cGMP-dependent cation channel of retinal rod outer segments

Light-modulated cytoplasmic cGMP simultaneously controls plasma membrane Na+ conductance in visual excitation and Ca2+ entry into rods by direct interaction with the cation channel. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in turn may set operating points and contribute to the dynamics of several enzymes that regulate cGMP levels in the dark, recovery from excitation and receptor adaptation or down regulation. Similar channels may couple electrical activity to internal nucleotide metabolism in other tissues. We here report the identification, partial purification and behaviour after reconstitution of a protein of relative molecular mass 39,000 (Mr 39K) present in both disk and plasma membranes from bovine rod outer segments that mediates these cGMP-dependent cation fluxes. Its cGMP agonist specificity, kinetic cooperativity, ionic selectivity, membrane density and other features closely match the properties of the visual cGMP-dependent conductance inferred from electrophysiological measurements.     

Extrusion of calcium from rod outer segments is driven by both sodium and potassium gradients

Calcium is transported across the surface membrane of both nerve and muscle by a Na+-dependent mechanism, usually termed the Na:Ca exchange. It is well established from experiments on rod outer segments that one net positive charge enters the cell for every Ca2+ ion extruded by the exchange, which is generally interpreted to imply an exchange stoichiometry of 3 Na+:1 Ca2+. We have measured the currents associated with the operation of the exchange in both forward and reversed modes in isolated rod outer segments and we find that the reversed mode, in which Ca2+ enters the cell in exchange for Na+, depends strongly on the presence of external K+. The ability of changes in external K+ concentration ([K+]o) to perturb the equilibrium level of [Ca2+]i indicates that K+ is co-transported with calcium. From an examination of the relative changes of [Ca2+]o, [Na+]o, [K+]o and membrane potential required to maintain the exchange at equilibrium, we conclude that the exchange stoichiometry is 4 Na+:1 Ca2+, 1 K+ and we propose that the exchange should be renamed the Na:Ca, K exchange. Harnessing the outward K+ gradient should allow the exchange to maintain a Ca2+ efflux down to levels of internal [Ca2+] that are considerably lower than would be possible with a 3 Na+:1 Ca2+ exchange.     

密封件内外径测量算法的研究

针对橡塑密封件容易变形而其周长保持不变的特点,提出了一种通过测量周长来计算原始内外径的算法.该算法通过引入一种新的单像素边缘点的分类方法及其相应的系数因子从而修正边界长度,可用于测量任意形状的单像素边缘的目标区域的周长.仿真实验结果表明,该方法不仅具有较高的测量精度和速度,而且更具有通用性.     

Control of Ca2+ in rod outer segment disks by light and cyclic GMP

Photons absorbed in vertebrate rods and cones probably cause electrochemical changes at the photoreceptor plasma membrane by changing the cytoplasmic concentration of a diffusible transmitter substance, reducing the Na+ current flowing into the outer segment of the cell in the dark, to produce the observed membrane hyperpolarization that is the initial excitatory response. Cyclic GMP has been proposed as the transmitter because a light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) has been found in rod disk membranes and because intracellularly injected cyclic GMP reduces rod membrane potentials. Free Ca2+ has also been proposed because increasing external [Ca2+] quickly and reversibly reduces the dark current and divalent cationophores increase the Ca2+ sensitivity. Ca2+ efflux from rod outer segments (ROS) of intact retinas occurs simultaneously with light responses. Vesicles prepared from ROS disk membranes become more permeable on illumination, releasing trapped ions or molecules, but intact outer segment disks have not previously been found to store sufficient Ca2+ in darkness and to release enough in light to meet the theoretical requirements for control of the dark current by varying cytoplasmic Ca2+ (refs 14-18). We now report experiments that show the required Ca2+ storage and release from rod disk membranes suspended in media containing high-energy phosphate esters and electrolytes approximating the cytoplasmic composition of live rod cells. Cyclic GMP stimulates Ca2+ uptake by ROS disks in such media.     

The receptors and cells for mammalian taste

The emerging picture of taste coding at the periphery is one of elegant simplicity. Contrary to what was generally believed, it is now clear that distinct cell types expressing unique receptors are tuned to detect each of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. Importantly, receptor cells for each taste quality function as dedicated sensors wired to elicit stereotypic responses.     

