cGMP-dependent cation channel of retinal rod outer segments

Light-modulated cytoplasmic cGMP simultaneously controls plasma membrane Na+ conductance in visual excitation and Ca2+ entry into rods by direct interaction with the cation channel. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in turn may set operating points and contribute to the dynamics of several enzymes that regulate cGMP levels in the dark, recovery from excitation and receptor adaptation or down regulation. Similar channels may couple electrical activity to internal nucleotide metabolism in other tissues. We here report the identification, partial purification and behaviour after reconstitution of a protein of relative molecular mass 39,000 (Mr 39K) present in both disk and plasma membranes from bovine rod outer segments that mediates these cGMP-dependent cation fluxes. Its cGMP agonist specificity, kinetic cooperativity, ionic selectivity, membrane density and other features closely match the properties of the visual cGMP-dependent conductance inferred from electrophysiological measurements.     

Extrusion of calcium from rod outer segments is driven by both sodium and potassium gradients

Calcium is transported across the surface membrane of both nerve and muscle by a Na+-dependent mechanism, usually termed the Na:Ca exchange. It is well established from experiments on rod outer segments that one net positive charge enters the cell for every Ca2+ ion extruded by the exchange, which is generally interpreted to imply an exchange stoichiometry of 3 Na+:1 Ca2+. We have measured the currents associated with the operation of the exchange in both forward and reversed modes in isolated rod outer segments and we find that the reversed mode, in which Ca2+ enters the cell in exchange for Na+, depends strongly on the presence of external K+. The ability of changes in external K+ concentration ([K+]o) to perturb the equilibrium level of [Ca2+]i indicates that K+ is co-transported with calcium. From an examination of the relative changes of [Ca2+]o, [Na+]o, [K+]o and membrane potential required to maintain the exchange at equilibrium, we conclude that the exchange stoichiometry is 4 Na+:1 Ca2+, 1 K+ and we propose that the exchange should be renamed the Na:Ca, K exchange. Harnessing the outward K+ gradient should allow the exchange to maintain a Ca2+ efflux down to levels of internal [Ca2+] that are considerably lower than would be possible with a 3 Na+:1 Ca2+ exchange.     

加热炉直段炉管与管内外流体多场耦合分析

加热炉炉管、炉管内外流体以及筒体构成了一个复杂的多场耦合系统,研究具有一定的难度。现开展加热炉炉管多场耦合分析,为验证多场耦合分析方法的正确性,对共轭传热分析及热应力分析进行了验证计算,结果误差均在10%左右。采用小变形和耦合传热理论,考虑流、固、热三者之间的相互影响,以及流体动力学特性和载荷非线性特性,利用ANSYS、CFX软件,实现了加热炉炉管多场耦合数值模拟,并校核炉管强度。     

密封件内外径测量算法的研究

针对橡塑密封件容易变形而其周长保持不变的特点,提出了一种通过测量周长来计算原始内外径的算法.该算法通过引入一种新的单像素边缘点的分类方法及其相应的系数因子从而修正边界长度,可用于测量任意形状的单像素边缘的目标区域的周长.仿真实验结果表明,该方法不仅具有较高的测量精度和速度,而且更具有通用性.     

Control of Ca2+ in rod outer segment disks by light and cyclic GMP

Photons absorbed in vertebrate rods and cones probably cause electrochemical changes at the photoreceptor plasma membrane by changing the cytoplasmic concentration of a diffusible transmitter substance, reducing the Na+ current flowing into the outer segment of the cell in the dark, to produce the observed membrane hyperpolarization that is the initial excitatory response. Cyclic GMP has been proposed as the transmitter because a light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) has been found in rod disk membranes and because intracellularly injected cyclic GMP reduces rod membrane potentials. Free Ca2+ has also been proposed because increasing external [Ca2+] quickly and reversibly reduces the dark current and divalent cationophores increase the Ca2+ sensitivity. Ca2+ efflux from rod outer segments (ROS) of intact retinas occurs simultaneously with light responses. Vesicles prepared from ROS disk membranes become more permeable on illumination, releasing trapped ions or molecules, but intact outer segment disks have not previously been found to store sufficient Ca2+ in darkness and to release enough in light to meet the theoretical requirements for control of the dark current by varying cytoplasmic Ca2+ (refs 14-18). We now report experiments that show the required Ca2+ storage and release from rod disk membranes suspended in media containing high-energy phosphate esters and electrolytes approximating the cytoplasmic composition of live rod cells. Cyclic GMP stimulates Ca2+ uptake by ROS disks in such media.     

The receptors and cells for mammalian taste

The emerging picture of taste coding at the periphery is one of elegant simplicity. Contrary to what was generally believed, it is now clear that distinct cell types expressing unique receptors are tuned to detect each of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. Importantly, receptor cells for each taste quality function as dedicated sensors wired to elicit stereotypic responses.     

回转支承内、外圈装配中的选配模型

在对回转支承的内、外圈进行装配时 ,为了获得最优装配组合 ,运用网络流规划将该问题转化为网络最大流问题 ,并建立了一种选配模型。通过合理定义模型网络的中间点、弧的容量和方向以及模型的一般约束条件 ,应用有效算法求出了模型网络的最大流 ,最终获得了内、外圈的最优装配组合。同时 ,基于该模型开发了用于选配回转支承内、外圈的软件模块 ,并在实际生产中得到了应用     

方中空夹层钢管混凝土纯扭力学性能研究

当中空夹层钢管混凝土构件用于高架桥桥墩、输变电杆塔、风力发电支架等时,其抗扭性能是十分重要的,纯扭性能的研究是进行压扭、弯扭、压弯扭力学性能研究的基础,因此有必要对中空夹层钢管混凝土纯扭的力学性能进行深入研究。以名义含钢率和空心率为变化参数,设计了4根方中空夹层钢管混凝土试件和1根实心方钢管混凝土试件,对其进行了试验研究,并且利用有限元软件ABAQUS对纯扭试件的扭矩—转角关系进行了计算。研究结果表明:所有试件具有良好的延性和后期承载力;名义含钢率越大,承载力越大;空心率为0.4的方中空夹层钢管混凝土与实心方钢管混凝土纯扭试件力学性能接近。采用本文的有限元方法可以较好地模拟方中空夹层钢管混凝土和实心方钢管混凝土纯扭试件的扭矩—转角关系全过程曲线。     

双旋转轴间瞬态流动与换热的实验研究

对双旋转轴间的瞬态流动与换热的实验研究发现:影响外轴内壁瞬态平均换热系数特性的因素中,以轴向冷气雷诺数的影响最大,外轴罗斯贝数次之,内轴罗斯贝数的影响最小;在双旋转的影响因素中,外轴内壁换热特性主要取决于外轴罗斯贝数,内外轴转速差和正反转因素影响较弱.     

论我国货币供给的内生性和外生性

货币供给的内生性与外生性是理论界目前争论的焦点之一。目前我国的货币供给不但具有一定的外生性,随着经济的不断发展,其内生性的特点也将日益明显。     

边界对颗粒物质与探测棒间静摩擦力的影响

用实验方法研究了颗粒物质与探测棒之间的最大静摩擦力.实验表明,颗粒系统中力的传递方式随探测棒与容器壁之间的距离发生变化,距离很小时棒受到的最大静摩擦力明显增大;最大静摩擦力与探测棒横截面有关.分析讨论实验结果并对实验数据进行拟合,给出与实验吻合的拟合公式.