低纬高原雷电过程中FY-2云顶温度和水汽云图定量特征分析

 利用云南省地闪资料、FY-2E云顶亮温资料和水汽云图资料,定量分析2009、2010年低纬高原雷电过程中雷电与云顶温度、水汽云图特征得出：雷电产生在对流云团移动发展一侧的云顶温度梯度大值区,对于在原地发展、中心位置少动的对流云团,雷电产生在云顶温度低值中心附近,雷电产生区域的水汽温度低于-20℃;分析产生雷电频数较高的单站,雷电产生前水汽温度在-40℃左右,云顶温度在0℃附近,雷电产生期间前2~3h云顶温度和水汽温度为递减趋势.根据定量分析对流云团云顶温度和水汽温度的特征,可以确定雷电产生的位置及强度,进一步提高雷电的预警能力,同时根据雷电活动情况,也可以用来判别是否发生其它强对流天气.     

Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature: A cloud-resolving modeling study

The cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated by analyzing the equilibrium simulation data (from day 31–40) obtained from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations with a zonal model domain of 768 km. Four experiments imposed by zonal SST perturbations of wavenumbers 1 (SST29Z1), 2 (SST29Z2), 4 (SST29Z4), and 8 (SST29Z8) are compared to the control experiment imposed by zonally uniform SST (SST29). The model domain mean SST is 29 C, and the two-dimensional cloud-resolving model with a cyclic lateral boundary is also imposed by zero vertical velocity and constant zonal wind. The time and model domain mean surface rain rates in SST29Z1, SST29Z2, and SST29Z8 are about 10% larger than those in SST29, whereas the mean surface rain rates in SST29Z4 and SST29 are similar. The analysis of mean surface rainfall budgets shows that local water vapor and hydrometeor changes play important roles in determining the differences and similarities in mean surface rain rate between the perturbation experiments and the control experiment. Both convective and stratiform rain rates are larger in SST29Z1 and SST29Z2 than in SST29 due to the smaller advection of rain from convective regions into raining stratiform regions and the larger vapor condensation rates associated with the larger water vapor convergence over raining stratiform regions in SST29Z1 and SST29Z2. The convective rain rates are larger in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8 than in SST29 because of the larger condensation rates associated with the larger water vapor convergence over convective regions in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8. The stratiform rain rates in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8 are smaller than in SST29 due to the smaller vapor condensation rates and smaller collection rates of cloud water by rain over raining stratiform regions in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8.     

The formation process and cloud physical characteristics for a typical downburstproducing thunderstorm in Beijing

The formation process and characteristics of cloud physical structure of a severe thunderstorm accompanied with strong wind on 23 August, 2001 in Beijing was studied using PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5)coupling with a severe storm model with hail-bin microphysics. The results show that the specific topography and distribution features of cold/warm current in the Beijing region played prominent roles in forming, developing and maintaining the severe storm. Due to solar radiation heating and topographic lifting, the convective cells were easily formed when the westerly airflow passed over high mountainous regions in Beijing. The warm and wet air entered the cloud from its frontage and enhanced the convection, and formed a large amount of graupel/hail particles at the middle and upper portion of the clouds. The precipitation was primarily formed due to melting of graupel/hail particles. The strong downdraft was mainly produced by negative buoyancy due to loading,melting of graupel/hail particles as well as evaporative cooling of rain water. The divergent airflow induced by the strong downdraft led to the disastrous burst winds at the surface and also forced lifting of warm and wet airflow in the moving direction of the storm and formed new clouds that further promoted and maintained the storm development.     

青藏高原上空对流云特征的初步分析

利用常规地面观测资料、高空资料以及卫星云图资料,通过2010年7月与2011年7月的云图对青藏高原及周边地区对流云和中尺度对流系统的活动进行初步研究,分析了青藏高原上空对流云的特征.结果表明:①青藏高原上的对流过程是在特定的环流背景下受西风带500 hPa低槽、700 hPa切变线、850 hPa低涡以及地面图上中尺度低涡和地面静止锋的共同影响造成的;②对流云产生不仅与水汽条件有关,还与不稳定层结条件和抬升力条件即触发机制有关;③对流云的发生发展具有明显的日变化.     

