technology

Taste is one of important sensations. The primary taste sensations commonly are categorized as sweet, acid, bitter, salty and umami, of which various tastes are composed. The sensation of taste is initiated by the interaction of tas- tants with receptors and ion channels in the apical micro- villi of taste receptor cells (TRCs) when some sapid molecules (tastants) dissolve in saliva. Subsequently, through a cellular signaling pathway (TRC depolarization and Ca2+ release) gustatory signals a…     

催陈酒的氨基酸分析

对新生产的未经催陈处理的酒,自然陈酿3年的出厂成品酒、经催陈处理的0 33t中试酒及4 5t生产性实验的酒样,测定其17种游离氨基酸的含量,并对氨基酸含量的增减及味感进行分类,结果表明,甜味氨基酸增加较多,苦味氨基酸减少较多,结果使酒的苦涩味减少,口感更加舒适、协调,达到了陈化的目的.     

The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection

Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic (for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources. We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel, as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery. Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system. Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.