Effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution

Hydrogen was a key factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution. In this article, the effect of hydrogen on the SCC susceptibility of X80 steel was investigated further by slow strain rate tensile test, the surface fractures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the fracture mechanism of SCC was discussed. The results indicate that hydrogen increases the SCC susceptibility. The SEM micrographs of hydrogen precharged samples presents a brittle quasi-cleavage feature, and pits facilitate the transgranular crack initiation. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, the decreased polarization resistance and the pitting resistance of samples with hydrogen indicate that hydrogen increases the dissolution rate and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization curves present that hydrogen also accelerates the dissolution rate of the crack tip.     

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environment in China, two simulating methods were used:one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south-east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test (SSRT) and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of -850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.     

Hydrogen induced cracking of X80 pipeline steel

The hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of X80 pipeline steel was studied by means of electrochemical charging, hydrogen permeation tests, tension test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the increase of charging time and charging current density or the decrease of the solution pH value leads to an increase of the hydrogen content in X80 steel, which plays a key role in the initiation and propagation of HIC. It is found that the majority of macro-inclusions within the as-used X80 steel do not constitute a direct threat to HIC except aluminum oxides, which directly or indirectly lead to HIC. The hydrogen trap density at room temperature is estimated to be pretty high, and this is an essential reason why the steel is sensitive to HIC. After hydrogen charging, the elongation loss rate and area reduction of X80 steel decline obviously, taking a noticeable sign of hydrogen-induced plasticity damages. It is demonstrated that the losses of these plastic parameters have a linear relation to the fracture size due to hydrogen.     

Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steel exposed to high pH solutions with different concentrations of bicarbonate

Susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in high pH solutions with various concentrations of HCO₃? at a passive potential of ?0.2 V vs. SCE were investigated by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. The SCC mechanism and the effect of HCO₃? were discussed with the aid of electrochemical techniques. It is indicated that X80 steel shows enhanced susceptibility to SCC with the concentration of HCO₃? increasing from 0.15 to 1.00 mol/L, and the susceptibility can be evaluated in terms of current density at ?0.2 V vs. SCE. The SCC behavior is controlled by the dissolution-based mechanism in these circumstances. Increasing the concentration of HCO₃? not only increases the risk of rupture of passive films but also promotes the anodic dissolution of crack tips. Besides, little susceptibility to SCC is found in dilute solution containing 0.05 mol/L HCO₃? for X80 steel. This can be attributed to the inhibited repassivation of passive films, manifesting as a more intensive dissolution in the non-crack tip areas than at the crack tips.     

Effects of laser heat treatment on the fracture morphologies of X80 pipeline steel welded joints by stress corrosion

The surfaces of X80 pipeline steel welded joints were processed with a CO₂ laser, and the effects of laser heat treatment (LHT) on H₂S stress corrosion in the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) solution were analyzed by a slow strain rate test. The fracture morphologies and chemical components of corrosive products before and after LHT were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively, and the mechanism of LHT on stress corrosion cracking was discussed. Results showed that the fracture for welded joints was brittle in its original state, while it was transformed to a ductile fracture after LHT. The tendencies of hydrogen-induced corrosion were reduced, and the stress corrosion sensitivity index decreased from 35.2% to 25.3%, indicating that the stress corrosion resistance of X80 pipeline steel welded joints has been improved by LHT.     

Effect of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole concentration on sour-corrosion behavior of API X60 pipeline steel:Electrochemical parameters and adsorption mechanism

