葡萄卷叶病病毒双链RNA(dsRNA)提纯分析研究*

以传统的检测方法为对照经过一系列的筛选后,在国内首次将病毒的ｄｓＲＮＡ检测分析引入果树无病毒苗的检测方法之中,确立了葡萄病ｄｓＲＮＡ的提取步骤,包括试剂选择、浓度的设定、操作方法的确立,与国外文献相比有多方面的改进,使其更加简单、实用,并在实际的应用当中取得成功。在确立方法的基础上对生产中广泛发生的葡萄卷叶病病毒（ＧＬＲｖ）进行检测并确立检测标准,为今后葡萄病毒病的诊断检测奠定了良好的基础。     

逆转录聚合酶链式反应中dsRNA模板的快速制备

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术检测草鱼出血病病毒。建立了一种快速，简易而可靠的ｄｓＲＮＡ模板的制备方法。应用该方法制备模板进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增，可以有效地检测出病鱼组织及病毒感染的培养细胞裂解液中的草鱼出血病病毒，且全过程只需３－４ｈ，大大缩短了检测时间。     

侵染马铃薯的一种短杆状病毒的分离鉴定

从马铃薯“紫花白”叶片中分离到一种短杆状病毒,病毒粒体直径为１９±１．９ｎｍ,长度在１８０～２２０ｎｍ之间,ＯＤ２６０／２８０比值为１．２３,病毒核酸为ｓｓＲＮＡ,单一组分．用提纯的病毒免疫家兔,制备抗血清,微量沉淀法表明此病毒与ＰＬＲＶ,ＰＶＸ,ＰＶＹ,ＰＶＳ,ＴＭＶ均无血清学关系．病毒分离物可摩擦接种茄科,苋科、藜科植物,并在不同指示植物上引起不同的症状,但只在普通烟上产生系统感染．电镜观察和ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＬＳＡ检测证实此病毒可摩擦回接马铃薯“紫花白”,但不引起明显症状．病毒的稀释限点为１０－４～１０－５,体外存活期为６ｄ,致死温度为８０～８５℃．与目前已报道的侵染马铃薯的各种杆状ＲＮＡ病毒比较分析证明,此病毒是侵染马铃薯的一种新病毒,命名为马铃薯短杆状病毒（Ｐｏｔａｔｏｒｏｄ－ｓｈａｐｅｄＶｉｒｕｓ,ＰＲＶ）．     

酿酒酵母中一种新的反义snoRNA分子的鉴定

核仁小分子ＲＮＡ（ｓｎｏＲＮＡ）是一类在真核生物核糖体生物合成过程中起重要作用的小分子ＲＮＡ．通过计算机直接分析国际分子生物学数据库及ＲＮＡ杂交分析、ｃＤＮＡ序列测定等方法,在酿酒酵母（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）中发现和鉴定了１个新的ｓｎｏＲＮＡ－Ｚ６ｓｎｏＲＮＡ．该ｓｎｏＲＮＡ长１０９个核苷酸,由位于酿酒酵母第１３号染色体上的１个独立基因编码．Ｚ６ｓｎｏＲＮＡ含有ｂｏｘＣ（ＵＧＡＵＧＡ）、ｂｏｘＤ（ＣＵＧＡ）等保守的结构元素,属于反义ｓｎｏＲＮＡ家族,即分子中有１段１１个核苷酸的片段与２５ＳｒＲＮＡ中１段保守核心序列互补,该ｓｎｏＲＮＡ片段连同其下游的ｂｏｘＤ共同指导与其互补的ｒＲＮＡ序列第２１９５位胞苷酸的２’－氧－核糖的甲基化．     

DNA与抗癌药物道诺霉素相互作用的研究

该文采用荧光光谱法并用溴化乙锭（ＥＢ）作为荧光探针研究了道诺霉素（ＤＲＮ）与ＤＮＡ相互作用的方式。结果表明：ＤＲＮ的生色团能够嵌入ｄｓＤＮＡ双螺旋结构的碱基对之间,ＤＲＮ与ＤＮＡ的主要作用位点是碱基Ｇ、Ｃ;ＤＲＮ插入ｄｓＤＮＡ碱其对中,不会破坏碱基对中氢键,不会影响ＤＮＡ的复性;ＤＮＡ与ｓｓＤＮＡ仅仅存在弱的相互作用。     