回转支承内、外圈装配中的选配模型

在对回转支承的内、外圈进行装配时 ,为了获得最优装配组合 ,运用网络流规划将该问题转化为网络最大流问题 ,并建立了一种选配模型。通过合理定义模型网络的中间点、弧的容量和方向以及模型的一般约束条件 ,应用有效算法求出了模型网络的最大流 ,最终获得了内、外圈的最优装配组合。同时 ,基于该模型开发了用于选配回转支承内、外圈的软件模块 ,并在实际生产中得到了应用     

方中空夹层钢管混凝土纯扭力学性能研究

当中空夹层钢管混凝土构件用于高架桥桥墩、输变电杆塔、风力发电支架等时,其抗扭性能是十分重要的,纯扭性能的研究是进行压扭、弯扭、压弯扭力学性能研究的基础,因此有必要对中空夹层钢管混凝土纯扭的力学性能进行深入研究.以名义含钢率和空心率为变化参数,设计了4根方中空夹层钢管混凝土试件和1根实心方钢管混凝土试件,对其进行了试验研究,并且利用有限元软件ABAQUS对纯扭试件的扭矩—转角关系进行了计算.研究结果表明:所有试件具有良好的延性和后期承载力;名义含钢率越大,承载力越大;空心率为0.4的方中空夹层钢管混凝土与实心方钢管混凝土纯扭试件力学性能接近.采用本文的有限元方法可以较好地模拟方中空夹层钢管混凝土和实心方钢管混凝土纯扭试件的扭矩—转角关系全过程曲线.     

双旋转轴间瞬态流动与换热的实验研究

对双旋转轴间的瞬态流动与换热的实验研究发现:影响外轴内壁瞬态平均换热系数特性的因素中,以轴向冷气雷诺数的影响最大,外轴罗斯贝数次之,内轴罗斯贝数的影响最小;在双旋转的影响因素中,外轴内壁换热特性主要取决于外轴罗斯贝数,内外轴转速差和正反转因素影响较弱.     

论我国货币供给的内生性和外生性

货币供给的内生性与外生性是理论界目前争论的焦点之一。目前我国的货币供给不但具有一定的外生性,随着经济的不断发展,其内生性的特点也将日益明显。     

深沟球轴承内、外沟曲率系数对接触应力和变形的影响

讨论轴承接触问题的性质,分析深沟球轴承的接触应力与变形的计算方法.利用ANSYS参数化语言APDL建立深沟球轴承的三维有限元模型.通过接触边界条件的处理,得到深沟球轴承内、外沟曲率系数对接触应力和变形的影响.结果表明:轴承的径向变形随内、外沟曲率系数的增大而增大,当内、外沟曲率系数fi≤0.51,fe≤0.515时,内、外圈接触应力呈减小趋势;当fi0.51,fe0.515时,内、外圈接触应力呈增大趋势.为合理选择内、外沟曲率系数提供科学依据.     

快速判别直线段与圆位置关系的算法研究

提出了一种直线段相对于圆形区域位置关系的快速判别方法，该算法首先利用圆心到直线段所在直线的距离以及从圆心向直线段所引的垂直射线，判别直线段与圆的位置关系，在确定直线段与圆有交点的情况下，用旋转矢量法求解交点，该算法引进的主射线、主矢量等概念思路新颖，在判断线段完全可见或完全不可见方面，计算量小，效率很高。     

Auditory collusion and a coupled couple of outer hair cells.

The discrepancies between measured frequency responses of the basilar membrane in the inner ear and the frequency tuning found in psychophysical experiments led to Bekesy's idea of lateral inhibition in the auditory nervous system. We now know that basilar membrane tuning can account for neural tuning, and that sharpening of the passive travelling wave depends on the mechanical activity of outer hair cells (OHCs)3, but the mechanism by which OHCs enhance tuning remains unclear. OHCs generate voltage-dependent length changes at acoustic rates, which deform the cochlear partition. Here we use an electrical correlate of OHC mechanical activity, the motility-related gating current, to investigate mechano-electrical interactions among adjacent OHCs. We show that the motility caused by voltage stimulation of one cell in a group evokes gating currents in adjacent OHCs. The resulting polarization in adjacent cells is opposite to that within the stimulated cell, which may be indicative of lateral inhibition. Also such interactions promote distortion and suppression in the electrical and, consequently, the mechanical activity of OHCs. Lateral interactions may provide a basis for enhanced frequency selectivity in the basilar membrane of mammals.     