安徽省副高控制下对流云特征分析

收集2001、2002年5-10月副高控制下安徽省对流云个例.通过分析卫星云图上,对流云发生发展过程中云顶亮温、面积、几何形态等特征物理量的变化,来分析揭示这一天气背景下安徽省对流云特征.并通过分析对流云发生的地理位置,寻找对流云易发区.统计结果显示,在这一天气背景下,安徽省境内的对流云团中以在局地生消、短生命史的对流云为主.     

基于CALIOP资料的中国及周边地区云出现概率时空分布特征分析

云垂直结构是影响大气辐射的重要参数,其时空分布是影响全球气候变化的关键组成部分.本文利用星载激光雷达CALIOP的1 km云层产品,计算了中国及周边地区（0-55°N,70-140°E）云的出现概率,对不同地区、不同季节、不同高度单层云的出现概率做了对比分析.结果表明：云的出现概率表现出明显的地区差异,蒙古高原和印度半岛北部少云,热带海域和中国南方多云,多数地区夜间云出现概率略高于白天;除蒙古高原和印度半岛北部以外,多数地区单层云比多层云更常见;多数地区高云占单层云的比例最大,而中国大陆南部单层的中云较常见,西太平洋北部海域常被单层的低云覆盖;夏秋两季云出现概率普遍大于春冬两季,尤其印度半岛北部的云主要出现在夏季;蒙古高原和印度半岛北部单层云少于多层云,冬季尤其明显,而中国西南地区东部全年单层云更常见;夏季单层的高云占全年单层云的比例最大,青藏高原部分地区超过35%,这与其地形特征和夏季对流活动旺盛有关.     

一次短历时特大暴雨系统的高分辨率卫星图像

利用水平分辨率为1.25km的FY2-C地球同步卫星的可见光云图,对2005年8月14日发生在北京北部山区一次百年一遇的短历时特大暴雨进行了云图分析,发现高分辨率的可见光云图可以在一个多小时前就识别出水平尺度只有几公里的初始对流,并可利用它在地面上的阴影判别其垂直发展的强度。暴雨发生前水平尺度发展到数十公里,其云顶上的暗影表明强烈的对流已突破对流层顶。     

Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to -37.5 degrees C

In cirrus and orographic wave clouds, highly supercooled water has been observed in small quantities (less than 0.15 g m(-3)). This high degree of supercooling was attributed to the small droplet size and the lack of ice nuclei at the heights of these clouds. For deep convective clouds, which have much larger droplets near their tops and which take in aerosols from near the ground, no such measurements have hitherto been reported. However, satellite data suggest that highly supercooled water (down to -38 degrees C) frequently occurs in vigorous continental convective storms. Here we report in situ measurements in deep convective clouds from an aircraft, showing that most of the condensed water remains liquid down to -37.5 degrees C. The droplets reach a median volume diameter of 17 microm and amount to 1.8 gm(-3), one order of magnitude more than previously reported. At slightly colder temperatures only ice was found, suggesting homogeneous freezing. Because of the poor knowledge of mixed-phase cloud processes, the simulation of clouds using numerical models is difficult at present. Our observations will help to understand these cloud processes, such as rainfall, hail, and cloud electrification, together with their implications for the climate system.     

北京地区夏季云出现概率及云底高度分布的特征分析

研究北京地区2007-2009 年夏季8 km 高度以下云出现概率(探测到云的次数与总探测次数之比)及云出现概率在一天内的分布规律, 并研究三年中夏季单层云的云底高度分布规律, 典型对流云的云底高度特征, 以及对流云云底高度与地面相对湿度的关系。结果表明: 北京地区夏季云出现概率约为12%, 一天内云最容易出现在夜间, 下午较夜间云出现得少; 云底高度分布呈单峰, 最容易出现在700±50 m 高度, 低云(云底高度在3000 m 以下)出现次数占云总出现次数的82%; 典型对流云云底高度出现在400~2500 m 高度, 一天之内云底高度变化不大。利用绝热气团模型得到云底高度与地面相对湿度的线性关系, 并以此方便地给出对流云云底高度, 平均相对标准差为0.321。     

