萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候变化的元素地球化学记录

通过对萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾左岸沉积剖面常量元素Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na含量及其比值变化的分析,结合~(14)C测年结果及粒度、有机质指标,并综合已有研究,探讨了该地区全新世以来的气候变化.研究表明,9.6ka BP前气候干冷,沉积相为风成沉积;9.6~8.4ka BP气候由干冷向暖湿转变,期间存在干冷波动;8.4~4.0ka BP进入全新世大暖期,其中,8.4~6.5ka BP为全新世大暖期的鼎盛时期,降水增加,积水成湖,湖泊水位高且稳定;6.5ka BP气候发生明显转变;6.5~4.0ka BP湖泊水位逐步下降形成富含螺壳的浅水环境,但气候整体仍较为湿润;4.0~1.2ka BP气候变干冷,发育沼泽;1.2~0.7ka BP气候转暖湿,沉积相由沼泽相转变为湖泊相;0.7~0.5ka BP为河流相沉积,气候较为干冷.剖面记录的气候变化可与东亚季风变化、温度变化、太阳辐射进行对比,反映了该区域气候变化与全球气候变化的一致性.     

青藏邛多江盆地40.4~30.0 cal ka BP湖相沉积物粒度特征及其古气候意义

对青藏邛多江盆地一段连续沉积剖面4个湖相沉积物样品进行AMS14C测年,得到此剖面的顶底年龄分别为30.0 cal ka BP和40.4 cal ka BP。并分析沉积物粒度的平均粒径(M_z)、中值粒径(M_d)、标准偏差(σ_1)、分选系数、频率分布曲线等,将研究区的古气候演变划分为5个阶段:阶段Ⅰ(40.4~38.5 cal ka BP)气候湿润期、阶段Ⅱ(38.5~35.4 cal ka BP)气候干旱期、阶段Ⅲ(35.4~32.4 cal ka BP)气候湿润期、阶段Ⅳ(32.4~31.7 cal ka BP)气候动荡期、阶段Ⅴ(31.7~30.0 cal ka BP)气候转干期。对比发现,粒度曲线与格陵兰冰芯氧同位素曲线有较好的响应,而且发现40.4~30.0 cal ka BP时期邛多江盆地有两次显著的气候事件:39.4 cal ka BP短暂干旱事件和35 cal ka BP强降水事件,而粒度均值曲线与格陵兰冰芯氧同位素曲线的差异,可能与特强夏季风有关。     

山东省新石器时代聚落遗址时空分布及驱动因子分析

利用ArcGIS技术对山东省新石器时代聚落遗址的时空特征进行分析,对影响聚落时空分布的驱动因子进行归纳整合。结果表明:随着人类文明的演进,山东省新石器时代各时期聚落遗址点数量变化经历了上升期、激增期和衰退期。聚落遗址点的空间分布具有一定的规律性,后李文化时期,聚落遗址点主要分布在鲁中山前平原地带;北辛文化时期,聚落遗址点主要集中在鲁中地区;大汶口文化时期,聚落遗址点主要分布在鲁东南以及鲁中地区;龙山文化时期,聚落遗址点主要分布在鲁中和鲁西北地区;岳石文化时期,聚落遗址点分布范围显著减少,零散分布在平原地区。9.0—7.3 ka B.P.,气候温暖湿润,自然资源较为丰富,新石器时代早期后李文化得以发展;7.3—4.0 ka B.P.,气候总体温和,且冷暖波动,在优越的气候环境和自然条件下,依次发展了北辛文化、大汶口文化和龙山文化;4.0 ka B.P.前后出现极端降温及洪水事件,超出人类适应能力范围,龙山文化衰落,之后岳石文化兴起。气候环境变化影响着文化和经济的发展,新石器时代早期文化的起源和发展与气候的关系较大,但新石器时代后期文化发展受包括生产力在内的其他因素的影响较大,进而影响聚落的时空分布。     

新疆巴里坤湖9.0 cal ka BP以来沉积物地球化学元素分布特征与古气候环境演化

根据中国西北干旱区巴里坤湖BLK-1剖面沉积物的地化元素分析,采用SPSS因子分析法提取了对沉积环境变化敏感的地化元素和氧化物组分.在R、Q型因子分析的基础上,结合沉积物的硅铁铝率(SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3))、淋失系数(SiO2/(MgO+K2O))、CaO/MgO以及腐殖化度等指标,提取出古气候环境信息.初步研究结果表明:近9.0 cal ka BP以来,巴里坤湖地区气候环境仍以干旱化为主,全新世期间出现过多次不同程度的干湿变化,经历了5个气候阶段:9.0—7.5 cal ka BP期间,气候干旱;7.5—5.8 cal ka BP期间,气候温暖湿润,为研究区全新世最佳适宜期;5.8—3.0 cal ka BP期间,气候干旱;3.0—1.0 cal ka BP期间,气候湿润;1.0—0 cal ka BP期间,气候干旱.     