用复制酶基因cDNA探针检测表达病毒外壳蛋白基因马铃薯中的PLRV

利用马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）复制酶基因３′端长约６００ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ，用缺口平移方法进行３２Ｐ同位素标记，制备成ｃＤＮＡ探针，通过核酸斑点杂交，对提纯的马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰＬＲＶ）、病毒ＲＮＡ、ＰＬＲＶ感染的马铃薯汁液，表达ＰＬＲＶＣＰ基因的马铃薯叶片及块茎芽进行了检测．结果表明，３２Ｐ标记的复制酶基因ｃＤＮＡ探针特异性强、灵敏度高．可测得提纯病毒的最低含量为４０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，病毒ＲＮＡ最低量为２７．８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，未转ＣＰ基因接种ＰＬＲＶ的马铃薯叶片提取液的最高稀释度为１３７５．接种ＰＬＲＶ的转ＣＰ基因的抗性马铃薯块茎芽和叶片提取液的最高稀释度为０～１／１５．此探针和只转入病毒外壳蛋白基因，不接种ＰＬＲＶ的转基因马铃薯汁液不发生反应．表明，探针只与ＰＬＲＶ基因组ＲＮＡ特异反应，而不与外壳蛋白基因及其ｍＲＮＡ反应，从而为表达ＣＰ基因的转基因马铃薯中ＰＬＲＶ的检测和抗病性鉴定建立了一种可靠的灵敏的分子生物学技术．此项技术已用于转ＣＰ基因马铃薯Ｄｅｓｉｒｅ，Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ，乌盟６０１和虎头的抗病性鉴定     

中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据小ＲＮＡ 病毒科（ Ｐｉｃｏｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄａｅ） 中病毒ＲＮＡ 所具有的结构特征, 采用ｍＲＮＡｃａｐｔｕｒｅ ｋｉｔ 提取纯化中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｃａｂｒｏｏｄ ｖｉｒｕｓ ＣＳＢＶ） 的ＲＮＡ, 并以之为ｃＤＮＡ合成的模板． 依据小ＲＮＡ病毒科中的脊髓灰质炎病毒结构蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物ＶＰ５和ＶＰ３ , 通过ＰＣＲ 扩增获得预期大小约为１ １００ ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ 片段, 将此片段克隆到ｐＧＥＭＴｅａｓｙ载体上并直接测序． 序列分析表明, 该片段为中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因, 与意蜂幼虫囊状病病毒结构蛋白基因序列的同源性为８６－８ ％ , 与之对应氨基酸序列的同源性高达９３－４ ％ ． 该病毒株为一种新型的蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒株     

酿酒酵母不同嗜杀菌株的比较及相互作用

以酿酒酵母两种不同类型的嗜杀菌株ＳＫ４（Ｋ１型）和ＥＲＲ１（Ｋ２型）为材料，分析了不同嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性．证明两株菌产生的毒素蛋白的最适条件不同，最适ｐＨ和温度分别为４．８、１６℃和４．２、２２℃，但均对在对数生长期的敏感细胞作用最显著．ＳＫ４和ＥＲＲ１的嗜杀质粒的比较表明：Ｍ１－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒和Ｍ２－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒分子量分别为１．７ｋｂ和１．５ｋｂ，两株菌的Ｌ－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒均为４．０ｋｂ．用高温和紫外线处理嗜杀酵母，嗜杀活性随之消失．     

链霉菌基因组提取方法的比较与改进

将链霉菌菌株Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｓｐ．纯化后,测得其葡萄糖异构酶的比活力为０．４１４ｕ／ｍＬ,使用苯酚氯仿法提取提的基因组ＤＮＡ浓度较低,ＲＮＡ和蛋白较多,但用大量法时仍可得到大量的ＤＮＡ,使用试剂盒法得到的基因组ＤＮＡ浓度较大,但仍有大量ＲＮＡ存在,由亚精胺法得到的基因组ＤＮＡ浓度较好,ＲＮＡ很少,自行设计的改进法得到的基因组ＤＮＡ,量特别大,纯度很高,ＤＮＡ大小集中在３０ｋｂ左右,ＲＮＡ很少,非竽相应的基因工程操作。     

酵母嗜杀质粒融合转移──Ⅰ．融合转移系统的建立

以嗜杀酵母ＥＲＲ１和啤酒生产酵母ＡＳ２４２０出发菌株，建立了供体菌ＭＫ２－３：Ｋ＋Ｒ＋Ｌｅｕ－ρ＋（ｎ）和受体菌ＡＳ２４２０－１：Ｋ－Ｒ－ｌｅｕ＋ρ°（２ｎ）．对原生质体制备再生条件的研究结果表明两株菌的原生质体制备条件不尽相同；同一菌株原生质体形成与再生的最佳条件也不相同．有利于融合再生的原生质体制备条件是ＭＫ２－３：菌龄３０ｈ，蜗牛酶解量３０ｇ／Ｌ酶解时间３０ｍｉｎ，此时原生质体形成率为８０％，而再生率达１７．１％，这些条件对嗜杀活性无影响，再生菌落的嗜杀活性率达１００％；而ＡＳ２４２０－１；菌龄２４ｈ，蜗牛酶量２０ｇ／Ｌ，酶解时间３０ｍｉｎ，原生质体形成率为８１％，再生率为１８．１％．对四种渗透压稳定剂的再生效果实验表明甘露醇效果最佳，氯化钾次之，考虑到廉价，氯化钾是很好的代用品，在３０％ＰＥＧ６０００及Ｃａ２＋条件下进行原生质体融合，融合率可达８．９×１０－６，对其中的融合子ＭＡＲ４的遗传性状及嗜杀活性的稳定性检测，ＤＮＡ含量及细胞大小测定，ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒的提取及电泳结果分析和发酵性能测定，结果表明融合子ＭＡＲ４具有较高的嗜杀活性并可以稳定遗传，有与供体菌ＭＫ２－３嗜杀质粒ｄｓＲＮＡ相同的电泳行为，     