A modeling study of relation between cloud amount and SST over western tropical pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE

The relationship between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) over western tropical Pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE is investigated based on hourly grid simulation data from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind observed and derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The cloud amount becomes smaller when the ocean surface gets warmer, which is similar to previous relations obtained from observational analyses. As SST increases, the atmospheric temperature increases whereas the surface sensible heat flux decreases. The atmospheric water vapor is not sensitive to SST whereas the surface evaporation flux decreases as SST increases. These indicate that the oceanic effects do not play an important role in determining atmospheric heat and water vapor budgets. The cold atmosphere produces a larger amount of ice clouds that cover a larger area than the warm atmosphere does. The large amounts of ice clouds lead to cooling of the ocean surface through reflecting large amount of solar radiation back to the space. Thus, the negative correlation between the cloud amount and SST only accounts for the important atmospheric effects on the ocean.     

Importance of rain evaporation and continental convection in the tropical water cycle

Atmospheric moisture cycling is an important aspect of the Earth's climate system, yet the processes determining atmospheric humidity are poorly understood. For example, direct evaporation of rain contributes significantly to the heat and moisture budgets of clouds, but few observations of these processes are available. Similarly, the relative contributions to atmospheric moisture over land from local evaporation and humidity from oceanic sources are uncertain. Lighter isotopes of water vapour preferentially evaporate whereas heavier isotopes preferentially condense and the isotopic composition of ocean water is known. Here we use this information combined with global measurements of the isotopic composition of tropospheric water vapour from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Aura spacecraft, to investigate aspects of the atmospheric hydrological cycle that are not well constrained by observations of precipitation or atmospheric vapour content. Our measurements of the isotopic composition of water vapour near tropical clouds suggest that rainfall evaporation contributes significantly to lower troposphere humidity, with typically 20% and up to 50% of rainfall evaporating near convective clouds. Over the tropical continents the isotopic signature of tropospheric water vapour differs significantly from that of precipitation, suggesting that convection of vapour from both oceanic sources and evapotranspiration are the dominant moisture sources. Our measurements allow an assessment of the intensity of the present hydrological cycle and will help identify any future changes as they occur.     

云中电荷对大气垂直环流变化率的影响

雷雨云中的电荷通过自身电场的电动力作用,对云中大气的垂直环流变化率有着不可忽视的影响。在对流尺度和云砧尺度内的强荷电云中电动力作用比流体动力作用高一个数量级或同量级。它可能是太阳活动通过调制大气电环境影响地球天气的机理之一。     

基于模糊逻辑法的粒子识别研究

毫米波雷达相比于微波雷达对云的探测具有更高的敏感性,本文利用Chilbolton观测场的94GHz毫米波云雷达的基本探测量,结合探空仪的温度廓线数据,根据Shupe总结得到的云粒子相态识别的阈值,采用模糊逻辑算法对一次实际探测进行了反演研究.该模糊逻辑算法采用的主要隶属函数为不对称的梯形函数,识别粒子的相态类别主要分成雨、毛毛雨、液态水、混合相态、冰、雪等6种,对比经典的阈值算法反演的过冷水区域结果后认为,本文所研究的模糊逻辑算法对云中水凝物粒子的相态识别分类基本合理,其反演的结果对于人工影响天气作业以及飞机安全飞行等方面具有重要的意义.     

“2010.12.11”云南冬季暴雨成因分析

 应用常规观测资料、FY-2C卫星云图和NCEP再分析资料,通过诊断分析研究了2010年12月11日发生在滇中及以南地区的云南暴雨天气过程.结果发现,这次冬季暴雨天气过程发生在有利的环流背景下,ITCZ位置偏北较活跃,孟湾存在大片对流云系,中印度洋10°N附近存在一支异常的大尺度西南气流,孟加拉湾低层有一个热带气旋生成,在卫星云图上表现出明显的气旋式云系,孟湾热带气旋和90°E附近的南支槽及槽前西南低空急流东移造成了这次暴雨天气过程;引发暴雨的水汽和能量由低空急流从孟加拉湾输送而来,充沛的水汽在云南上空强烈辐合,暴雨区θ_se呈陡立状,暴雨发生在低层辐合高层辐散的上升运动区,水汽通量散度辐合区和湿Q矢量辐合区与暴雨区对应较好.     

