Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b(Cytb)to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus,and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique.The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method.The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus.Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions.The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus.Thus,the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin.Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on spe- cific and generic level.The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%,except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence.Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis,but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed.To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by ampli- fying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach,which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations,especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on specific and generic level. The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%, except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence. Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis, but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed. To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by amplifying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach, which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations, especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Cloning,Sequencing and Phylogenetic Study of rbcL Gene from Cyanobacteria Arthrospira and Spirulina

Large subunit gene of rubisco (rbcL) of cyanobacteria Arthrospiraplatensis FACHB341, A. platensis FACHB439, A. maxima OUQDSM and Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is cloned, sequenced and characterized. Results show that GC content of the gene in strain Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is higher than that in the others. The alignments based on deduced amino acid sequences indicate that Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is different from that in other three samples of Arthrospira, though they have the same conserved functional sites (95, 98, 121, 124, 221, 257). The nucleotide sequence similarity among the three strains of the genus of Arthrospira (96.5 - 99.6% ) is higher than that between Arthrospira and Spindina (78.1 - 78.5 % ). By comparison of the corresponding sequence of other cyanobacteria, a phylogenetic tree with two clusters is constructed. A. platensis FACHB341, A. maxima OUQDSM and A.platensis FACHB439 form the monophyletic linage, which is fully supported by bootstrap values (1000), while Spirulina sp. FACHB440 and Anabaena sp. PCC7120 cluster in another linage with the bootstrapvalue of 909.     

Inclusion of the Eastern Asia endemic genus Sorolepidium in Polystichum （Dryopteridaceae）： Evidence from the chloroplast rbcL gene and morphological characteristics

The taxonomic status of the Eastern Asia endemic Sorolepidium is controversial. Some authors accept it as member of the large diverse genus Polystichum, whereas others suggest that it is an independent genus separated from the later by the exindusiate sorus and the absence of aristate teeth at the pinnae margins. Here we infer phylogenetic relationship of Sorolepidium using DNA sequences of the chloro-plast rbcL gene. Phylogenies were inferred using maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Molecular data establish that Sorolepidium is deeply nested within the large genus Polystichum and has a close relationship with P. duthiei and P. lachenense in the model-based analyses. The Kimura 2-parameter distances of the rbcL sequences between S. glaciale and P. duthiei and P. lachenense were 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively. Furthermore, S. glaciale differed from P. duthiei by a single nucleotide in their rbcL sequences. Close relationships between S. glaciale and P. duthiei and P. lachenense are also supported by the shared spore ornamentation with echinate fenes-trate folds.     

Phylogeny and divergence of Chinese Angiopteridaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequence data （rbcL and trnL-F）

Marattioid ferns are an ancient lineage of primitive vascular plants that first appeared in the middle Carboniferous. Extant members are almost exclusively restricted to tropical regions, and the spe- cies-rich family Angiopteridaceae are limited in their distribution to the eastern hemisphere; relation- ships within the group are currently vague. Here the phylogenetic relationship between Angiopteris Hoffm. and Archangiopteris Christ et Gies. was evaluated based on the sequence analysis of chloro- plast rbcL gene and trnL-F intergenic spacer with MEGA2 and MrBayes v3.0b4. On the basis of the phy- logenetic pattern and fossil record, we further estimated the divergence time for the two genera. The phy- logenetic trees revealed that all species of Angiopteris and Archangiopteris in this study formed a monophyletic group with strong statistical support, but the relationship between the two genera re- mained unresolved based on individual sequence analysis. On the other hand, the sequence analyses of combined data set revealed that Archangiopteris species diverged first, indicating that Archangiop- teris may not be a direct derivative as traditionally assumed. The clade of Angiopteris and Archan- giopteris appears to have diversified in the late Oligocene (≈26 Ma) based on the molecular estimate. Thus, the evolutionary history of extant Angiopteris and Archangiopteris has been characterized by ancient origin and recent diversification, and these groups are not relic and endangered lineages as traditionally considered.     