We investigated the effect of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole concentration on the sour-corrosion behavior of API X60 pipeline steel in an environment containing H₂S at 25°C and in the presence of 0,2.5,5.0,7.5,and 10.0 g/L of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole inhibitor.To examine this behavior,we conducted open-circuit potential(OCP),potentiodynamic polarization,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)tests.Energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also used to analyze the corrosion products.The results of the OCP and potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole reduces the speed of both the anodic and cathodic reactions.An assessment of the Gibbs free energy of the inhibitor(△G_ads^■)indicated that its value was less than-20 kJ·mol^-1and greater than-40 k J·mol^-1.Therefore,the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto the surface of the API X60 pipeline steel occurs both physically and chemically,the latter of which is particularly intentional.In addition,as the△G_ads^■dsvalue was negative,we could conclude that the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto the surface of the pipeline steel occurs spontaneously.The EIS results indicate that with the increase in the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole inhibitor concentration,the corrosion resistance of API X60 steel increases.An analysis of the corrosion products revealed that iron sulfide compounds form on the surface.In summary,the results showed that an increase in the inhibitor concentration results in a decrease in the corrosion rate and an increase in inhibitory efficiency.Additionally,we found that the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole adsorption process on the API X60 steel surfaces in an H2 S-containing environment follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and occurs spontaneously.     

Effect of deformation and cooling rate on the transformation behavior and microstructure of X70 steels

The effects of the deformation in the non-recrystallization region of austenite and the cooling rate on the transformation behavior and microstructure of low-carbon low-alloy steel for pipeline application were studied on the thermal-mechanical simulator Gleeble-1500. It was shown that an increase in deformation amount can greatly increase the nucleation site of ferrite when deformed in the non-recrystallization region of austenite, and an increase in nucleation ratio can greatly refine grains. When the cooling rate is accelerated, the driving force of nucleation is increased and the nucleation rate also improves. Ultra-refine grains can be obtained by controlled rolling. The high density of ferrite nucleus, which forms along the austenite grain boundary, twin interface, and deformation band are introduced in the matrix of austenite by the control of hot rolling, after which the microstructure can be refined. It was found that the acicular ferrite has a very fine sub-structure, high dislocation density, and a thin slab with ultra-fine grains. Small M/A islands and cementite are precipitated on the matrix of the slabs by the analysis technique of TEM and SEM.     

Kinetics of bainite-to-austenite transformation during continuous reheating in low carbon microalloyed steel

A dilatometer was used to study the kinetics of bainite-to-austenite transformation in low carbon microalloyed steel with the initial microstructure of bainite during the continuous reheating process. The bainite-to-austenite transformation was observed to take place in two steps at low heating rate. The first step is the dissolution of bainite, and the second one is the remaining bainite-to-austenite transformation controlled by a dissolution process. The calculation result of the kinetics of austenite formation shows that the two steps occur by diffusion at low heating rate. However, at high heating rate the bainite-to-austenite transformation occurs in a single step, and the process is mainly dominated by shear. The growth rate of austenite reaches the maximum at about 835℃ at different heating rates and the growth rate of austenite as a function of temperature increases with the increase in heating rate.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 HTP Pipeline Steel Produced by Steckel Mill

The demand for energy becomes a bottleneck in development of China. Economically delivering natural gas and oil through pipeline is an urgent problem to be solved. In the present work, X80 pipeline steel with high toughness and thickness 21.0 mm was produced through HTP （ High Temperature Processing） by Steckel mill rolling. And the microstructure and mechanical properties of the X80 pipeline steel, which produced by different processing parameters such as reheating temperature of slabs, resume temperature, finishing temperature, accelerated cooling exit temperature and cooling rate, were analyzed. The results show that finishing temperature of 800 - 820℃ and cooling rate above 20℃/s are necessary to obtain fine and uniform acicular ferrite with high solute niobium in XS0 pipeline steel.     

Lateral growth rate of δ phase during solidification of Fe-0.15wt%C-0.8wt%Mn steel

Taking Fe-0.15wt%C-0.8wt%Mn steel as the research object, in situ observations of the δ phase growth process during solidification were conducted by using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HTCSLM). The effects of the solid/liquid (S/L) interface's shape, temperature, and curvature radius on the lateral growth rate of δ phase were investigated in detail, and the relational expression among the lateral growth rate of δ phase, temperature, and curvature radius of column-shaped δ phase was deduced for the carbon steel during solidification. The results indicate the growth rate of the concave-shaped S/L interface is larger than that of the convex-shaped S/L interface during the beginning growth of δ phase, but these two kinds of growth rates gradually approach with proceeding in solidification. The calculated lateral growth rate of δ phase is consistent with the experimental result at a cooling rate of 0.045℃/s.     