漳卫河流域中更新世早期以来沉积物特征及古环境分析

本文通过漳卫河流域ZKD-3 钻孔前78.6m沉积物的光释光测年结果和粒度、磁化率测试结果进行分析,还原了漳卫河流域220kaB.P.以来的古环境的演化历史。根据测试结果,可将漳卫河流域220ka BP以来古环境分为5个变化阶段：223.4~196.5ka B.P气候温暖湿润;196.3~187.3ka B.P.气候开始转向寒冷干燥;185.6~87.4ka B.P. 气候为寒冷干燥,并逐渐转向温暖湿润;84.5~12.6ka B.P.气候整体为寒冷干燥,;9.87~0.68 ka B.P.经历了温凉略干→温暖湿润→温凉偏干。漳卫河流域的气候演化即具有全球气候变化一致性特征,同时也受区域特征的影响。     

西藏安多地区近千年风沙活动过程及对气候变化的响应

青藏高原历史时期存在广泛的风沙活动,而关于高原中部历史时期的风沙活动的研究较少.本文选择高原中部安多地区柴荣(CR)风成沉积剖面,采用OSL测年方法建立剖面年代序列,以粒度为主要风沙活动代用指标,结合磁化率、碳酸钙、有机质指标,揭示安多地区近千年来风沙活动过程,探讨风沙活动对高原近千年几个气候特征时期的响应,结果表明,安多地区千年来风沙活动可划分为5个阶段:1)1310年以前约300a,风沙活动很弱,气候温暖湿润;2)1310—1660年为气候稳定的过渡阶段,风沙活动较弱,气候相对温暖湿润,其中1450—1570年风沙活动进一步减弱,出现小幅的升温;3)1660—1890年风沙活动强烈,气候寒冷干燥,其中1780—1860年为小冰期中的距今最近一次冷事件;4)1890—1940年风沙活动很弱,进入20世纪暖期的升温阶段;5)1940年至今,风沙活动再次加强,转为冷干的气候环境,但其寒冷程度不及小冰期.柴荣剖面风沙活动所记录近千年气候变化与高原文献记录较为一致,但反映的气候特征事件并不完整.中世纪暖期(持续到1310年)与高原中部、中北部和东北部湖泊具有很好的一致性.小冰期(1660—1890年)的起始时间比高原东北部、西部和中北部反映的晚200~300a,比高原中部的记录晚约150a.小冰期结束时间与整个高原记录一致,其中体现的冷事件与高原其他记录所指示的距今最近的一次冷事件时间相同.20世纪暖期的起始时间与高原其他记录的时间一致,1890—1940年的暖湿阶段和1940年以来的冷干阶段也与高原东北部、西部的研究结果相符.     

厦门湾—九龙江口地区MIS 4以来孢粉组合特征及古气候意义

根据厦门湾—九龙江口地区3个钻孔的孢粉组合特征分析,结合沉积相和年代数据,探讨本区晚更新世以来的古气候和古环境演变。孢粉分析结果表明,MIS4阶段早期以来该区的古气候演变包括:晚更新世偏冷干—早中全新世(约8~5.5 cal.ka BP)温干转热湿—晚中全新世(约5.5~2.5 cal.ka BP)较暖湿转温和稍干—晚全新世(约2.5 cal.ka BP至今)暖湿等的波动和变化。晚更新世全球范围的大幅降温在本区影响较大,全新世气候变化的特点是温湿度在一定幅度中波动,人类活动对植被的干扰在晚全新世以来有明显的体现。     

江淮东部平原晚更新世末植被演替及气候变化

在对位于江淮东部平原的江苏兴化蒋家舍地层剖面进行野外考察采样、AMS14 C年代测定和孢粉分析的基础上,初步探讨了研究区晚更新世末的植被演替及气候变化.结果表明:1)27.9-13.5cal.ka BP,剖面中孢粉含量高,植物的科属也丰富.其中,27.9-26.7cal.ka BP、14.5-14.2 cal.ka BP时段研究区植被为针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖较湿润,而26.7-14.5 cal.ka BP期间地层出现沉积间断,气候寒冷干燥;14.2-13.5 cal.ka BP时段草本植物含量较高,总体为针阔叶混交林草原植被,气候温凉稍干.2)13.5-12.6cal.ka BP,剖面中孢粉含量较低,植物的科属也较贫乏,木本植物所占百分比较低,草本植物花粉含量相对较高.其中,13.5-12.8 cal.ka BP为覆盖度趋低的针阔叶混交林或草原植被,气候向干冷发展,12.8-12.6 cal.ka BP时段为针阔叶混交林植被,木本植物含量有所上升,反映气候稍暖湿.3)针叶乔木松属花粉和蕨类植物水蕨科植物孢子在剖面中自下而上均有不同程度的分布,常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶类出现率较低,这种现象跟当地现代植被的植物组合略有差异.     