台风云系的数值模拟

利用高分辨率中尺度数值模式输出的大气中云水、冰水、雨水、雪水成功地模拟出1997年登陆台风Winnie的云系结构。模拟云图与气象卫星实际观测的台风云图非常相似。由于模拟云图可以给出大气中不同形态水物质的三维空间分布,弥补了卫星只能观测云顶表面的不足。模拟云图揭示出了台风云系中的中尺度云带以及台风Winnie登陆后从热带气旋变性为温带气旋过程中云系结构的变化。     

Heat Transfer in Flue Gas with Vapor Condensation

IntroductionDetermination ofthe total heattransfer coefficientsfor the convection of gases containing acondensable vapor is an increasingly important andinteresting topic,since this kind of heat transferprocess is frequently encountered in the utilizationof waste or low temperature energy.The recoveryof low temperature energy is an importantenvironment issue.With condensable vapor,theconvective heat transfer is greatly increased by thecondensation of the condensable gas (water vapor)in flue ga…     

中尺度冷涡切变暴雨多普勒雷达特征分析

利用天气形势场、物理量场、新一代雷达产品资料对2008年7月17日下午到夜里,豫北、鲁西、冀南地区出现的区域性暴雨天气进行多尺度诊断分析.分析结果显示:较弱的冷性低涡切变本身并不能造成强降水天气,当低涡东移遇副热带高压西北边缘较强暖湿气流时得到加强,在低涡东侧副热带高压边缘切变上产生暴雨天气.冷涡暴雨低层有明显的东北气流冷垫,加强了其动力上升运动,水汽输送依赖于对流层中层的西南气流,中层水汽辐合非常明显.在新一代雷达产品图上显示:较稳定的大范围中等强度回波能产生较强降水.中低层风场为暖平流加辐合,有利于暴雨的形成,中低层较大的垂直风场切变给对流云的形成提供动能,有利于暴雨的产生.     

Parameterization for narrow band shortwave optical properties of water clouds

Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clouds have been investigated, and some different parameterization schemes of cloud optical properties have been analyzed. It is found that with the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent radius, also including the mean radius of cloud droplet size distribution, the role of small cloud drops might be able to be considered more properly and better accuracies of parameterization calculation of cloud optical properties can be obtained, compared with that of using only the equivalent radius as parameter.     

基于卫星云图的DBSCAN聚类云团分类方法

针对云分类问题提出一种新的云团分类方法.该方法先利用风云二号静止气象卫星实时云图图像资料建立多种云和地表类型的样本库,提取分析已知样本的光谱特征和纹理特征;再使用中值滤波器对云图进行预处理,并采用具有噪声的基于密度的聚类算法对云区聚类;最后对聚类得到的云团光谱特征和纹理特征进行匹配,确定云团所属的云类别.实验结果表明,该方法以云团为单位进行划分,易实现云团分类自动化.     

Proximate humid and dry regions in Jupiter's atmosphere indicate complex local meteorology

Models of Jupiter's formation and structure predict that its atmosphere is enriched in oxygen, relative to the Sun, and that consequently water clouds should be present globally near the 5-bar pressure level. Past attempts to confirm these predictions have led to contradictory results; in particular, the Galileo probe revealed a very dry atmosphere at the entry site, with no significant clouds at depths exceeding the 2-bar level. Although the entry site was known to be relatively cloud-free, the contrast between the observed local dryness and the expected global wetness was surprising. Here we analyse near-infrared (around 5 microm) observations of Jupiter, a spectral region that can reveal the water vapour abundance and vertical cloud structure in the troposphere. We find that humid and extremely dry regions exist in close proximity, and that some humid regions are spatially correlated with bright convective clouds extending from the deep water clouds to the visible atmosphere.