影响管线钢在近中性pH值环境中应力腐蚀开裂的力学因素

以X-65管线钢近中性pH值溶液（实际土壤溶液）为研究对象,通过慢应变速率拉伸（SSRT）和应力波动的实验研究,评价X-65管线钢在近中性pH值环境中力学因素对SCC（应力腐蚀开裂）的作用和影响。实验表明,应变速率及应力波动R值（最小和最大应力的比值）对SCC的发生有重要的作用。     

X80管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂

采用电化学动电位扫描技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验和扫描电镜观察研究了X80管线钢及焊接接头在NS4溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.电化学实验结果显示,X80管线钢及焊接接头在NS4溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征.SSRT试验结果表明,随着外加电位的负移,断裂时间、断面收缩率、应变量都明显变小,X80管线钢及焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加,应力腐蚀断口呈现穿晶准解理特征.施加相同外加电位时,焊接接头较母材的应力腐蚀敏感性增加,其断裂位置全部落在焊缝或HAZ处.     

JM积分在低强钢焊接接头应力腐蚀破裂计算中的应用

运用悬臂弯曲应力腐蚀破裂试验的方法，研究了低强钢焊焊接头的应力腐蚀裂纹的亚临界稳定扩展问题，提出了用弹塑性断裂力学参量ＪＭ描述应力腐蚀理解纹尖端应力应变场。分析了在ＳＣＣ下ＪＭ的计算方法；通过试验与计算测得了焊接接头各区的ｄａ／ｄｔ－ＪＭ曲线，并分析了各区的ＳＣＣ敏感性大小。     

外加电位对X80钢在满洲里土壤应力腐蚀的影响

针对埋地管道应力腐蚀开裂（SCC）问题,开展了X80管线钢（X80钢）在满洲里土壤模拟溶液中的SCC研究,以期对X80钢的SCC防护提供数据支撑。采用交流阻抗技术、动电位极化技术和慢应变速率拉伸实验研究了X80钢在不同外加电位下满洲里土壤模拟溶液中的SCC行为,并用扫描电镜观察了断口表面微观形貌。结果表明：自腐蚀电位下,X80钢裂纹萌生于点蚀坑处,SCC机制为阳极溶解（AD）;在外加电位为-850 mV和-930 mV时,X80钢的应力腐蚀受到抑制作用,SCC敏感性较低,-850 mV为最佳阴极保护电位。这两个电位下X80钢SCC机制为AD和氢致开裂（HIC）混合机制,其中-930 mV下SCC机制由HIC占主导地位;在外加电位为-1 000 mV和-1 200 mV时,X80钢表现出较高的SCC敏感性,SCC机制为氢和应力协同作用下的HIC。     

管线钢在含氢气的煤制天然气中服役安全性评估

煤制天然气是我国煤炭清洁利用的重要发展方向.现有管道用于输送煤制天然气(最高氢分压为0．72 MPa)时需要考虑其中低压氢气的影响,因而需先进行氢致开裂安全性评估.本文利用高压釜环境下恒载荷实验和电化学充氢,模拟研究X-70管线钢和20#钢在不同氢含量下的氢损伤和氢致延迟开裂,并对其在煤制天然气中服役安全性进行评估.在总压12 MPa (10 MPa N2+2 MPa H2)的高压釜中放置一个月,两种钢的金相试样均不出现氢损伤,U弯试样不开裂,加屈服强度σs的恒载荷试样不发生断裂.在含0．72 MPa的煤制天然气中长期服役时,进入两种钢的氢含量均远低于σs下发生氢致延迟开裂的门槛氢含量和出现氢损伤的门槛氢含量,因而X-70钢和20#钢在煤制天然气中长期服役均具有高的氢损伤和氢致开裂安全系数.     