汉江上游归仙河口剖面地球化学特性及其意义

对汉江上游谷地归仙河口剖面的常量元素分布进行研究,结果显示:归仙河口剖面风成黄土的化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3为主,Ca、Na、Mg、Si相对于K表现为迁移淋失,Fe、Al相对富集,元素的活动性及迁移序列为CaNaMgSiKAlFe,Ca、Na、K的迁移特征说明其达到中等风化阶段.化学蚀变指数、K2O/Na2O、SiO2/Al2O3、(CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3和(Al2O3+Fe2O3)/(MgO+CaO+Na2O)等地球化学参数,说明古土壤S0形成时期的化学风化最强烈,黄土L1、Lt和L0形成时期的风化作用相对较弱;揭示汉江一级阶地抬升(18.0ka B.P.前后)以来气候干冷,11.5ka B.P.开始气候转向暖湿,8.5ka B.P.开始气候最为暖湿,3.0ka B.P.开始气候骤然恶化;并记录到4次洪水事件,分别发生在12.5~12.4ka B.P.、7.5~7.0ka B.P.、3.1~3.0ka B.P.和1.0~0.9ka B.P.期间.     

青藏高原中部色林错SL-1孔粒度参数指示的5.33 ka BP以来的水位变化

 对取自青藏高原中部色林错深水区的SL-1 孔开展年代学和粒度参数研究,以此重建了该湖5.33 ka BP 以来的水位变化.结果表明,5.33~4.25 ka BP 是一期较为稳定的高湖面期,湖面波动较小,始终维持在高湖面,后期(4.30～4.25 ka BP)湖面开始下降;4.25~2.20 ka BP,风力加强,湖面较上一期有所降低,属湖面降低期,风力作用的影响增加;2.20~1.90 ka BP,稳定的低湖面期;1.90 ka BP 至今,高湖面期.但有几期短暂而快速的湖面降低,湖面降低的持续时间一般为20~50 a,具有约0.10 ka和0.20 ka 的周期性,约0.20 ka 的准周期基本贯穿了色林错自5.33 ka BP 以来的湖面变化.这种周期在青藏高原冰芯氧同位素恢复的温度序列中也存在,说明在百年尺度上,温度对色林错的湖面变化有一定影响.     

Pollen-inferred vegetation and environmental changes since 16.7 ka BP at Balikun Lake,Xinjiang

A high-resolution fossil pollen record from the sedimentary cores of Balikun Lake, northwestern China, combined with modern surface pollen data, is used to reconstruct the history of vegetation and climatic change since 16.7 cal. ka BP. Fossil pollen assem-blages and lithology indicate that the study area was dominated by desert. The desert had extremely arid climate and lower effective moisture during 16.7–7.9 cal. ka BP, especially from 16.7 to 8.9 cal. ka BP when the lake maybe dried up. During 8.9–7.9 cal. ka BP, the environment gradually recovered in this area. It was then followed by the optimum period from 7.9 to 4.3 cal. Ka BP, when the effective moisture obviously increased. It was characterized by the typical desert-steppe/steppe vegetation and was accompanied with several patch-birch woodlands around the lake. After that, a short but extremely arid climatic event occurred during 4.3–3.8 cal. ka BP, and the vegetation quickly changed from desert-steppe/steppe to desert. It was a relatively optimum period from 3.8 to 0.53 cal. ka BP showing typical desert-steppe/meadow-steppe landscape. Since 0.53 cal. ka BP, the climate has shown signs of deteriorating again. Furthermore, regional comparison shows that the characteristics of climatic and environmental evolution in this area were clearly different from East Asia monsoonal area during the last 16.7 cal. ka BP. It was characterized by the arid climate during the late-glacial and early Holocene, and relatively wet during the mid-late Holocene.     