红豆杉科及相关类群叶绿体rbcL基因与trnL-trnF间隔区序列的分支分析

运用对PCR产物克隆后测序和对PCR产物直接测序的方法对红豆杉科，三尖杉科和罗汉松科16种植物的叶绿体rbcL基因和trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列进行了测定，选用PAUP软件分别对rbcL基因，trnL-trnF间隔区和rbcL基因－trnL-trnF间隔区联合数据矩阵进行分支分析，结果：（1）穗花杉属以置于红豆杉科内为宜，将穗花杉属独立成科的意见未得到支持；（2）三尖杉属内篦子三尖杉地位特殊，赞同成立篦子三尖杉组；（3）罗汉松科属单系群，竹柏类应归属罗汉松，不同意将其从该科中分离出来成立新科竹柏科；（4）不支持红豆杉科独立成目，其单生单轴球果可能是由复合双轴球果减化而来。     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora,Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

黄角苔叶绿体rbcL基因编码区的序列分析

测定了黄角苔（Ｐｈａｅｏｃｅｒｏｓｌａｅｖｉｓ（Ｌ．）Ｐｒｏｓｋ）叶绿体ｒｂｃＬ基因编码区的１３９８个核苷酸序列,并且由此推导出对应的氨基酸序列．此基因中密码子的第２和第３位上Ａ／Ｔ所占的比例较高,分别为５３６％和７７５％．黄角苔ｒｂｃＬ基因的编码区与花旗松、菠菜、玉米和雷氏衣藻间在核苷酸序列上的同源性分别为８４０％,８１５％,７９３％和７６３％;在氨基酸序列上的同源性分别为９１．０％,８９．９％,８８．５％和８９．３％．为研究角苔植物的系统发育提供了核苷酸序列方面的资料．     

木兰叶绿体atpB和rbcL基因的系统进化分析

木兰科植物作为古老的类群,其杂交和形态多样以及趋同进化等特点导致传统分类出现很多不同结论。对生物类群进行种群的系统进化分析可以在一定程度上弥补传统分类方法的局限。叶绿体的母系遗传相对保守、分子水平差异明显,是绿色植物的标志性细胞器,因此叶绿体基因组常被用来进行植物的系统进化探究。本项研究利用phylip软件将NCBI核酸序列数据库中下载的21种木兰科植物叶绿体的atpB和rbcL基因序列760bp进行序列比对处理之后,进一步应用邻接法进行分子进化系统发生分析,构建系统发育进化树,从而得出木兰属中白玉兰、星花玉兰、锐叶木兰、北美大叶木兰、夜香木兰等在系统进化中的亲缘关系,为进一步对木兰属植物进行系统发生研究奠定基础。     

Phylogenetic position of Ephedra rhytidosperma, a species endemic to China： Evidence from chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences

The chloroplast genes matK and rbcL, ribosomal gene 18S and ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA from Ephedra rhytidosperma, a species endemic to China, were sequenced and its phylogenetic position was investigated. Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses for the DNA sequences from 16 taxa representing 15 species of the genus Ephedra were performed using the maximum parsimony （MP）, neighbor-joining （N J）, minimum evolution （ME） and maximum likelihood （ML） methods. The results indicate that E. rhytidosperma is closely related to E. equisetina. The divergence time between them is estimated to be 10.85±2.44 Ma based on the results of the relative-rate tests and the evolutionary rate of rbcL gene.     

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae） inferred from cytochrome b sequences

We recovered the phylogenetic relationships among 23 species and subspecies of the highly special-ized grade schizothoracine fishes distributing at 36 geographical sites in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions by analyzing sequences of cytochrome b genes. Furthermore, we estimated the possible divergent times among lineages based on a historical geological isolation event in the Tibetan Plateau. The molecular data revealed that the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes were not a monophyletic group, but were the same as genera Gymnocypris and Schizogypsis. Our results indi-cated that the molecular phylogenetic relationships apparently reflected their geographical and historical associations with drainages, namely species from the same and adjacent drainages clustered together and had close relationships. The divergence times of different lineages were well consistent with the rapid uplift phases of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic, suggesting that the origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes were strongly influenced by environment changes resulting from the upheaval of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Chebyshev多项式和Lucas数列的一些性质

研究了Chebyshev多项式和著名的Lucas数列，并给出它们的一些性质。     

基于Cyt b基因序列变异探讨鲱形目系统发育关系

鲱形目内科间分类关系一直以来存在较多争议,为探讨鲱形目系统发育关系,对黄鲫、凤鲚的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行扩增、克隆及测序,得到1 141 bp序列。结合Genbank中已发布的鲱形目鱼类Cyt b基因全长序列利用生物信息学软件进行比较分析后,共检测到553个变异位点,总变异为48.5%,其中含504个简约信息位点,未见序列插入或缺失。碱基的替换多在密码子第三位,序列中转换多于颠换,Ts/Tv为2.448,基因突变未达到饱和。基于K2P模型计算的遗传距离表明,宝刀鱼科同鲱科及鳀科的科间遗传距离(0.042~0.072)小于鲱科内属间遗传距离(0.065~0.106)。在以南美肺鱼为外群构建的NJ分子系统树中,齿头鲱科最先分化,是鲱形目中原始类群;鳓属、多齿鳓属独立聚为一支,且具较高的自举检验值,支持将其归入锯腹鳓科;宝刀鱼科并入到鲱科一支中去,与鲱科亲缘关系更近。     