X70管线钢在酸性和近中性模拟海水溶液中的腐蚀行为

为对比X70管线钢在酸性(pH=3)和近中性(pH=7.7)模拟海水溶液中的腐蚀机制,采用极化曲线,通过电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和腐蚀失重实验对X70管线钢在不同模拟海水溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,X70管线钢在酸性溶液中浸泡168 h后腐蚀失重约为近中性模拟海水溶液中的16倍,大部分表面发生均匀腐蚀,局部形成以夹杂物为中心的腐蚀圆环,随着浸泡时间的延长,容抗弧半径和低频区阻抗值|Z|均呈增大趋势,先发生吸附而后出现微弱的扩散,电荷转移电阻R_ct值增大,腐蚀速率减小;近中性模拟海水中形成较厚的腐蚀产物膜,氯离子聚集破坏形成小点蚀坑,局部聚集形成大的点蚀,电荷转移电阻减小,腐蚀速率增大,而后趋于稳定;X70管线钢在模拟海水溶液中处于活性溶解状态,与酸性海水溶液相比,管线钢在近中性模拟溶液中自腐蚀电位E_corr正移137 mV,自腐蚀电流密度i_corr为酸性海水溶液中的0.047倍。因此,X70管线钢在酸性模拟海水溶液中的腐蚀规律可为其应用于海底管线的腐蚀控制提供理论支撑,对其安全服役具有十分重要的意义。     

塔河油田点蚀测试及评价技术应用

 系统分析了塔河油田点蚀测试和评价技术的特点及存在的问题。通过引进3D点蚀测深仪及改进点蚀评价方法,对塔河油田不同区块的点蚀状况进行评级。对地面生产系统管道开展了腐蚀规律分析、缓蚀剂防护及新材质抗腐蚀效果现场评价,得出塔河油田主力区块单井及油气混输管道CO₂/H₂S环境与点蚀速率的关系:在介质流体温度为50~70℃条件下,点蚀速率为P_CO2/P_H2S的多项式函数,呈波动规律分布。评价了单井管道及集输管道的缓蚀剂工艺防护效果,结果表明:对于布站较多的长距离集输管道应采用分段加注缓蚀剂方式防护,管道中段缓蚀率较高;布站少或距离较短的管道应采用端点加注缓蚀剂方式防护,从管道起点到末端缓蚀率升高;其中,TH10244单井管道采用"清管器+缓蚀剂"预膜防护工艺后缓蚀率高达70%。研究表明新材质(BX245-1Cr)挂片在地面集输系统试验管道中较20^#钢挂片点蚀速率下降了43.7%。     

300M超高强度钢电化学性能及应力腐蚀开裂

采用动电位扫描技术和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究了超高强度钢300M在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并利用扫描电镜观察了不同外加电位下的断口形貌.300M钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中开路电位下的应力腐蚀开裂机制为阳极溶解型,Cl-的存在明显地增加了材料的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.阳极电位-600 mV下300M钢溶解速率加快,表现出较高的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,断面收缩率损失由开路电路下的52.6%升高至99.5%,裂纹起源于表面点蚀坑处,应力腐蚀开裂为阳极溶解型机制.阴极电位-800 mV下材料处于阴极保护电位范围,表现出较低的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,强度和韧度与空气中拉伸的数值相近,开裂机制为阳极溶解和氢致开裂协同作用.在更低电位(低于-950 mV)下,300M钢的应力腐蚀开裂机制为氢致开裂,在氢和拉应力的共同作用下表现出很大的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.     

X100管线钢在微生物腐蚀环境下的延性裂纹止裂可靠性研究及失效分析

基于管线钢的环向应力、断裂韧性及腐蚀速率,建立了天然气管线钢在微生物腐蚀环境下延性裂纹止裂可靠性的预测方法,获得不同微生物腐蚀速率对X100管线钢的止裂韧性和止裂可靠性随使用年限增长的变化规律。对X100管线钢延性裂纹扩展失效模式和强度失效模式进行了分析,并基于两种失效模式对X100管线钢的允许使用年限进行了预测,且强度失效所预测的管线钢使用年限要多于延性裂纹扩展失效得出的使用年限,表明X100管线钢的延性裂纹失效风险概率要高于强度失效,在进行安全评估时应优先考虑延性裂纹扩展导致的管线失效模式。