Evolution of prehistoric agriculture in central Gansu Province,China: A case study in Qin’an and Li County

This study, based on environmental archaeological studies focused on Qin’an County and Li County in Gansu Province, China, shows that during 8–7.3 ka BP few cultivated crop seeds were found. After 6.4 ka BP, during the Banpo period, many crop seeds appeared, indicating the development of agriculture. Millet agriculture in this area appeared and flourished a little later than in the Central Plain of China. Climate change is an important factor that influenced the development of agriculture in this area. The rapid expansion of agriculture during late Yangshao and Changshan benefited from the humid and warm climate in the mid-Holocene, especially the emergence of rice. After 4 ka BP, climate became drier, and agriculture began to decline. So Siwa Culture is char-acterized by pastoral economy, until the Eastern Zhou period, agriculture began to recover, when wheat and barley appeared in Li County, indicating diversification of agriculture of this time.     

田洋玛珥湖中更新世以来磁化率特征及其环境意义

 对雷州半岛东南部的田洋玛珥湖TYC孔前40 m岩芯进行了研究,结果表明,磁化率与孢粉有很好的对应关系,因而磁化率值的高低变化能够作为该区气候环境变化的替代指标。沉积物磁化率与气候变化的关系为：磁化率的低值与气候暖湿对应;磁化率的高值则与气候寒冷或温凉相对应。中更新世以来,田洋玛珥湖气候环境演化经历了9个不同的阶段：346~301.4 kaBP,气候相对暖湿。301.4~248.8 kaBP,气候寒冷干燥。248.8~188.8 kaBP,气候相对暖湿。188.8~125.2 kaBP,气候寒冷干燥。125.2~69.3 kaBP,气候较为暖湿。69.3~40.43 kaBP,气候偏凉。40.43~25.5 kaBP,气候偏凉但较上阶段温度低,此时玛珥湖呈现出沼泽化过渡阶段。25.5~10.8 kaBP,气候寒冷干燥,玛珥湖干枯成为干玛珥湖。10.8 kaBP以来,由于后期人类活动对玛珥湖的改造,致使磁化率值不断升高。     

High-resolution climate evolution derived from the sediment records of Erlongwan Maar Lake since 14 ka BP

Varve counts with AMS 14 C,137 Cs and 210 Pb dating of sediments(0-900 cm) from Erlongwan Maar Lake,NE China were used to establish a high-resolution chronology series for the late Quaternary.Dry density,total organic carbon(TOC) content,total nitrogen(TN) content,TOC/TN ratios and stable organic carbon isotope(13 C org) ratios were continuously analyzed on this sediment profile.On the basis of lithological characters,sporo-pollen assemblages and geochemical analyses,we identified 6 climate stages within the last 14 ka BP.The time before the Holocene(14-11.4 ka BP) represents a higher-order oscillation climatic transitional period(I).The entire Holocene climate development(from 11.4 ka BP to present) exhibited an increasing temperature trend,although there were cold and warm alternations(II-VI).The periods included were:II(11.4-9.05 ka BP) warm-wet stage,III(9.05-7.4 ka BP) cold and warm fluctuation stage,IV(7.4-4.2 ka BP) smoothly warming climate stage,V(4.2-1.67 ka BP) climate optimum stage,and VI(from 1.67 ka BP to present) cool and drier stage.Each climate stage began with a warming event and ended with an abrupt cooling event.This climate change cycle had unequal time spaces that were progressively shorter over time.Several abrupt climate shifts occurred at about 9.4-9.05,8.5-8.2,7.8-7.4,4.6-4.2,3.7-3.25,2-1.67 and 0.3-0.03 ka BP.Thus,it can be seen that the climate has been warming since 1920 AD,which indicates a new climate stage.     

基于年代数据的青藏高原东北部全新世风沙活动研究

本文对青藏高原东北部全新世风成沉积剖面的年代数据应用概率密度方法结合年代数据分布情况重建了该区全新世风沙活动历史.结果表明:青藏高原东北部早全新世风沙活动强烈,但也存在不同尺度的空间差异,表现在共和盆地、柴达木盆地及青海湖盆地风成砂都广泛发育,但青海湖盆地同期还有古土壤发育,冬给措纳湖流域在这一时期也有少量的风成砂层出现;中全新世古土壤广泛发育,风沙活动较弱,整个东北部具有较好的一致性;晚全新世以来,柴达木盆地和冬给措纳湖流域风成砂发育较好,而共和盆地古土壤广泛发育,同时青海湖盆地风成砂和古土壤均有出现,说明风沙活动强度的区域差异较大,这可能是由于局部地区受到了人为活动强烈干扰的影响.风沙活动强度与区域有效湿度密切相关,区域有效湿度较高时,风沙活动较弱;反之,风沙活动较强.另外,大面积湖泊的存在使得青海湖盆地和冬给措纳湖流域全新世风沙活动的特点与柴达木盆地和共和盆地不尽相同,湖泊水位与湖泊增湿降温效应的相互关系以及物源供给特点可能是造成这一现象的原因.年代数据的概率密度方法相对于频率统计直方图具有一定的优势,充分利用了单个年代数据符合正态分布的特点,能够反映年代数据的范围和精度.     