Phylogenetic studies of Chinese labeonine fishes (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene

The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sequenced from 24 ingroups taxa, including 18 species from Labeoninae grouped in 13 genera. Phylogenetic analyses are subjected to neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Labeoninae is basically a monophyletic assemblage and can be divided into 2 major clades: one comprising the genera Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus and Garra; and the other consisting of the genera Labeo, Sinilabeo, Osteochilus, Pseudoorossocheilus, Parasinilabeo, Ptychidio, Semilabeo, Pseudogyricheilus, Rectori and Discogobio. According to our present analysis,the features such as the presence of the adhesive disc on the chin and the pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows used in the traditional taxonomy of Labeoninae provide scarce information for phylogeny of labeonine fishes.     

Repetitive DNA sequences from the X chromosome of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus)

To investigate the characters of repetitive DNA sequence in the sex chromosomes of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus), the X chromosomal library was screened and a family of repetitive sequence, consisting of Ma 1-Ma 6, was isolated. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) result confirmed that Ma 1 - Ma 5 dispersed over sex chromosomes and all autosomes, whereas, Ma 6 is sex chromosome-specific and distributed only on the C-band positive regions of X chromosome, and Ma 6 maybe the main components of the heterochromatic regions of X chromosome. This study provides additional information about the evolution of sex chromosomes in lower vertebrates such as fish.      

12科国产蝶类代表种类触角的扫描电镜观察及其系统学意义

对国产蝶类全部12科共19个代表种的触角及分布于其上面的三种感觉器(星形感器、鳞形感器和毛形感器)进行了扫描电镜观察和比较分析.同时,根据触角的形态学比较结果并结合蝶类的形态学、分类学和分子系统学方面的最新研究成果,对12科蝶类的系统发生关系及其部分类群的系统分类学地位进行了重新评估.结果显示:弄蝶可能是蝶类中一个独立的演化支.蚬蝶和灰蝶是姐妹类群,斑蝶、喙蝶、眼蝶和蛱蝶具有密切的亲缘关系,上述二大组合分别构成蛱蝶总科中独立的演化支;而环蝶、珍蝶可能是蛱蝶总科中快速进化的类群.凤蝶总科中,粉蝶、绢蝶则是形态上快速进化的类群.     

Overview of HBV whole genome data in public repositories and the Chinese HBV reference sequences

The number of Hepatitis B virus （HBV） whole genomic sequences in public nucleotide databases （GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ） had reached 866 by January 1, 2007. Coming from 46 countries and regions, these sequences were categorized as eight genotypes （A-H）. With the statistical and phylogenetic analysis on all available complete genomic data of HBV, we here present an overview of HBV sequences in public databases. From all registered 229 HBV genomes in Chinese regions as well as 59 sequencing data from our research group, we report the establishment of reference sequences of HBV strains prevailing in China. These analyses provide clues for the effects of HBV genotypes in host clinical progressions, geographic distribution of the infection, and the viral evolutionary history. Moreover, the viral sequence reference would be helpful in the identification of various HBV mutations. Based on the analysis of various public databases, we suggest that the Chinese HBV database with the clinical information should be constructed.     

Overview of HBV whole genome data in public repositories and the Chinese HBV reference sequences

The number of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) whole genomic sequences in public nucleotide databases (GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ) had reached 866 by January 1, 2007. Coming from 46 countries and regions, these sequences were categorized as eight genotypes (A–H). With the statistical and phylogenetic analysis on all available complete genomic data of HBV, we here present an overview of HBV sequences in public databases. From all registered 229 HBV genomes in Chinese regions as well as 59 sequencing data from our research group, we report the establishment of reference sequences of HBV strains prevailing in China. These analyses provide clues for the e?ects of HBV genotypes in host clinical progressions, geographic distribution of the infection, and the viral evolutionary history. Moreover, the viral sequence reference would be helpful in the identification of various HBV mutations. Based on the analysis of various public databases, we suggest that the Chinese HBV database with the clinical information should be constructed.