正链RNA病毒基因组的复制

许多正链RNA病毒是严重危害人类健康的病原体,是造成经济植物动物死亡的致病因子.正链RNA病毒的基因组为正链RNA,其复制酶是依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶,非编码区是病毒基因组复制的主要调控位点,3’非编码区是复制酶的第一结合位点,正链RNA病毒基因组大多可能按copy-back模型进行复制.瘟病毒基因组的复制过程出现正链复制本的数量大于负链复制本的数量,这可能是以RF中间体的负链RNA为模板、正链RNA被置换的形式进行复制的结果.本文概述了HCV细胞培养系统的研究进展.     

病毒编码的RNA沉默抑制子的特征及其生物技术应用

RNA沉默是一种依赖核酸序列特异性的RNA降解过程,是动物、植物抵抗病毒等外源核酸的一种保守防御机制。而针对寄主的这种防御机制,许多病毒演化出RNA沉默抑制子以克服这种防御反应。本文综述了几种动物、植物病毒抑制子的结构和作用方式,讨论了病毒抑制子之间的交叉抑制功能,病毒运动和沉默抑制子之间的关系,病毒RNA和亚病毒寄生物通过沉默抑制子而进行的自我保护原理,抑制子对于miRNA（microRNA）途径的影响以及病毒抑制子在生物技术方面的应用。     

Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses

The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral components (including double-stranded (ds)RNA) and triggers antiviral responses. The cytoplasmic helicase proteins RIG-I (retinoic-acid-inducible protein I, also known as Ddx58) and MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as Ifih1 or Helicard) have been implicated in viral dsRNA recognition. In vitro studies suggest that both RIG-I and MDA5 detect RNA viruses and polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic dsRNA analogue. Although a critical role for RIG-I in the recognition of several RNA viruses has been clarified, the functional role of MDA5 and the relationship between these dsRNA detectors in vivo are yet to be determined. Here we use mice deficient in MDA5 (MDA5-/-) to show that MDA5 and RIG-I recognize different types of dsRNAs: MDA5 recognizes poly(I:C), and RIG-I detects in vitro transcribed dsRNAs. RNA viruses are also differentially recognized by RIG-I and MDA5. We find that RIG-I is essential for the production of interferons in response to RNA viruses including paramyxoviruses, influenza virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, whereas MDA5 is critical for picornavirus detection. Furthermore, RIG-I-/- and MDA5-/- mice are highly susceptible to infection with these respective RNA viruses compared to control mice. Together, our data show that RIG-I and MDA5 distinguish different RNA viruses and are critical for host antiviral responses.     

农作物病毒病害绿色防控技术创新

作物病毒病害是限制我国农作物优质稳产的主要因素之一,其主要由媒介生物传播,作物普遍缺乏抗病毒病的种质资源,病毒病害防治难度大,主要依赖化学农药通过防控媒介昆虫进行控制。近年来,随着纳米生物学、分子生物学和组学研究的飞速发展,以及微观生物学技术和理念对宏观生物学的快速渗透与交叉,基因组编辑技术的快速发展,病毒—昆虫—植物三者互作机制等各方面研究取得了诸多重要进展,在寻找病毒病害流行爆发的宏观生态学现象背后的分子生物学与生物化学机制上取得了长足进步,从而促进新型病毒病害的持久防控技术的发展,提供了科学依据和潜在新方案。文章简要回顾了近年来这些新技术的主要机理,并抛砖引玉提出了对未来发展的建议和思考。建议国家和社会组织研究力量,大力加强1)探索利用微纳米递送化学药物或者核酸干扰等防治病毒病害的新方法研究;2)病害发生的多元生物体系互作机制及科学防控科技支撑能力建设;3)基因组编辑创建病毒病害绿色防控的技术等方向的探索与突破,力求在病毒病害绿色生态防控方面为农业提供强有力的科技创新和支撑能力。     

Synthesis of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA in vitro by internal initiation on (-)-sense genomic RNA