A high-resolution climatic chanse since Holocene inferred from multi-proxy of lake sediment in westerly area of China

Multi-proxy data are presented and a discuss is made of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes during Holocene from a 225-cm-long sediment core from Wulungu Lake, located in westerly area of China. The chronology is constructed from six AMS radiocarbon dates on the bulk organic matter. Analyses of pollen, TOC, TN, δ^13Corg, ostracod assemblages and the shell stable isotopes, suggest Holocene climate pattern as follows： temperate and dry （10.0-7.6 cal. ka BP） -warm and wet （7.6-5.3 cal. ka BP） -warm and moist （5.3-3.6 cal. ka BP） -temperate and dry （3.6-2.1 cal. ka BP）-temperate and moist （2.1-1.3 cal. ka BP） -cool and dry （1.3 cal. ka BP-present）. With the climatic change, Wulungu Lake experienced two large-scale retreat （5.3-3.6 cal. ka BP and 1.3 cal. ka BP-present） and an obvious transgression （7.6-5.3 cal. ka BP）. The records of climatic and environmental evolution of Wulungu Lake were in good accordance with those of adjacent areas. It responded to regional environmental change, global abrupt climate events and followed the westerly climate change mode.     

35 ka BP climate simulations in East Asia and probing the mechanisms of climate changes

Interglacial or postglacial climates are all of charac-teristic of warmer conditions. However, if condition asso-ciated with the warm feature is wetter or drier than today,it would produce different impacts on natural environ-ments and human society. Quaternary studies found thatclimate with warm-dry or warm-wet conditions had oc-curred in China during the last 40—30 ka BP[1]. For ex-ample, it was warmer than the present during themid-Holocene (3—8 ka BP) and the late phases of MarineIsot…     

Sea surface temperature records of core ZY2 from the central mud area in the South Yellow Sea during last 6200 years and related effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

Sea surface temperature (SST) records in the South Yellow Sea during the last 6200 years are reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones (K 37 U ’) in sediment core ZY2 from the central mud area.The SST records varied between 14.1 and 16.5°C (15.6°C on average),with 3 phases:(1) A high SST phase at 6.2-5.9 cal ka BP;(2) A low and intensely fluctuating SST phase at 5.9-2.3 cal ka BP;and (3) A high and stable SST phase since 2.3 cal ka BP.Variation of the SST records is similar to intensity of the Kuroshio Current (KC),and corresponds well in time to global cold climate events.However,the amplitude of the SST response to cooling events was significantly different in different phases.The SST response to global cooling event was weak while the KC was strong;and the SST response was strong while the KC was weak.The difference in amplitude of the SST response is possibly caused by the modulation effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current which acts as a shelf branch of the KC and a compensating current induced by the East Asia winter monsoon.The warm waters brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current cushion the SST decrease induced by climate cooling,and both the Kuroshio and East Asian winter monsoon play important roles in the modulation mechanism.The SST records display a periodicity of 1482 years.The same period was found in the KC records,indicating that variation of the SST records in the central South Yellow Sea is strongly affected by KC intensity.The same period was also found in Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic and Arabian Sea sediment cores,showing a regional response of marine environmental variability in the East China Seas to that in the global oceans.     

Analysis of sedimentary-geomorphologic variation and the living environment of hominids at the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site

Shuidonggou is one of the most important Upper Paleolithic sites in North China. Due to the presence of rich human remains, animal fossils, abundant sporopollen and unique geological sequence, it is the type site for Late Pleistocene to Holocene human occupation and environmental change in the Ningxia-lnner Mongolia region. Many scholars suggest that the site should be named the ＂Shuidong- gou Formation＂ of Late Pleistocene in North China. Dating results indicate that ancient human activities at the site took place 30-24 ka （Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 3）. The climate at that time was warmer and moister than present day, and adequate precipitation led to the formation of water pack depressions where broad-leaf trees and sparse forest vegetations, as well as herbivorous animals flourished, making the area suitable for early human hunting, gathering and survival. The Neolithic human occupation happened 9-5 ka at the site, while similar environmental conditions with MIS3 occurred. The absence of human activity record in the region during the Last Glacial Maximum （MIS2） suggests that the environment was too harsh for humans to live there.