寒区电缆外护套拉应力的产生机理及分布规律

电缆外护套是保护电缆导线的重要部分.在高寒地区,气温温差变化幅度大是造成电缆外护套开裂重要的原因之一.根据齐齐哈尔地区冬季气温统计资料,统计分析了该地区冬季气温波动规律.基于电缆结构特征,在研究低温电缆外护套工程塑料材料力学性能基础上,建立了电缆外护套在低温荷载作用下附加拉应力理论模型,通过算例分析了电缆外护套拉应力分布规律.     

Ca2+ signalling between single L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in heart cells

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is a general mechanism that most cells use to amplify Ca2+ signals. In heart cells, this mechanism is operated between voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) in the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release channels, commonly known as ryanodine receptors, in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ influx through LCCs traverses a cleft of roughly 12 nm formed by the cell surface and the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, and activates adjacent ryanodine receptors to release Ca2+ in the form of Ca2+ sparks. Here we determine the kinetics, fidelity and stoichiometry of coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors. We show that the local Ca2+ signal produced by a single opening of an LCC, named a 'Ca2+ sparklet', can trigger about 4-6 ryanodine receptors to generate a Ca2+ spark. The coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors is stochastic, as judged by the exponential distribution of the coupling latency. The fraction of sparklets that successfully triggers a spark is less than unity and declines in a use-dependent manner. This optical analysis of single-channel communication affords a powerful means for elucidating Ca2+-signalling mechanisms at the molecular level.     

杆、梁结构离散变量拓扑优化设计

在考虑断面面积和拓扑两类离散变量及其耦合关系的基础上,建立了离散变量拓扑优化设计的数学模型;该模型反映了拓扑优化问题的耦合优化本质,有效地避免了“极限应力”和“奇解”对拓扑优化问题的困扰;为求解上述数学模型,提出了“拟机率-网格搜索法”;用该法对包含两类变量的杆、梁结构进行了拓扑优化设计,收到了较好的效果。     

青枯菌胞外多糖和酶对花生细胞POD及CYT的影响

用野生型青枯菌(fy7)及其胞外多糖缺失型(APT)和胞外蛋白缺失型(DF7)分别作用于青枯菌易感花生品种鄂花4号和抗性品种中花2号的悬浮培养细胞,等电聚焦分析处理后的花生细胞的过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(FAST)和细胞色素氧化酶(CYT)的变化．与对照组相比,fy7诱导12h时鄂花4号的3种酶都有变化,24h时只有中花2号有新POD带出现．APT诱导12h时只有FAST有变化,24h时POD和cYT均有较显著变化．DP7诱导12h时只有FAST有变化,24h时只有抗性细胞有新POD带出现．     

Identification and distribution of 5-HT3 receptors in rat brain using radioligand binding

Functional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors have been divided into three subtypes: 5-HT1-like, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 (ref. 1). Brain binding sites have been identified for both the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 subtypes. Receptors of the 5-HT3 type have been characterized on isolated peripheral tissue models such as the rat vagus nerve, guinea-pig ileum and isolated rabbit heart. Using these models, selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as MDL 72222 (ref. 5), ICS 205-930 (ref. 6), GR38032F (ref. 7) and BRL 43694 (ref. 8) have been developed. Recently, GR38032F, MDL 72222 and ICS 205-930 have been shown to have behavioural effects in rodents and primates that undoubtedly reflect an action in the central nervous system (refs 9-11 and unpublished observations), suggesting the existence of 5-HT3 receptors in the brain. Here we report direct evidence for the existence of 5-HT3 receptors in rat brain tissue and their distribution, based on high affinity binding of the potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist 3H-GR65630 to homogenates of rat entorhinal cortex. Selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and agonists inhibited binding of 3H-GR65630 with high affinities which correlated well with their actions on the rat isolated vagus nerve. Binding was differentially distributed throughout the brain with high concentrations in cortical and limbic areas.