The genomes of many (+)-stranded RNA viruses, including plant viruses and alphaviruses, consist of polycistronic RNAs whose internal genes are expressed via subgenomic messenger RNAs. The mechanism(s) by which these subgenomic mRNAs arise are poorly understood. Based on indirect evidence, three models have been proposed: (1) internal initiation by the replicase on the (-)-strand of genomic RNA, (2) premature termination during (-)-strand synthesis, followed by independent replication of the subgenomic RNA and (3) processing by nuclease cleavage of genome-length RNA. Using an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (replicase) preparation from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus (BMV) to synthesize the viral subgenomic RNA in vitro, we now provide evidence that subgenomic RNA arises by internal initiation on the (-)-strand of genomic RNA. We believe that this also represents the first in vitro demonstration of a replicase from a eukaryotic (+)-stranded RNA virus capable of initiating synthesis of (+)-sense RNA.     

Genetic recombination between RNA components of a multipartite plant virus

Genetic recombination of DNA is one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the evolution of DNA-based organisms and results in their diversity and adaptability. The importance of the role of recombination is far less evident for the RNA-based genomes that occur in most plant viruses and in many animal viruses. RNA recombination has been shown to promote the evolutionary variation of picornaviruses, it is involved in the creation of defective interfering (DI) RNAs of positive- and negative-strand viruses and is implicated in the synthesis of the messenger RNAs of influenza virus and coronavirus. However, RNA recombination has not been found to date in viruses that infect plants. In fact, the lack of DI RNAs and the inability to demonstrate recombination in mixedly infected plants has been regarded as evidence that plants do not support recombination of viral RNAs. Here we provide the first molecular evidence for recombination of plant viral RNA. For brome mosaic virus (BMV), a plus-stranded, tripartite-genome virus of monocots, we show that a deletion in the 3' end region of a single BMV RNA genomic component can be repaired during the development of infection by recombination with the homologous region of either of the two remaining wild-type BMV RNA components. This result clearly shows that plant viruses have available powerful recombinatory mechanisms that previously were thought to exist only in animal hosts, thus they are able to adapt and diversify in a manner comparable to animal viruses. Moreover, our observation suggests an increased versatility of viruses for use as vectors in introducing new genes into plants.     

The hepatitis delta (delta) virus possesses a circular RNA

Hepatitis delta (delta) virus (HDV), a satellite virus of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), causes a severe form of viral hepatitis in humans. Here we present evidence based on electron microscopy and electrophoretic behaviour that HDV contains a single stranded circular RNA molecule. This is the first animal virus identified with a circular RNA genome. Circular RNAs have only been found in plant viruses. We have obtained a partial complementary DNA clone representing approximately 25% of the total genome of HDV. Analysis of this cDNA revealed similarity to two plant viruses that may explain the origin of the virus.     

Pol of gag-pol fusion protein required for encapsidation of viral RNA of yeast L-A virus.

Double-stranded RNA viruses have an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with the viral particles which is indispensable for their replication cycle. Using the yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus we have investigated the mechanism by which the virus encapsidates its genomic RNA and RNA polymerase. The L-A gag gene encodes the principal viral coat protein and the overlapping pol gene is expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein which is formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Here we show that Gag alone is sufficient for virus particle formation, but that it fails to package the viral single-stranded RNA genome. Encapsidation of the viral RNA requires only a part of the Pol region (the N-terminal quarter), which is presumably distinct from the RNA polymerase domain. Given that the Pol region has single-stranded RNA-binding activity, these results are consistent with our L-A virus encapsidation model: the Pol region of the fusion protein binds specifically to the viral genome (+) strand, and the N-terminal gag-encoded region primes polymerization of Gag to form the capsid, thus ensuring the packaging of both the viral genome and the RNA polymerase.     

An interferon-induced cellular enzyme is incorporated into virions

The mechanisms by which interferon inhibits viral growth are only partially understood. Several enzymatic activities increase in cells shortly after treatment with interferon. One of these enzymes, oligo-isoadenylate synthetase, synthesizes (2'-5') isoadenylate oligomers which strongly stimulate the activity of a cellular ribonuclease, RNase F (ref. 7). Interferon also significantly increases the activity of a protein kinase which phosphorylates the initiation factor eIF-2 and can inhibit in vitro protein synthesis. Such interferon-induced enzymes, which affect RNA and protein metabolism, might be responsible for many of its effects on viruses. Indeed, inhibition of viral protein and RNA synthesis appears to have a major role in the antiviral state. We have now investigated possible interactions of the two enzymes with viral constituents during the course of infection and found that in two different membrane-coated RNA viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV), there is an accumulation of the 2'-5') oligo-isoadenylate synthetase (E) in the virions. Most of the enzyme is bound to the virion ribonucleoprotein core. The incorporation of E into the virions suggests a direct involvement of the enzyme in regulation of virus functions.